专家谈SCI论文的书写与投稿52张课件

1、For Ph.D. and Master Programs Scientific papers,their publishing and presentations My experiencesDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology, central south universityFor Ph.D. and Master Programs IntroductionA naturalists life would be happy one if he had only to observe and never to write (Charles Darwin)I

2、n science, no matter how spectacular the results are, the work is not completed until the results are publishedOne of the best ways scientific researchers provide their expertise and to be recognized professionally is to publish as many good papers as possible in a number of very prestigious profess

3、ional journalsIntroductionA naturalists lifIntroductionJournals decide which manuscripts to publish largely on the opinions of other scientists who judge the quality of submitted papers- A process called peer review Attracting the reviewers attention and support is vital!The purpose of this presenta

4、tion is to help candidates to prepare the manuscript and to show all steps from the rough manuscript to published paperIntroductionJournals decide whContentskinds of scientific written communicationscientific writing in generalIMRAD formatpaper organizationpaper writingpaper submissionthe editing pr

5、ocessproof-reading and pointers to readingContentskinds of scientific wrScientific written communicationReportsTheses or dissertationsJournal articlesSlide presentationsPostersBooks and book chaptersTechnical manuals/users guidesResearch or grant proposalsScientific written communicatiWhy Publish?co

6、ntributes knowledgeensures scientific rigorallows feedback (improves work)Promotes careerdocument productivitydocument impact on field/reputationAdvertises your lab for future traineesimproves chances of fundingWhy Publish?contributes knowleInformation on writing scientific paperScientific writing i

7、s primarily an exercise in organizationScientific writing is highly stylized with distinctive and clearly evident component partsEach scientific paper should have proper order in contentsInformation on writing scientiInformation on writing scientific paperIf your research work is important, then it

8、should be communicated effectively, clearly in words of certain meaningThe best English in scientific writing is that which gives the sense in the fewest short wordsEnjoy the sheer of beauty of simple declarative sentence using clear and short word The ultimate goal of scientific research is publica

9、tionInformation on writing scientiInformation on writing scientific paperScientists with PhD can make journal editors quite happy with plain, unassuming, simple, and freshman level compositionA scientific paper is not literature If the ingredients are properly organized, the paper will almost write

10、itselfInformation on writing scientiInformation on writing scientific paperThe very first decision you need to make is to which journal you intend to submit. This in itself is often a difficult taskMany factors are involved in the decision (e.g. impact of the journal vs probability of acceptance; pu

11、blication lag; desired audience, etc)Once you decide, read the journals “Instructions for authors”, usually found inside the front or back cover. Ensure that you follow all of these to the letterInformation on writing scientiInformation on writing scientific paperAlso, journals differ in style - som

12、e use “Introduction” as a heading for that section, others dont. Peruse some publishedpapers to acquaint yourself with the journals style. This is much easier than reading the formatting instructionsInformation on writing scientiMission of Scientific JournalsPublication of important, quality and cur

13、rent scientific information Mission of Scientific JournalsCriteria for AcceptanceClarity of objectiveness Originality Appropriate experimental design and methods Appropriate statistical analysisCriteria for AcceptanceClarityCriteria for AcceptanceDepth of the investigationSubstance of the resultsSci

14、entific interpretation and thorough discussion of resultsThe importance of topic to the journalCriteria for AcceptanceDepth oRejection - Why?Wrong JournalThe subject matter is of insufficient interest to the readership to a specific journalOffering too longFaults in presentationRetrospective studySt

15、atisticsThe results are trivialThe scientific quality is substandardGroups in trial not comparableRejection - Why?Wrong JournalThe object of a Scientific PaperEnable the reader to:Assess the observations you madeRepeat the experiment if they wishDetermine whether the conclusions drawn are justifiedT

16、he object of a Scientific PapIMRAD formatExperimental process Section of Paper What did I do in a nutshell? Abstract What is the problem? Introduction How did I solve the problem? Materials and Methods What did I find out? Results What does it mean? Discussion Who helped me out? Acknowledgments (opt

