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1、气候变化与清洁发展机制第1页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四1气候系统: The climate system大气圈、水圈、生物圈和地圈的整体及其相互作用。The totality of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphereand their interaction.第2页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四2温室气体效应:Greenhouse Gas Effect第3页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四3气候变化:Climate change指除在类似时期内所观测的

2、气候的自然变迁之外,由于直接或间接的人类活动改变了地球大气的组成而造成的气候变化。A change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.第4页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四4

3、全球气候变化:Change of Global Temperature根据新的证据以及考虑到不确定因素的情况下,在过去50年所观察到的全球变暖是由于温室气体浓度的增加而导致In the light of new evidence and taking into account the remaining uncertainties, most of the observed warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrationsSourc

4、e: IPCC Third Assessment Report 2001第5页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四5气候变化的影响:Climate Change Impacts 第6页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四6公约目标:UNFCCC objectives将大气中温室气体的浓度稳定在防止气候系统受到危险的人为干扰的水平上。这一水平应当在足以使生态系统能够自然地适应气候变化,确保粮食生产免受到威胁,并使经济发展能够可持续地进行之时间范围内实现。Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the

5、atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic deve

6、lopment to proceed in a sustainable manner. ARTICLE 2 第7页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四7京都议定书:The Kyoto Protocol附件一缔约方应该个别地或共同地确保附件A所列二氧化碳、甲烷等六种受控的温室气体排放总量,在2008年至2012年的承诺期内比1990年水平至少减少5.2,The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon d

7、ioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A reduce their overall emissions by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. Article 3 到2005年12月31日前,附件一缔约方应在履行这些承诺方面做出可予证实的进展 Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made demonstrable

8、 progress in achieving its commitments under this Protocol.第8页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四8附件一国家:Annex I countries附件一(工业发达国家)承诺减排温室气体。Annex I countries(industrialised countries)commited themselves to reduce their GHG emissionsAnnex I非附件一国家(发展中国家)Non-Annex I countries(developing countries)第9页,共30页,202

9、2年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四9对工业国家要求:The requirements for Annex I countries 为发展中国家缔约方提供新的和额外的资金Provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred to developing country Parties in complying with their obligations帮助特别易受气候变化不利影响的发展中国家缔约方Assist the developing country Parties tha

10、t are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change应采取一切实际可行的步骤,酌情促进、帮助和资助向其他缔约方特别是发展中国家缔约方转让或使他们有机会得到环境友好技术和专有技术Take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other P

11、arties, particularly developing country Parties第10页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四10京都议定书附录B:Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol欧盟气泡第11页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四11减排指标:Reduction objectives1990200020102020246GtC-5%Kyoto-Protocol-24%Source: ABB Corporate Research第12页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四12控制温室气体种类:Kyoto

12、 Protocol Greenhouse Gases 二氧化碳 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 甲烷 Methane (CH4) 氧化亚氮 Nitrous oxide (N2O)氢氟碳化物 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 氟化碳 Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 六氟化硫 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 第13页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四13为实现长期可测量符合成本效益原则的减排目标,京都议定书提出三种机制The KP identifies three mechanisms to supplement

13、 national actions to achieve real, long-term, measurable and cost-effective GHG reductions:三机制:Three mechanismsClean Development Mechanism清洁发展机制(CDM)Joint Implementation 联合履行(JI)Emissions Trading (ET)排放贸易(ET)第14页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四14Annex I/B清洁发展机制(CDM):Clean Development Mechanism Annex I/BD

14、eveloping countries发起国Sponsor东道国Host发起CDM项目CDM Project Sponsoring获得经核证的减排Certified Emission Reductions发展中国家第15页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四15CDM目的:CDM Purpose并协助附件一所列缔约方遵守其依第三条规定的排放量限制和削减承诺。-to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and re

15、duction commitments协助未列入附件一的缔约方实现可持续发展并增进公约的最终目标,-to assist Parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention Article of KP 12 第16页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四16清洁发展机制的管理:Management of CDM清洁发展机制由作为本议定书缔约方会议的公约缔约方会议授权和指

16、导,并由清洁发展机制的执行理事会监督。The clean development mechanism shall be subject to the authority and guidance of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol and be supervised by an executive board of the clean development mechanism. 缔约方会议( COP )是联合国气候框架公约的最高机构,每年召开一次会议评审

17、公约的进程。Conference of the Parties (COP) The COP is the supreme body of the Convention. It currently meets once a year to review the Conventions progress. 作为京都议定书缔约方会议的公约缔约方会议 ( 议定书/ 公约缔约方会议) (COP/MOP)是京都条约最高机构,Meeting of the Parties (MOP) The Kyoto Protocols supreme body will be the MOP, which will se

18、rve as the Protocols meeting of the Parties.第17页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四17CDM 管理架构:CDM Bodies作为京都议定书缔约方会议的公约缔约方会议 ( 议定书/ 公约缔约方会议) Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol ( COP/MOP)CDM 执行理事会CDM Executive Board (CDM-EB)认可专家组Accreditation Panel 林业工作组Afforesta

19、tion and Reforestation Working Group/Panel 方法学专家组Methodology Panel小项目专家组Small scale CDM Panel 第18页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四18执行理事会组成:Executive Board 执行理事会(EB)是在COP/MOP领导下的负责CDM活动机构Executive Board (EB) The Executive Board operates under the authority of the Parties.执行理事会由十个专家构成,其中五个专家分别代表五个联合国官方区域(

20、非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲、加勒比海地区、中东欧、OECD 国家),一个专家来自小岛国组织,两个专家来自附件国家,两个专家来自非附件国家。The Executive Board consists of 10 members, including one representative from each of the five official UN regions (Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Central Eastern Europe, and OECD), one from the small island developing

21、 states, and two each from Annex I and non-Annex I Parties. The CDM-EB 2004MembersAlternatesMr. John W. Ashe 1Ms. Desna Solofa 1Mr. Jean-Jacques Becker 2Mr. Martin Enderlin 2Mr. John Shaibu Kilani 2 (Chair)Mr. Ndiaye Cheikh Sylla 2Mr. Sozaburo Okamatsu 2Ms. Sushma Gera 2Ms. Marina Shvangiradze 1Ms.

