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1、 ADVANCED ENGLISH(Revised Edition) 高级英语张汉熙 主编 王立礼 编外语教育与研究出版社FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESERCH PRESS第1页Introduction1. Textbook2. Course description3. Teaching contents4. Teaching hours5. Teaching procedures6. Examination7. The types of examination8. Requirements第2页TextbookAdvanced English (Book

2、I & Book II)by Zhang HanxiForeign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1995第3页Teaching Contents Advanced English is a very important required senior course. It focuses on the training of language skills, which undertakes the ultimate analysis of the deeper structure of language system. It aims at t

3、he further improvement of the students feel of language and their ability in reading and writing.第4页Teaching Procedures1. Introduction2. Detailed study of the text3. Organizational pattern of the text4. Writing style analysis5. Rhetorical devices6. Text analysis7. Exercises and assignments第5页Examina

4、tion1. The assessment of this course will be close-book examination.2. Students will be tested how much they have learned about the texts, and their abilities to grasp vocabularies, to understand the texts, to analyze the organizational patterns, to appreciate the language features, and to translate

5、 the passages.第6页The types of Examination1. Vocabulary 2. Comprehension of the Text3. True or false questions4. Analysis of the rhetorical devices5. Reading comprehension6. Error correction7. Short-answer questions8. Paraphrase9. Term definition10. Translation11. Writing第7页Paraphrase1. What is parap

6、hrasing?2. Two pre-conditions of paraphrasing3. Plagiarism4. Properties of a paraphrase 5. Guidelines to Paraphrasing第8页1. What is paraphrasing?Paraphrasing is the rewording of some given material into simpler language, often stated as “rewrite in your own words”. 第9页2. Two pre-conditions of paraphr

7、asing1) You have fully understood what you have read.2) You know how to reword the difficult parts into your simpler language without changing the original meaning.第10页3. PlagiarismParaphrasing is not a simple process of substituting difficult words and expressions with synonyms or synonymous terms,

8、 or changing the structure of some sentences, for example, changing an active-voiced structure into passive-voiced, or vice versa. This will be considered plagiarism. e. g. The time is ripe to sweep the language field of American politics.Plagiarism: a) The time is right to clean up the language fie

9、ld of American politics. (Use of synonyms) b) The time is ripe for the language field of American politics to be swept. (Changing the sentence structure) Acceptable: It is time to clean up the language field of American politics.第11页4. Properties of a paraphrase1) The wording should not copy too muc

10、h from the original material, or it should be considered plagiarism.2) The meaning should be as close as possible to the original, but the wording should be as different as possible.3) The language of the paraphrase should be simpler and easier to understand than the original.4) Lengthy expressions

11、in the original could be made more concise, but condensation is not required of paraphrasing. In fact, a paraphrase could even be slightly longer than the original, if necessary.5) Technical words, specific terms in different fields of study do not need to be paraphrased.第12页5. Guidelines to Paraphr

12、asingStep One: Read the original material carefully a few times to fully understand its contents and implications.Step Two: Paraphrasing the “total recall” approach the “part-by-part” approachA checklist based on the prosperities of a good paraphrase第13页The “total recall” approach1. After having rea

13、d and digested the contents of the materials, this materials is then put aside.2. To “recall” as much as possible of the original, and write it down in your own words.3. Go over your version to see how much you have recalled correctly, and how much you have missed.4. Return to the original, compare

14、your version with it, and revise your version.第14页The “part-by-part” approach1. Read and digest the contents of the materials 2. Word-by-difficult word, phrase / clause-by-difficult phrase / clause, change the original wording to simpler wording in various ways3. Combine the separate parts into a co

15、herent and grammatical whole, making sure that the final version conforms generally in meaning and structure to the original4. Check your version with the original.第15页A checklist based on the prosperities of a good paraphrase1. Has too much been copied from the original? (Using more than 3 words in

16、 a row is often considered “coping”.) (Key words)2. Has the original material been correctly understood? Has anything significant been omitted, distorted, or exaggerated?3. Is your version easier to understand, or harder to understand than the original? If it is harder to understand, some revision t

17、o make it easier is needed.4. Has the original writers tone and attitude been interpreted correctly? Are the ideas in your version arranged logically, as in the original?第16页Teaching HoursAdvanced English will be finished in one and a half academic years.In the first year, there are six periods per

18、week. In the third term, four periods per week. In the two books, there are 30 texts altogether (16 in Book I and 14 in Book II).第17页Course Description This textbook is more advanced as far as teaching contents and requirements are concerned. In classroom teaching, we are to approach various types o

19、f writing and texts and pay more attention to the analysis and the appreciation of the theme, the background information, the intentions of the authors, the organizational pattern, language features, rhetorical devices as well.第18页Requirements1. Full attendance2. Duty report3. Glossary book4. Exerci