17、ional) Whose work did I refer to? Literature Cited Extra Information Appendices(optional) IMRAD formatExperimental procOther types of journal papersState-of-the-artReviewBibliographyTechnical notesLetter to the editorOther types of journal papersSPaper organizationTitleThe title is the only part of

18、your paper most people will read - make it clear, concise (self-contained) and informativeActual findings should be described with claims that can be supportedIt should be catchy / memorableThe title is a label, not a sentence Paper organizationTitleThe list of AuthorsStudent first, supervisor secon

19、dAn author of a paper should be defined as one who takes intellectual responsibility for the research results being reportedGive credit where it is due. It does not cost anything, and it creates friends. Science is more of a social activity than you might think Authors affiliations and corresponding

20、 author The list of AuthorsStudent firPaper organizationAbstractThe abstract is vitally important - without doubt the most important 200-300 words in the paperNever forget that the abstract is often the only thing readers will read from your paper. Pay attention to it! Make it very concise, clear-cu

21、t, easy to read. Avoid technical terms or complicated reasoningFirst 1-2 sentences: introduction to the concept Next 1-2 sentences: the system and the specific question Paper organizationAbstractAbstractNo methods, unless unavoidable or newNext x sentences, a brief summary of the results Final 1-2 s

22、entences: conclusion You can end with a sentence that hints at the major topic of the discussionTyped as a single paragraphNo abbreivations /or citationsAs a summary of work done, it is written in past tense AbstractNo methods, unless unaPaper organizationIntroductionNo more than 2 pagesA bad beginn

23、ing makes a bad endingcall attention to the specific subject, define the problemprovide background and present the results of other studies (literature review)Should not be (too) technicallist the structure of your research project and what you plan to present in your paperPaper organizationIntroduc

24、tionMaterials and MethodsSufficient detail so that work can be repeatedDescribe new methods in detail- the degree of replication and sensitivityCite the accepted method briefly using referenceIf a published method is modified, such modifications must be described in detailMaterials and MethodsSuffic

25、ienMaterials and MethodsStatistical analysis of data if appropriate.Use subheadings as needed for clarityask a colleague if he/she can follow the methodologySince your procedures have been completed, report them using past tense.Materials and MethodsStatisticPaper organizationResultsDisplay of data

26、with logical development showing how your findings satisfy your objectivesThe results should be short and sweet, with no excess verbiagePresent and discuss results concisely using figures and tables as neededFindings described in past tense Paper organizationResultsResultsGenerally does NOT include

27、explanations or discussion of the results Table and figure legends should be accompanied with sufficient information for main point.Table and figure should be able to stand alone All tables and figures must be numbered in the order in which they are mentioned in the textNumerical data with the corre

28、ct number of significant digitsResultsGenerally does NOT incPaper organizationDiscussionthe hardest section to write, you discuss, you do not recapitulate the Resultsshow the relationship among observed factsClearly indicate what new information is provided by the present study- - originalityend wit

29、h a short summary/conclusionPaper organizationDiscussionDiscussion AdviceMove from your specific findings to the literature, theory and practiceMake sure not to ignore the major issue (did it resolve problem, answer question, support hypothesis?Dont overgeneralize or make unsupported conclusionsDont

30、 ignore deviations in your dataAvoid speculation that cannot be tested in near futureDiscussion AdviceMove from youConclusionsConclusions should not be a summary of the work done or a virtual duplication of the abstractConclusions should be justified by the data presentedEmphasis should be on major

31、conclusions and implicationConclusion is optional in many scientific journalsConclusionsConclusions should “Thank you” AcknowledgmentsTechnical assistanceAdvice on research or manuscriptGifts of materialsAssistance in preparing manuscriptFinancial assistance“Thank you” AcknowledgmentsTecSearching sc