22、Anastasia Moskalenko1Mr. Georg Brsting 1(Vice-Chair)Mr. Hans Jrgen Stehr 1Mr. Fareed Al-Asaly 2 Mr. Chow Kok Kee 2Mr. Richard Muyungi 1 Mr. Hernn Carlino1Mr. Xuedu Lu 1Mr. Juan Pablo Bonilla 1Mr. Jos Miguez 2Mr. Eduardo Sanhueza 21Term: 2 Years e.g. ending 20052Term: 3 years e.g. ending 2004第19页,共30

23、页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四19执行理事会工作:EB tasks批准建议的基准和监测方法Approval of proposed baseline and monitoring methodologies执行理事会(EB)负责认证经营实体(DOE)Accreditation of designated operational entities执行理事会(EB)负责建立、维护并管理清洁发展机制项目的注册登记( CDM registry ),签发经核证减排证明( CERs )The CDM-EB is responsible for the maintenance of a CD

24、M registry, which will issue new CERs 第20页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四20经营实体的工作:task of DOE审定CDM项目Validation of CDM projects申请项目的登记Presentation of projects for registration核查监测报告Verification of monitoring reports推荐签发CERsRecommendation for CER issuance. 目前共有4个指定经营实体(DOEs),20个申请实体(AEs)At present 4 DOEs

25、, approximately 20 Applicant Entities. 第21页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四21CDM参与条件:Participation requirements 所有的缔约方都应满足三个基本要求: All Parties must meet three basic requirements: 自愿参与CDM项目活动i) voluntary participation, 建立一个CDM项目活动的管理机构ii) establishment of the National CDM Authority, 已经批准京都条约iii) ratificati

26、on of the Kyoto Protocol. 第22页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四22项目合格标准:Project Eligibility 京都议定书第12条规定温室气体的减排应是在没有经证明的项目活动的情况下产生任何减少排放而言是额外的,与减缓气候变化有关的真实的、可测量的和长期的效益Article 12 of the Protocol states that projects must result in “reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would occur in the a

27、bsence of the project activity”. The CDM project must lead to real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change. Kyoto article 12温室气体的排放应小于可信和可能的基准排放是否是真实的Real if actual GHG emissions are less than the emissions in a credible and probable baseline scenario测定确定项目排放水

28、平与基准排放水平方法的可行性应是在合理的范围内Measurable if the actual level of GHG emissions of the project case and the level of GHG emission in the baseline scenario can be established with a reasonable degree of certainty项目对温室气体的减排的收益应是长期的Avoiding GHG emissions is per definition a long-term benefit第23页,共30页,2022年,5月20

29、日,7点55分,星期四23可持续发展标准:Sustainable development criteria 京都条约中规定清洁发展机制的目的是协助未列入附件一的缔约方实现可持续发展,可持续发展指标主要包括:The protocol specifies that the purpose of the CDM is to assist non-Annex I Parties in achieving sustainable development. 社会指标:项目可以提高生活质量、减少贫困、增进公平等Social criteria The project improves the quality

30、of life, alleviates poverty, and improves equity. 经济指标: 项目可以为地方实体提供经济来源,对收支平衡及新技术转移起到积极作用Economic criteria The project provides financial returns to local entities, results in a positive impact on balance of payments, and transfers new technology. 环境指标:项目通过减少对石化燃料的使用导致温室气体的减排,可以降低对地方环境的压力,提供健康的生活环境等

31、,实现能源环境政策Environmental criteria The project reduces greenhouse gas emissions and the use of fossil fuels, conserves local resources, reduces pressure on the local environments, provides health and other environmental benefits, and meets energy and environmental policies. 第24页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,

32、星期四24Annex I/B联合履行(JI): Joint ImplementationAnnex I/BEconomies in Transition发起联合履行项目JI Project SponsoringBoth Parties are Annex I Parties在附件I国家之间减排单位Emission Reduction Units发起国Sponsor东道国Host第25页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四25199020002010202080100120Index排放贸易(ET):International Emission Trading Emission

33、 target排放目标可以出售can sell credits国家Country A国家Country B必须购买must buy credits市场信用MARKET FOR CREDITStodays emission目前排放水平第26页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四26京都机制总结:Summary KP “Flexible” Mechanisms清洁发展机制:Clean Development Mechanism输出:经核证的减排(CERs)Output: Certified Emission Reductions (CERs)在附件一和非附件一国家之间,开始时间为

34、2000年Between Annex I and non-Annex I countries, started year 2000联合履行:Joint Implementation输出:减排单位(ERU)Output: Emission Reduction Units (ERU)在附件一国家之间,开始时间为2008年Between Annex I countries, starts from 2008排放国际贸易:International Emissions Trading 输出:分配的数量单位(AAU)Output : Assigned Amount Units (AAU)在附件一国家之间,开始时间为2008年Between Annex I Parties, starts from 2008第27页,共30页,2022年,5月20日,7点55分,星期四27马拉喀什协定:Marrakech accords17/CP.7京都议定书第十二条确定的清洁发展机制的模式和程序Decision 17/CP.7 Modalities and proce

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