电子学的发展

1、电子学的发展电子学是电学的一部分。有关电学的基本原理也都常用于电子学中。近代计算机、控制系统 和通信等方面的进展都与电子学有着密切的关系。电子学的范围包括电子管、晶体管和集成电路等。电子学始于1883年，即爱迪生研究材料时发现真空管可以用作电灯的那一年。第一个电子 装置显示出其非线性的单一电子特征，但是不能产生放大信号。1905年佛莱明在英国制成 了第一个二极管。1906年德福雷斯特在美国研制了第一个三极管，那个时候真空管是无 线电设备中一个奇妙的器件。真空管广泛应用于通信工业，真空管首先用于收音机，然后用 于电视。发明了半导体器件后，真空二极管的使用呈迅速下降趋势，因为半导体器件具有真 空管

2、的许多功能。第一个大型数字电子系统是特殊用途的真空管电路，称为电子数字积分计算机。ENIAC是计 算机工业的先驱。1948年晶体管问世，为电子学的发展作出了重大贡献。今天所说的电子 技术实际上是在发现晶体管效应以后开始发展的。晶体管为电子技术开辟了道路，早期的晶 体管用错做成，主要用于小型袖珍调幅收音机。硅晶体管于20世纪50年代末代替了错晶体 管，它再次给电子学带来了革命性进步，更重要的是它为计算机世界开辟了道路。各种类型 的计算机开始在市场上出现，研究工作进入一个迅速发展的时代。在电子技术发展过程中还存在其他的问题，如电子器件在一块主板上的安装问题。对此，德 克萨斯仪器公司的Jack Ki

3、lby找到了很好的答案。他提议不用任何导线，把电阻、电容和晶 体管在同一片晶片内部连接起来，令人不可思议的是他的想法成功了，从此诞生了集成电路 工业。集成电路工业的商业成就是在以数字逻辑家族为代表的标准产品的基础上取得成功的。集成 电路从小型电路不断发展成大规模集成电路。20世纪70年代末，经过十年的发展，大规模 集成电路的时代结束了，迎来的是集成电路的新时代。这个时代以一个单一电路包含越来越 多的元件为特征，这一电路被称为超大规模集成电路。电子技术正在飞速发展，电子工业也正以又一巨大的步伐向前迈进。电子专业的课程内容直流电路和交流电路这门课程包括无源器件（电阻、电容和电感）的基本理论和用直流

4、电源供电的电路网络，无 源电路中的交流电流和交流电压的作用以及直流电机、三相电机和变压器等知识。模拟电子技术这个课程主要介绍半导体器件在线性应用范围中的特征，内容包括二极管（半导体二极管、 PN结二极管、特殊二极管）、三极管（场效应管三极管、晶体三极管）、信号放大电路、实 际放大电路、偏置电路、运算放大器电路、其他电路（整流、稳压、直流电压源电路）。数字电子技术这个课程学习以下内容：逻辑电路的基本概念、数字表示方法、组合逻辑电路、CMOS数字 电路、逻辑运算定律和布尔代数、数字运算（二进制、十六制、整数）、组合逻辑电路的分 析与综合、时序逻辑电路的分析与综合、寄存器、计数器、总线系统以及逻辑电

5、路设计中的 计算机辅助设计工具（软件）。信号与系统这个单元讲解许多工程信号和系统的基本性质以及在信号和系统处理中必需的数学工具，要 特别强调的是线性时不变系统的时域和频域模型。这些概念对学习通信、控制、电力系统和 信号处理等领域的许多单元都会用到。学习信号与系统需要微分、积分、微分方程和线性代 数等基础知识。课程包括连续时间信号（分类及性质）、系统的基本性质（线性、时不变性、因果性和稳定性）、 线性时不变系统（由微分方程描述的特征和卷积）、傅立叶级数和傅立叶变换（定义、性质、 频率响应和基于傅立叶变换的线性时不变系统的分析、采样、相关性和功率谱密度）、拉普 拉斯变换（定义、性质、基于拉普拉斯的

6、线性时不变系统的分析、用拉普拉斯变换求解状态 方程）。电路理论和设计这个部分的学习是以基本电路理论和运算放大器知识为基础的。主要的学习目标是增强对电 路理论的理解，其主要内容有电路理论的基本理论（网络函数、特征频率）、滤波器类型（低 通、带通滤波器）、运算放大器的讨论（用运算放大器设计的一级、二级滤波器、电路串联 级联设计）、几种典型的滤波器（Butterworth、Chebyshev滤波器、设计中的频率变化、无 源LC梯形滤波器的灵敏度设计、以及开关电容滤波器做简短的介绍）。控制理论这个单元是讲授关于连续、线性时不变系统的反馈控制的应用，要求学生具有线性系统理论 和拉普拉斯变换的基础。学习的

7、主要目的是使学生在基本理论和进一步研究的能力方面打下 一个坚实的基础，这个单元的学习将促进学生在本领域的进一步学习和今后在工业控制行业 的工作。本课程主要内容包括控制理论的历史、物理过程的模块化方法、时域系统的设计方法、用根 轨迹法的设计方法、频率响应，以及单一输入/输出系统状态方程设计方法的介绍。微处理系统当前，计算机及微处理器在电子工业的各个领域中应用十分广泛。随着计算机变得更加复杂 和功能强大，微处理器的应用将持续快速增长。对日益增长的电子工业来说，一个具有微处 理器编程能力的学生将会有用武之地。这个模块安排学生对一个简单的微处理器过程来完成 工业上典型的控制任务。用汇编语言和C语言对微