32、ientific literatureExplore ideas to your subjectgaps in research on a subject of interestexistence of any duplication to your workConduct a specific searchmanually in the libraryon-line searchingKeep up-to-date with the specific subjectSearching scientific literaturLiterature reviewDeveloping an out

33、linechronological arrangementcomparison and contrast in contraversional theoriesCreating a skeletonselect a few documents and write about eachdiscern the main points of their contentsLiterature reviewDeveloping anHigh Quality of ReviewFree from biasConstructiveIn-depth and thorough reviewThe emphasi

34、s on the points of major importanceHigh Quality of ReviewFree froPoints of considerationsBefore submitting a paper, therefore, be sure that you have something important and publishable to say. To know this, you should discuss your results with others working in the field, both in your own institutio

35、n and elsewhere. The best way to do this is to present your results at scientific meetings if you can get to them. Points of considerationsBeforeA rough draft is ready but .Will you have co-authors?Which journal to submit your manuscript?How soon will it be published?How to deal with editors?A rough

36、 draft is ready but .WProfessional publishers ElsevierSpringer VerlagJ Wiley & SonsKluwer Academic PublishingMCB University PressIOP PublishingAcademic PressJournals - PublishersProfessional publishers JournaWhere to submit the manuscriptThe prestige factorThe circulation factorThe frequency factorT

37、he audience factorWhere to submit the manuscriptPaper writingWrite a rough abstract first or start text in the middleA rough draft is readySelect the journal and read Instructions to Authors (manuscript requirements: style in headings, the system for citations, figures and tables, etc.)Write the fin

38、al manuscriptPaper writingWrite a rough absThe final draftFront MatterTitle (fewest possible words that describe the contents)Authors (co-authors) name and addressAbstract (miniversion of the paper, no citations)KeywordsArticle BodyIntroductionTheoretical and experimental sectionsResultsDiscussion/C

39、onclusionEnd MatterAcknowledgment (technical help and financial assistance)References (at 52 journals were found 33 different styles for listing)AppendixesThe final draftFront MatterCitations and referencesFor a better credibility you have to review the literature and show that your contribution ext

40、ends from a solid foundation of researchQuality and quantity of the sources you have consulted will enhance your workYou have make it possible for readers to retrace your stepsYour references can be as valuable as your research methods and findingsAt least three citation styles (in-text citations) a

41、nd 100 reference styles are commonly usedCitations and referencesFor a Citations: Alphabet-number systemExamples in the textIn 1986 Schmitt (10) developed a .With optimum design sensitivity (10) .References9. Schittkowski, K. 2019. Nonlinear Programming Software.10. Schmitt, L. A. 1986. Symposium su

42、mmary and concluding remarks. .Note: list of references in author alphabetical orderCitations: Alphabet-number sysCitations: Name-year (Harward) systemExamples in the text:Schmitt (1986) developed a With optimum design sensitivity (Schmitt, 1986) .ReferencesSchittkowski, K. Nonlinear Programming Sof

43、tware, 2019.Schmitt, L. A. Symposium and concluding remarks,1986.Note: list of references in author alphabetical orderCitations: Name-year (Harward)Citations: Order of citation (Vancouver) systemExamples in the textIn 1986, Schmitt (1) developed a .With optimum design sensitivity (1) .References1. S

44、chmitt, L. A. (1986). Symposium summary and concluding remarksNote: list of references not in author alphabetical orderCitations: Order of citation (Ethics of scientific writingAvoid the dual publicationDont use the work of others without appropriate attributionList only those co-authors who contrib

45、uted substantially to the workEthics of scientific writingAvFinal submissionIn-house reviews are required?Submit the paper to the journals editor (only to one journal)Hard-copy of manuscript (usually three or more copies)Disk of the same versionText: Word, Word Perfect, TeX/LaTeX, etc.Figures: tif, gif, postscript, etc.Final submissionIn-house revieEditing processEditor log a manuscript and send an acknowledgement that the paper has been receivedEditor sends the manuscript to reviewers On the basis of the reviews and