整理文体学答案

1、学无止境文体学 课后题1、2 单元and objective role (the affected or the result of the action).1 Identifyand classify patterns ofsound repetition in the following4Whatisasimplesentence?Whatisa multiplesentence?examples.Directly/indirectly1） Words and phrasesAsimple sentence conformsto the basic clause structure SV(

2、O)(C)shilly-shally= pararhyme super-duper= rhyme(A).high and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhymeA multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. It may be either akith and kin = reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhymecompound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence.part and parcel =

3、 reverse rhyme by hook or by crook = rhymeD :nominal clauses function as S O C .I:relative clauses function as2） Pride and Prejudice = alliterationmodified in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJPThe Love s labour Lost= alliterationOf Mice and Man = alliteration5 What is the difference between a mi

4、nor sentence and an incompleteBill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man = alliterationsentence?Father in a Fix = alliterationWitch Watch = alliterationNeithertypeconformstothe basic clause structure. Buta minorThe Wonder of Waterfall = alliterationsentence is supposed to be“ complete” in the sense that it

5、 is finished.3)AdvertisementsAnincompletesentence never comes toits end because ofsudden-Drinka Pinta Milka Day = sound elisioninterruption or other reasons. For example,-Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound elision(1)Attention, please. (2)Help!-Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Experiment,(3)G

6、oing to the lecture? (4)Why are you late?Because Ibut still economise. Be bold and be beautiful but don t break the bankOf. the four sentences, (1) (2) (3) are minor sentences whereas (4) is an= (in order) alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliterationincomplete.2 The underlined word(s) in

7、each of the following examples6 What are the major components of a noun phrase?What is the use of1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that manpre-modification?has a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child toWhat is the function of post-modification?learn the l

8、anguage however badly it is taught. This makes man differentAcompletenounphrase consistsof four constituents: determiner,fromanimal, whichdoes not have suchadevice. Thatiswhypre-modifier, head and post-modifier. The determiner can be an article,chimpanzee (who is considered to be the most intelligen

9、t animal) cannumerals, numeral pronouns; all the words between the determinativenever learn the language however hard it is taught.and the head are pre-modifier, whatever part of speech they belong to;2） Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares thethe head can be a noun ora pron

10、oun; the post-modifier is usually asame pronunciation with the maincharacter inShakespeare tragedysprepositionalphrase, anounphrase, a non-finiteclause,arelativeRomeo and Juliet. Romeohas deep love for Juliet. It indicatesthatclause, etc.Romeow the cat has affection for the master.Frequentuseofpre-m

11、odificationinnewspaperheadlinescan3)Record shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shopeconomize space, andarouse thereaderinterests as well becauseof its kind, for it reminds one of the Moby Dick, a book which depictspre-modificationis usuallyshort, thus cannot spellout details. Thispeople

12、 hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick.keeps the reader in suspense and kicks up their eagerness to find out.3 1)phonological devices in the following extract.Pre-modification tends to be informal and appears in less formal style.A creak of hinges.aisle.Post-modificationcanbeverylongandcomplicated.Usin

13、gIn this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance tiledpost-modificationcan giveenough roomfordetailsand forfurthersurface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use ofinformation.Therefore, it is frequently used inmore formalcontexts,onomatopoeic words such as cre

14、ak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, whichforinstance,writtenlanguage.WrittenlegalEnglishpreferspresent the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use ofpost-modificationin noun phrases, because the composerofa legalsuch words help the reader share the same experience of the writer anddocu

15、ment must ensure that it conveys meaning exactly and explicitly,make the description vivid and believable.guarding against any possible misinterpretation.2） Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom7 What are the three basic factors in the formation of written texts?3） Sawyer and c

16、omment on the graphological forms.For effectivepresentation of information and language processing on“ TOM!”the part of the reader, we usually attach importance to sequence,No answer.-Mark Twaisegmentation and salience inthe formation of texts, both spoken andThis is one episode of the novel Adventu

17、res of Tom Sawyer, depictingwritten.how Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the8 Which type of branching is common in informal speech? Which typebed. The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates howof branching is preferred in written styles?Granny speaks. Wh

18、enweread it,wehave the feeling ofwatchingRight-branching is common in speech, in relaxed and informalGranny on a stage play. For example,“ TOM!”is said louderthanpresentation of ideas.A writer may favor right-branching and use“ Tom!” . -o“Y-u-u, Tom ! ” indicates Granny drawls her voice and withshor

19、t, simple sentences to represent a narrative style of simplicity,unusual loudness so as to be heard far away. The exclamation marks“ ! directness”and intensity. Left-branching, however, is bettershow her emotion,and the dash “impliesher sudden stop. Theadapted to writing because it is structurally m

20、ore compact anditalicized throughemphasizes thecontrast with“ over and”“ under ” ,logical, and it is usually more formal. Since subordinate ideas arehumorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather thanpresented first, postponing the main idea, readers often feel inpractical use. In

21、the whole passage, we see the only character Granny,suspense and try to read on to obtain the main idea towards thewho is speaking to herself. It is very muchlike a stage monologue.end of the sentence.After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there9 Whatis thebasic phrase order

22、?Whatare the stylisticeffects ofis a touch of humour all through.fronting and postponement?3 单元The basic phrase order in an English declarative clause is more or less1 What are thethree ways of clause classification?fixed: SV(O)(C)(A), with A being mobile in position. The change ofclassification acc

23、ording to constituents, verb phrase and functions. Bythe order can make a particular language unit more salient.constituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO,Frontingrefers the movement of a sentential element fromits usualSVOC. Byverb phrase wehave finiteclause, non-finite claus

24、e andposition to the front, and postponement refers the movement of averbless clause. By functions clauses canbe categorizedeither aslinguisticunit from its normal place towards the endoftheindependent clause or dependent clause.sentence. In both cases the elements moved are highlighted. For2 how do

25、 we distinguish situation types?example,By according to meaning or sense of the verb.(1) Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (fronting3 Name the participant roles in action types?talent and capital for emphasis)Theparticipantroles in action types are: agentive role (doer ofthe(2)A

26、 car stopped and out stepped the President ofthe University.action), external force (causer of the action), intrumentalrole(Postponing President of the University again for emphasis)(tool to do the action with), recipient role (receiver of the action)10 What is syntactic parallelism and its function

27、?最全文档整理学无止境Syntactic parallelism refers to the repetition of the same syntactic form5)car, jeep, van, tanker, minibus, cart, bicycle(vehicle)(e.g. tense, aspect) and phrase/clause structurein two or more8 The words in each of the following groups have roughlya similarneighboring clauses or sentences

28、. It reinforces meaning by contrast orconceptual meaning. Discuss the difference intheirassociateAppreciativeNeutralPejorativemeanings.9 Compare the A B extracts in termsworkdrudgery, toil,1)the percentage of Anglo-Saxon words;grindthe percentage of Latinate words of three syllables and more.fashion

29、, stylevoguefadInA ofthe 48 words, onlysixcome fromother languages, four ofpoliceman, copflatfootwhich are from French, but inB of the 39 words, 18 words are fromcivil servantgovernmentbureaucratLatin and another one from Greek. Since Latinate wordsmake up aofficialfamous, celebrated,notorioushigh p

30、ercentage in B, it is much more difficult to understand.10 Comment on the adjective used in the following advertisement.renowned(Manhattan shirts, slacks and accessories)portly, stout, chubby,fatTo persuade the would-be customers to buy the product, the author usesplumpa series of appreciative adjec

31、tives: confident, correct, successful, strong,adventurous, daringreckless, rashsavvy, fashionable, happy, robust, virile, and wise, plus famous to showantithesis, or helps to build up an emotional climax. For example,what good things Manhattan Brand products would bring to the buyer.See how they can

32、 saw. Power saw. And drill.Power drill.And5 单元sand. Power sand.1 What is dialect?This is an advertisement for selling Power Brand series of tools. WhenA dialect is a variety habitually adopted by people in a certain regionthe reader finishes the reading, they willnotforget the brand name(regional di

33、alect) or by people of a certain social group (social dialect).Power.Dialectsdifferfromoneanotherinvocabulary,grammarand4 单元pronunciation.2 What is the difference in the effect between the use of Latinate andone regional dialect speaker may be able to speak more than one socialdialect when needed.th

34、at of native words? Why?2 What is the difference between dialect and accent?Generally speaking, Latinate words are words of science, religion andAccent is the special phonological features shown by one who speaks aofficial communication; and in most cases, they help to create thedialect. It is regio

35、nal in nature. A dialect can be spoken with differenteffect of coolness, dignity and intellectual distance.Words ofaccents, standard and non-standard. A personmayshiftfromoneAnglo-Saxon origin constitute English-speaking people s basicvocabulary.Such words are emotionally charged. A highdialect to a

36、nother while speaking but s/he is unable to cover his or heraccent. For example, a Londoner speaks British English with a Londonpercentage of Anglo-Saxon words is quite usual in informal style.accent, but a person bornand broughtup in Manchester may speak3 What is the difference between a general wo

37、rd and a specific word?British English with a Manchester accent.Is it true that use of specific words should always be3 Whatis Standard English? Isthere a standard accent withwhichrecommended?people speak Standard English?A word is general whenit refers to a group ofobjects or a class ofStandard Eng

38、lish refers to the particular socially-favouredvarietyobjects or action, and specific when it refers to a member of that groupwhich is based on the speech and writingof educated users oftheor class. The relationship between a general (superordinate) andlanguage. Witha widely accepted, codifiedgramma

39、r and vocabulary,specific (subordinate) term is hyponymy. General terms are often tooSE is primarilyused forpubliccommunication:used inbooksandvague to conveyany precise meaning. The use of specificwords isnewspapers, official documents and news broadcasts; in schools, taughtmore informative in deta

40、il and can evoke vivid images in the readeror hearer s mind. However, general terms are preferred, when there isYes. In each regional variety,one accent is most widely acceptedno need for specification, or when the user wants to leave things vaguesuch as RP (received pronunciation)inBritishEnglish.

41、Sincethisfor some (tactical) reason.accent is related to BBCbroadcaster, the royalfamily and educated5 What is repetition ?What is reiteration? Why should people employspeech, it is considered to be the standard accent in Britain.repetition and reiteration in speech or writing?6 单元When a linguistic

42、form is used twice or more, the result is repetition.11 ） What does channelimitationmean?How does channelFor example,limitation affect language use?Webegin our morningclass at 8:00. Lunchbegins at 11:30 andChannel limitation means that the transmission of a message is limitedafternoon classes begin

43、at 2:00 again.to one channel only visual or auditory. Speech, in most cases, has noWhen the same idea is repeated in a different form, it is reiteration. Forchannel limitation.Talking face-to-face,both the speaker and hearerexample,can see and hear each other. Apart from the language, gestures, faci

44、alWe begin our morning classes at 8:00, and afternoon classes start atexpressions, shared knowledge,andsituationall contributetothe2:00 munication. Therefore, the language is often inexplicit. Writing, onIn literary texts, repetition is usually rhetorical. The intensive repetitionthe other hand, has

45、 channel limitation.Then the language should beof an expression can be a powerful thematic device. It helps toexplicit. For example,The teacher standing there is her motherwhich ” ,direct the reader s attention to the interpretation of its significance.Whatever is repeated is emphasized. Reiteration

46、 is used to avoidis understandable if the two speakers are together in the same context.But in written language such should be forbidden. We should make itthe monotonous effect of the repetition of the same expression.explicitlike Theteacherstanding underthetreein frontofthe6 What is collocation? Wh