8、处理器进行编程，学生将用到一些内部的 器件如RS232接口、定时器、中断器件、计数器、输入/输出口、模/数转换器等，利用这些 器件通过编程完成控制系统等操作。计算机编程及其在工程中的应用此课程将继续介绍更高级的编程技术，教学中采用C语言，重点放在如何运用编程技术解决 工程应用的实际问题。Electronics developmentElectronics is part of the electricity. The basic principle of the electrical are often used in electronics. The modern computer, con

9、trol system and communication, and other aspects of the developments and electronics have a close relationship.The range of electronics include vacuum tubes, the transistor and integrated circuit, etc.Electronics began in 1883, the study found that the vacuum tube Edison materials can be used as the

10、 light that year. The first electronic device shows its nonlinear single electronic characteristics, but cant produce boosting signals. In 1905 in England Fleming made the first diode. 1906 DE forrest is developed in the United States first transistor, when the vacuum tube is radio equipment in a wo

11、nderful devices. Vacuum tubes are widely used in communication industry, first used in the radio, and then vacuum tubes used in television. After the invention of the semiconductor devices, the use of vacuum diode is rapidly down trend, because many of the semiconductor device has the vacuum tube fu

12、nction.The first large digital electronic system is special use vacuum circuit, called electronic digital integral computer. ENIAC is the pioneer of the computer industry. In 1948 the transistor, for the development of the electronics made great contributions. Said today electronic technology is act

13、ually in the transistor effect later found began. Transistor paves the way for electronic technology, the early transistor made with ge, mainly for the small pocket an am radio. Silicon transistors in the late 1950 s, instead of to the ge transistors, it once again give electronics brought the revol

14、utionary progress, more important is it opens the way for the computer world. Various types of computer appeared on the market in, the research work into a rapid development of The Times.Electronic technology development in the process also to have other problems, such as electronic devices in a pie

15、ce of the motherboard installation problems. To this, the Texas instruments, Jack Kilby found a good answer. He proposed that need not any wire, put resistor, capacitor and transistors in with a chip internal links up incredibly his ideas, and success born integrated circuit industry.Integrated circ

16、uit industry business achievement is on digital logic families, as a representative of the standard products on the basis of the success. Integrated circuit from the small circuit development into large scale integrated circuit. At the end of the 1970 s, after 10 years of development, the large scal

17、e integrated circuit times over, in the new era is integrated circuit. The age to a single circuit contains more and more components as the characteristics, the circuit is called the very large scale integrated circuit.Electronic technology is the rapid development, the electronics industry is also

18、to another great pace forward.Electronic major course contentDc and ac circuitsThis course includes passive components (resistance, capacitance and inductance) with the basic theory and dc power supply network of electric circuit, and passive circuit of the ac current and voltage and function of dc

19、motor, three-phase motor transformer and knowledge.Analog electronic technologyThis course introduces the application of semiconductor devices linear characteristics of content including diode (semiconductor diode, PN junction diode, special diode), transistor (field effect transistor, and the trans

20、istor), signal amplifier circuit, actual amplifier circuit, offset circuit, operational amplifier circuit, other circuits (rectifier voltage dc voltage source, and circuit).Digital electronic technologyThis course study the following content: logic circuit of the basic concepts and the figures show

21、that the method, the assembly logic circuit, CMOS digital circuit, logic operation laws and Boolean algebra, number operations (binary, 16 system, integer), the assembly logic circuit analysis and comprehensive, the temporal logic circuit analysis and synthesis, the register, counter, bus system and

22、 logical circuit design of computer aided design tools (software).Signal and systemThis unit explain many engineering signal and system of basic properties of the signal and system, processing and need in the mathematical tool, should emphasize is linear system when the same time domain and frequenc

23、y domain model. The concept of learning communication, control, power system and signal processing and other areas of many units can use. Learning signal and system need differential and integral, differential equation and linear algebra and other basic knowledge.Course including continuous time sig

24、nal (classification and nature), the system of basic properties (linear, not degeneration, causality and stability), when the same system (by linear differential equation describes characteristics and convolution), Fourier series, and Fourier transform (definition, nature, frequency response and bas

25、ed on Fourier transform of linear system analysis, when the same sampling, the correlation and power spectral density), Laplace transform (definition, nature, based on linear system when the Laplace unchanged with the analysis, the state equations solving Laplace transform).Circuit theory and design

26、This part of the study is based on basic circuit theory and operational amplifier knowledge based. The main aim is to strengthen the learning of the understanding of the circuit theory, the main content of the basic theory of a circuit theory (network function, characteristic frequency), filter type

27、s (low pass, band-pass filter), operational amplifiers discussion (using op-amp design level, level 2 filter, circuit series design), the cascade of several typical filter (Butterworth, Chebyshev filter, design the frequency change, passive LC trapezoidal filter, the sensitivity of design, and switch capacitance filter do a short introduction).Control theoryThis unit is continuo