上课代词课件共37p(同名31)

1、Pronoun Categories How to use them Function Pronoun(I)PersonalPossessive Reciprocal Reflexive Demonstrative InterrogativeRelativeIndefiniteMany, muchEach other, one another pronounNumber(数）Gender（性）Person（人称）Antecedent(先行项）The speaker: the first personThe one spoken to: the second person the man or

2、thing spoken about: the third person the referential meaning of the pronounPronoun concord in number Professor Smith and I went to the States together. _ stayed there for three weeks. One must remember to remain very still when _ attends a concert. Wehe/one1. with every-, some-, any- ,no one, no-com

3、pounds as antecedent Anybody can attend the meeting if _ is interested. Everybody talked at the top of _ voice. If anyone calls, tell _ Ill be back later. Anything on the table can be thrown away, cant _?hehishisitsingularInformal: plural 2. Pronoun concord with coordinate construction as antecedent

4、 My friend and roommate _(have) agreed to lend me _ car. My friend and my roommate _ （have) agreed to lend me _ car. hashishavetheir By the plural or singular meaning of the coordination 3. Pronoun concord with collective noun as antecedent The team has won _ first game.The team are now on the floor

5、 taking _ practice shots at the basket.itstheir 4. Pronoun concord with plural noun/ pronoun + each as antecedent They each had _ problems. They had each _ own problem. their his the position of each: Before verb: the pluralAfter the verb: the singular Exercise Somebody left (his, their）raincoat on

6、this rack; (he, they) will have to come and get it. Because the United States uses more oil than (it, they) can produce, (it has to, they have to) import great quantities from other countries. The committee wishes to reconsider (its, their ) decision. Something strange happened, didnt (it, they)?Nei

7、ther the President nor the members of the cabinet willl reveal (his, their ) plans. Pronoun concord in gender gendermasculineFeminine Neuter Common lexicalMan, father, son, husbandwoman, mother, daughter, wifeBook, desk, ship, carStudent, teacher, doctor, infant, patient, lawyer, speaker Please writ

8、e down it corresponding words of masculine or feminine gender. God KingHostMasterLionHeroCowCock Witch PrinceNephew Actor DukeTutor Gentlemanwasherman goddessmistressqueenhostesshenheroine bullwizardnieceprincessactresslionessduchessgovernessladywasherwomanWhen used in the singular for generic refer

9、ence, these nouns are generally referred to as he.E.g. An instructor should offer his students challenging projects. Instructors should offer their students challenging projects An instructors should offer his or her students challenging projects When the speaker doesnt know or is not interested in

10、the sex of the baby or infant, he may use neutral it. There is a baby in the pram. Why, its crying. (Somebody is knocking at the door). Who is it?Summary of the it useCorrect errors, if any, in the following sentences.The furniture is theirs but the house is ours.Ive bought several paintings of him.

11、 No one but himself really understands him. I saw his waving a flag in the crowd. The reward was divided among us three, George, Tom and I. You probably know to who I am referring. I cant tolerate such man as he. Johns father approved of he staying in China for another year. If one doesnt want to ge

12、t lost in the mountains, you must have a guide. They deferred him going home on vacation until next week.Pronoun IICase Forms（代词的格）Subjective caseobjective caseGenitive caseNominal genitive pronoundeterminative genitive pronounGenitive nounThe twins are bored. They find nothing which interests them.

13、 Their vacation is fast becoming a disaster. 1. Choice between subjective and objective casea. In informal style, when a personal pronoun functions as the subject of a minor sentences that stands without a predicate or with only a nonfinite verb as the predicator, the pronoun usually occurs in the o

14、bjective rather than subjective case. e.g. Anyone knows Toms address?-Me. -You give him a call right now. Why me?What !Me angry! Surely, its him with the red nose you mean ,not me. Id like to go back in here.Me too. I dont like horror movies.Me neither.I dont have any money right now.Me either. Im g

15、lad its Friday.Us too! I dont feel like going out this evening. -. A. Me tooB. Me alsoC. Me otherD. Me neither.b. In comparative clauses, in informal style, a personal pronoun may appear in the objective case even if acting as the subject of a comparative clause, especially when the pronoun is follo

16、wed by such items as all/ both as appositive. E.g. He isnt as smart as he was. I trust you as much as her. You are much cleverer than her. He is cleverer than us all.She is as tall as him. She is taller than them both. c. When the subject of a sentence is the construction of “everybody/nobody +but/e

17、xcept +personal pronoun,Nobody but she can solve our problems. Everybody except he agreed to our proposal. Nobody can solve our problems but her. Everybody agreed to our proposal except him. I interviewed everybody but him.Objective caseBoth objective And subjectivecase2. Choice between objective an