20、ses5. Quiz (dictation, writing, etc.)6. Note-taking7. Performance in class第19页Advanced English (Book I)Lesson 1 The Middle Eastern Bazaar第20页Teaching Contents1. Background Information2. Detailed Study of the Text3. Organizational Pattern of the Text4. Writing Style Analysis5. Rhetorical Devices6. Te

21、xt Appreciation 7. Exercises and Assignments第21页Background Information1. Advanced Comprehension and Appreciation Pieces for Overseas Students2. Middle East3. Bazaar 第22页Advanced Comprehension and Appreciation Pieces for Overseas Students This piece is taken from the book Advanced Comprehension and A

22、ppreciation Pieces for Overseas Students. It was prepared by L. A. Hill and D. J. May and published by the Oxford University press in 1962. This is the third book in the series which began with Comprehension and Precis Pieces for Overseas Students by L. A. Hill, and continued with Further Comprehens

23、ion and Precis Pieces by R. D. S. Fielder and L. A. Hill. The author in his introduction states: “This third book is intended for students preparing for the Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency Examination, and for students in the top class of secondary schools or in the first year of a university c

24、ourse.”第23页Middle East1. The Origin of the Term “Middle East”2. The Map of Middle East3. What occurs to you when the term Middle East is mentioned?4. The Features of Middle East第24页The Origin of the Term “Middle East”1. It refers to the area around the eastern and southern Mediterranean Sea (from Tu

25、rkey to North Africa and eastward to Iran). 2. Historically Europe was considered the center of the world (欧洲中心论), and London was the partition of the eastern and the western hemisphere. China, Japan, India and southeastern countries are far to London, so this part is referred as Far East. 3. And th

26、ere is another term of Near East, which generally refers to the east part of Europe. Note: The three terms are not geographical ones. There is no agreement on the exact classification of far east, middle east and near east.第25页第26页What occurs to you when the term Middle East is mentioned?veiled wome

27、nmen in robes or turbansbelly dancecopper vesselscarpets (rug, tapestry)spicesthe mosqueMuslimsthe KoranAllahdesertoasis miragecamelssandstorm, sand dusttrade caravan merchants silk roadcaravansary Pyramids mummies sphinxpetroleumThe NileGulf warsJerusalem (Holy City)第27页Veiled women第28页men in robes

28、 and turbans第29页belly dance第30页copper vessels第31页carpets (rug, tapestry)第32页the mosqueMuslims第33页desert and oasis第34页trade caravan & silk road第35页Caravan Stop in the Desertcaravansary第36页Picture of Jerusalem Israel Picture of Jerusalem Israel 第37页The Features of Middle EastPoor or rich? In the past

29、the area is actually poor, before the oil is found and extracted by the western countries. Thus the typical bazaar in the Middle East is a rural market, not so prosperous as that in the present days. Landform (地貌)? Desert is the main terrain feature. The area is also called Arabian Asia, because the

30、 population there is Arabian. Religion? The main religion there is Islam. Most people there are Muslims.第38页Bazaar1. Introduction of bazaar2. Some pictures第39页Introduction of bazaar1. Origin: Bazaar is a word from the Persian word bazar, which is a term used commonly in eastern Asia and southern Asi

31、a, referring to a market place, where a variety of goods are sold. 2. In the past it referred to a rural market, now it also refers to a market center in the city. In Chinese, we call it 巴刹，for example, in Singapore.第40页 The photo of the Middle Eastern bazaar 第41页 The photo of the Middle Eastern Baz

32、aar第42页The Photo of the Middle Eastern bazaar第43页 Detailed Study of the Text 1 The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds - even thousands - of years . The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic - arched gateway of aged brick and stone. You pass from the heat and glare of a

33、big, open square into a cool , dark cavern which extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance . Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. The roadway is about twelve feet wide, The Middle

34、Eastern Bazaar第44页 Detailed Study of the Text but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. The din of the stall-holder crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of would-be purchaser

35、s arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.第45页 Detailed Study of the Text 2 Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. The earthen floor, beaten hard by countless feet, deadens the sound of footsteps, a

36、nd the vaulted mud-brick walls and roof have hardly any sounds to echo. The shop-keepers speak in slow, measured tones, and the buyers, overwhelmed by the sepulchral atmosphere, follow suit .第46页 Detailed Study of the Text 3 One of the peculiarities of the Eastern bazaar is that shopkeepers dealing

37、in the same kind of goods do not scatter themselves over the bazaar, in order to avoid competition, but collect in the same area, so that purchasers can know where to find them, and so that they can form a closely knit guild against injustice or persecution . In the cloth-market, for instance, all t

38、he sellers of material for clothes, chaircovers and so on line the roadway on both sides, each open-fronted shop having a trestle table for display and shelves for storage. Bargaining is the order of the day , and veiled women move at a leisurely pace from shop to shop, selecting, pricing and doing

39、a little preliminary bargaining before they narrow down their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down.第47页 Detailed Study of the Text 4 It is a point of honour with the customer not to let the shopkeeper guess what it is she really likes and wants until the last moment