47、at is the use pf analyzing lexical collocationclassroom building is Wang Qian s. motherof an item in a piece of language?2） In what ways does spontaneouslyspoken language differ fromCollocation refers to the concurrence of words or conventional use ofprepared written form?certain words together in a

48、 text. In a given text, the collocates of anIn spontaneous speech one has little time for planning or revising oneitem constitute its lexical context which determines the meaning of theutterance. While speaking, one has to monitor what has been said anditem. This device may contribute to the theme o

49、f the text. The analysisits response by the hearer, and simultaneously to plan the next utterance.of collocation can help us grasp the main idea of the text.Ifone s planningfallsbehindthedelivery,thespeechis7 The followingare groups of specific words. Name a general wordcharacteristicallybrokenupbyt

50、hefollowingfeaturesofnormalwhose meaning is included in the meaning of the specific words.non-fluency: filled/unfilled pauses, unintendedrepetitions, and false1)stride, strut, march, amble, strode, saunter(walk)starts. For example,2)drag, haul, heave, wrench, tow(pull)He was - as it were - you know

51、him do you - how shall I say er3)whisper, chatter, babble, mumble, mutter(talk)- withdrawn - er shut-in as though as though he had a kind of - mm4)bottle, vase, jug, cup, pot, barrel, bucket, box(container)goldfish bowl round his head -not very easy最全文档整理学无止境7 单元would be the immediate terminalisatio

52、nofreadership1What is role relationship? Give some examples.falloutbycontentamendmentthroughextremeByrole relationshipwemean therelationshipbetweentherolesconservation.adopted byaddresser and addressee ina givensituation. Role“ Weekend Competition” New,relationships range from temporary to permanent

53、: casualStatesmanacquaintances on a train,customer salesman, colleagues in anExtract Auses shortsentences and most ofthemaresimple. Theoffice, managementemployees, teacherpupil, parent child.sentences are mostly in the active witha high frequencyof personal2 By what scales do we classify language fe

54、atures typicalofvariouspronouns. The words are common. Although the diction indicatestheattitudes?speaker is educated, the whole passage is highly accessible.Language features indicating the attitudeare usuallyclassifiedalongExtract B is written in professional jargonsrelatingtothefour scales: forma

55、lity, politeness, impersonality and accessibilityspeaker s profession as a politician s adviser. Most of the content w3.What factors affect the degrees of formality?are Latinate and learned, which make the writingveryformal andThedegrees offormalityaredeterminedby the rolerelationships,difficult to

56、process, though it is personal.number of hearers, and contexts of situation, such as a public lecture,9Identifythelanguage markers inthe followingextract,whichplayground at playtime, church service, cocktail party, and so on.indicate the degree of impersonality.4How does language vary in terms of po

57、liteness?The symbol * against a subscriber shentryDictionarytdenotes thatLanguage varies according to the degree of intimacybetween thethe telephone number is withheld publication at the subscriberaddress and addressee; the degree ofsocialdistance separating theand the Post Office is not authorized

58、to supply itto enquirers. Thenaddresser and addressee. Language becomes more and more politenames and addresses of such subscribers are, however, shown in thewhen the addressee is more senior in status and les intimate in relation.Directoryincases where frequentenquires are received bythe Post5 What

59、 are the basic patterns of the use of address forms?Office for the exchange number, with a view to saving members of theThe basic address patterns include: Title (Professor, Doctor, Reverend),public the trouble of fruitless enquiry.LondonTelephoneTitle + Last Name (Professor Zhang, Mr Smith, Miss Th

60、atcher), FirstDirectoryname + Last Name (MichaelHall, John Smith),Last Name (Smith,Thatcher),FirstName(Michael,John),ShortenedFirstName10 Compare the following two passages and comment on the degree of(Mike=Michael,Elizabeth=Liza/Liz),Nickname(Piggy, Bully)andformality.Terms of Endearment (Darling,