18、d genitive case I dont mind her changing their minds. I want to avoid his thinking that I dont want to help.a. When an ing participle clause with a personal pronoun as its own subject functions as the object of the main clause, the pronoun usually occurs in the genitive case. I told them about your/

19、you resigning from office.I am surprised at his/him making that mistake. Only taking the genitive formHe doesnt deny his breaking the agreement. My failure to complete the task deferred my going on a holiday.a. If the ing participle clause is preceded by such predicate verbs as defer, deny and postp

20、one b. If the ing participle clause acts as the subject of the main clause, the pronoun can only take the genitive form.Her driving off so abruptly was most unfortunate. His refusing to accept the invitation is really surprising. A. In an SVOC construction, where the object is realized by a personal

21、 pronoun, and the object complement by an ing participle,The pronoun only taking the objective formI saw him falling down into the river. They caught her cheating on the exam. B. When an infinitive clause with a personal pronoun as its subject functions as the object of the main clause, Everyone wan

22、ted him to be the leader of the movement. They advised me to reconsider my decision. Reflexive PronounAs appositive As prepositional complement As object Other uses of reflexivesAs appositive1) as appositive of the subject The manager will interview Lucy .2) as appositive of the other parts I spoke

23、to the president .himselfhimselfHimself,himselfI like the diamond but not the setting. itselfAs prepositional complementation She was worried about herself not about you.I have nothing to say for myself. The old man lives by himself. This machine works by itself. The enemy will not perish of himself

24、. This matter is between ourselves. Anyone/ no one but +reflexive the first and second personAnyone but yourself would have noticed the change. Nobody but myself noticed the change.Nobody but himself speaks French here. heAs object Verb + reflexive+ adv.Verb +reflexive +prepositionidiomsE.g. You mus

25、t pull yourself together. She prides herself on having a glorious past. He absented himself from the meeting.I dont make a show of myself before strangers.Dont make a pig of yourself. She should have kicked herself for committing such a mistake. Please identify the objects in the following sentences

26、. She made herself a fine dress.I promise myself a fruitful discussion with you. The youth promised himself a rapid progress. He talked himself hoarse. They quarrelled themselves red in the face. He drank himself under the table. The sky has rained itself out.Other uses of reflexive Frank is not qui

27、te himself today. The girl will be herself in no time. Now I feel quite myself. Herself is the cause of the difficulty. Pat and myself are writing a novel. She herself is the cause of the difficulty. Pat and I myself are writing a novel. Correct errors, if any, in the following sentences.1. She has

28、nothing to say for her. 2. We were beside us with joy. 3. He always conducts him like a scholar. 4. The sky has rained it out.5. Jane and himself cooperated on a new book. 6. No one but herself knows Russian. 7. Make you at home, and help you to more fish, please. 8. Myself drove the car. Generic us

29、e of personal pronounSome personal pronouns can also be used to refer to people in general or to a class of things. oneweyouthey formal style informal style people in general including both the speaker and the hearer e.g. One should not overwork oneself. One can only do ones best. If one wants to se

30、e the ruins, he must find his own guide. Pronoun Reference Anaphoric reference后照应cataphoric reference前照应Situational reference语境照应Anna told lucy that Ruth was leaving, but she didnt believe her.When he was at college, Alex was a great Friend of mine. (Pointing to the childrens bedroom), Are they asle

31、ep?Something or somebody indicated by a situation in which the utterance is given. Pronoun Reference代词照应Personal Demonstative This/ theseThat/ those 1. that和those可替代前面出现的名词以避免重复，而this和these不能。如：The weather of Guangzhou is better than that of Beijing. The books here are more interesting than those on

32、 the desk.2.指上文提到的事一般用that，有时也用this，指下文的事只能用this。如：How to deal with it, that/this is the question. This is the question, how to deal with it. 3.that和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能；其中those可指人，但that不能。如：He admired that which looked beautiful.He admired those which looked beautiful.He admired those who

33、 looked beautiful.4. this, these是时间或空间上的“近指”，可与here连用；that, those是时间或空间上的“远指”，可与there连用。5. 打电话时，用this来介绍自己，用that来问对方是谁，不用I或you。如：Whos that?This is Mary speakingWhen one has good health, - should feel fortunate. (2019)a. You b. they c. hed. weThe following are all correct responses to “who told the news to the teacher?”except -.(2019)A. Jim did this. B. Jim did so. C. Jim did that. D Jim did. AC1) none既可指人也可指物，常暗示一定范围，因此通常与表范围的of短语连用；而no one(=nobody)只能指人，不能与of短语连用。如：None of that money on the table is mine. None of us enjoy getting up early.No one (=Nobody