40、. If he does guess correctly, he will price the item high, and yield little in the bargaining. The seller, on the other hand, makes a point of protesting that the price he is charging is depriving him of all profit , and that he is sacrificing this because of his personal regard for the customer . B

41、argaining can go on the whole day, or even several days, with the customer coming and going at intervals.第48页 Detailed Study of the Text 5One of the most picturesque and impressive parts of the bazaar is the copper-smiths market. As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impi

42、nge on your ear. It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes, as the burnished copper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers . In each shop sit the apprentices boys and youths, some of them incredibly young hammering away at copper

43、vessels of all shapes and sizes, while the shop-owner instructs, and sometimes takes a hand with a hammer himself. In the background, a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows worked by a string attached to his big toe - the red of the live coals glowing bright and then

44、 dimming rhythmically to the strokes of the bellows .第49页 Detailed Study of the Text 6 Here you can find beautiful pots and bowls engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs, or the simple, everyday kitchenware used in this country, pleasing in form, but undecorated and strictly functio

45、nal . 第50页 Detailed Study of the Text 7 Elsewhere there is the carpet-market, with its profusion of rich colours, varied textures and regional designs - some bold and simple, others unbelievably detailed and yet harmonious . Then there is the spice-market, with its pungent and exotic smells; and the

46、 food-market, where you can buy everything you need for the most sumptuous dinner, or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and apprentices and eat your humble bread and cheese. The dye-market, the pottery-market and the carpenters market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb

47、this bazaar . Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard , perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay, while the great bales of merchandise they have carried hundreds of miles across the desert lie beside them .第51页 Detailed

48、Study of the Text 8 Perhaps the most unforgettable thing in the bazaar, apart from its general atmosphere, is the place where they make linseed oil. It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room , some thirty feet high and sixty feet square, and so thick with the dust of centuries that the mudbrick walls an

49、d vaulted roof are only dimly visible. In this cavern are three massive stone wheels, each with a huge pole through its centre as an axle. The pole is attached at the one end to an upright post, around which it can revolve, and at the other to a blind-folded camel, which walks constantly in a circle

50、, providing the motive power to turn the stone wheel. This revolves in a circular stone channel, into which an attendant feeds linseed.第52页 Detailed Study of the Text The stone wheel crushes it to a pulp, which is then pressed to extract the oil. The camels are the largest and finest I have ever see

51、n, and in superb condition muscular, massive and stately. 9 The pressing of the linseed pulp to extract the oil is done by a vast ramshackle apparatus of beams and ropes and pulleys which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. The machine is operated by one man,

52、who shovels the linseed pulp into a stone vat, climbs up nimbly to a dizzy height to fasten ropes, and then throws his weight on to a great beam made out of a tree trunk to set the ropes and pulleys in motion. 第53页 Detailed Study of the Text Ancient girders creak and groan, ropes tighten and then a

53、trickle of oil oozes down a stone runnel into a used petrol can. Quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil as the beam sinks earthwards, taut and protesting, its creaks blending with the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding-wheels and the occasional grunts and sighs of the came

54、ls. (from Advanced Comprehension and Appreciation pieces, 1962 ) 第54页 Notes 1) This piece is taken from Advanced Comprehension and Appreciation Pieces, compiled for overseas students by L. A. Hill and D.J. May, published by Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, 1962. 2) Middle East: generally referrin

55、g to the area from Afghanistan to Egypt, including the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, and Asiatic Turkey. 3) Gothic: a style of architecture originated in N. France in 11th century, characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, steep, high roofs, etc. 4) veiled women: Some Moslems use the veil-more

56、appropriately, the purdah - to seclude or hide their women from the eyes of strangers.5) caravanserai (caravansary): in the Middle East, a kind of inn with a large central court, where bands of merchants or pilgrims, together with their camels or horses, stay for shelter and refreshment. 第55页The Mid

57、dle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds - even thousands - of years.Q: Why does the bazaar takes you back hundreds even thousands of years?A: Because it was possibly built centuries ago, the architecture was ancient, the bricks and stones were aged and the economy was a handicraft economy which n

58、o longer existed in the West.第56页The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic - arched gateway of aged brick and stone. is entered: The present tense used here is called historical present”. It is used for vividness.第57页The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic - a

59、rched gateway of aged brick and stone. This word, Gothic, is from “Goth” which is one of the German tribes. Gothic architecture哥特式建筑: a typical style of building in western Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries, with pointed arches, arched roofs, tall thin pillars, and stained glass windowsGoth

60、ic arch 尖顶拱门Gothic novel: characterized by an atmosphere of mystery and horror and having pseudo-medieval setting哥特式小说 the first written by Mary Shelley in the 18th century第58页Gothic Church第59页第60页第61页第62页第63页You pass from the heat and glare of a big open square into a cool, dark cavern1) Contrast: