科技论文写作英语科研论文写作市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件

1、4. 英语科技论文写作第1页The general structure of a paper comprises following sections(in their typical sequence): title, authors, affiliate(从属机构，即作者所在单位), abstraction, keywords, introduction, body, conclusion, acknowledgments(致谢), appendix（假如有话）, references.第2页4.1 Title “as the fewest possible words that adeq

2、uately describe the contents of the paper”effective titles should:identify the main issue of the paperbegin with the subject of the paperare accurate, unambiguous, specific, and completedo not contain abbreviations(缩写）attract readers第3页example： An efficient arithmetic codes suiting for hardware desi

3、gn(一个硬件实现高效算术编码)Network Programming Based on Web(基于Web网络编程)。 4.1 Title第4页Attention: avoid to use words like: studies on, investigations on, observations on problem is not proper for titleArticles in title(题名中冠词)。 在早年，科技论文题名中冠词用得较多，近些年有简化趋势，凡可用可不用冠词均可不用。eg：The Application of Microprocessors on Proces

4、sing of Chemical Heat-treatment其中冠词the可不用。标题长度普通不超出12个单词4.1 Title第5页 upper case and lower case in title a. THE APPLICATION OF THE MODELS OF NONLINEAR REGRESSION.b. The Contourlet Transform for Image Compression.(每个词首字母大写，但3个或4个字母以下冠词、连词、介词全部小写。)c. Image coding using wavelet transformThe form b. is o

5、ften used, but the form c. appear more and more. 4.1 Title第6页4.2 AuthorsLi HuiLi Huihui , Li Hui-huiHui LiHuihui Li, Hui-hui Li第7页 单位应是作者在进行研究工作时所在单位，普通写在作者姓名下方。寄给国外杂志应写明所在单位部门，如大学系、研究所室、医院科等。在国内杂志上发表文章，不写单位地址；在国外杂志发表文章，普通应在单位下面写详细地址。 若作者不止一人，而又来自不一样单位，则单位可分别写在合作者下方。 也能够在作者姓名右上方注上a, b, c或星号*, *，然后在脚

6、注中分别列出这些记号并写上单位和地址。 4.3 Affiliate第8页4.4 Abstract“an abstract comprises a one paragraph summary of the whole paper. ” Abstracts have become increasingly important, as electronic publication databases are the primary means of finding research reports in a certain subject area today . 第9页A checklist li

7、sting relevant parts of an abstract:Motivation: Why do we care about the problem and the results?Problem statement: What problem is the paper trying to solve and what is the scope of the work?Approach: What was done to solve the problem?Results: What is the answer to the problem?Conclusions: What im

8、plications does the answer imply?4.4 Abstract第10页4.4 AbstractThere are some things that should not be included in an abstract:Information and conclusions not stated in the paperreferences to other literature the exact title phraseillustrative elements such as tables and figures第11页4.4 AbstractCommon

9、 used sentences in abstract writing:This paper introduce(s) propose(s) present(s) describe(s) discuss(s) deal(s) with focus(es) on show(s) In this paper, is(are) introduced.第12页4.4 AbstractThis paper(article) is concerned with(aimed at、intended to) the study(determination of)It is the aim(intend、pur

10、pose) of this paper to discuss(present、describe)The chief aim(main purpose、primary object)of this paper is tohas(have) concluded(gained、obtained、yielded、arrived at、generated、acquired)This result(fact、demonstration、illustration、classification、comparison、analyses) gives (shows)第13页4.4 AbstractThe appr

11、oach is based onConditions are considered forThe required foris neededThe formulas is derived for according toTest has been carried out to studyThe simulation is performed usingThe result of this study can be generalized forResult forare found to be close to the experimental data.第14页4.4 Abstract实例1

12、：一个适合硬件实现高效算术编码摘要：本文提出了利用查找来实现二值算术编码，防止乘除法运算，能够简化硬件设计，该算法含有较小概率迫近误差，所以性能退化较小。Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new implementation of multiplication-free binary arithmetic coding by use of table lookup which reduce the complexity of hardware design. The scheme can be shown to have better approxim

13、ation of the used probability model and to have minor performance degradation.第15页4.4 Abstract摘要普通符合2个要求就能够被EI收录:专业对口英文文摘符合要求EI文摘要求第16页详细要求以下：(1) 文摘要尽可能简短。取消无须要字句：如 ”It is reported ” “Extensive investigations show that” “The author discusses ” “This paper concerned with ” ；文摘开头 ”In this paper,”一些无须要

14、修饰词，如“in detail”、“briefly”、 “here”、 “new”、 “mainly”也尽可能不要。对物理单位及一些通用词能够适当进行简化；EI文摘要求第17页取消或降低背景信息文摘第一句应防止与题目（Title）重复限制文摘只表示新情况，新内容，过去研究细节能够取消；不说无用话，如“本文所谈相关研究工作是对过去老工艺一个极大改进”，“本工作首次实现了.”，“经检索还未发觉与本文类似文件”等词句切不可进入文摘；作者在文件中谈及未来计划不纳入文摘；EI文摘要求第18页(2)文摘应包含正文关键点，将文章主要内容写清楚，重点内容不能遗漏，比如试验研究方法、设备、材料等，一定要给出结论

15、。(3)文摘应有自我独立性(EI是二次文件数据库，只有摘要，没有原文，所以摘要很主要)。(4)不需要自己标榜自己研究结果。(5)文摘中不能出现图、表数据。(6)语句简练，专业词汇准确。EI文摘要求第19页文体方面要求：(1)用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述作者结论 (2)能用名词做定语不要用动名词做定语，能用形容 词做定语就不要用名词做定语如:用measurement accuracy 不用 measuring accuracy 用experimental results 不用experiment resultsEI文摘要求第20页可直接用名词或名词短语作定语情况下，要少用of 句型。如

16、:用measurement accuracy 不用accuracy of measurement 用equipment structure不用 structure of equipment可用动词情况尽可能防止用动词名词形式如:用 Thickness of plastic sheets was measured. 不用 Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made. EI文摘要求第21页(3)注意冠词使用方法，不要误用，滥用或随便省略冠词(4)尽可能用主动语态代替被动语态(5)尽可能用简短、词义清楚并为人熟知词 (6)慎用行话和俗语(7)

17、删繁从简 如用 increased 代替 has been found to increase 用the results show 代替 from the experimental results, it can be concluded that EI文摘要求第22页EI文摘要求(8)在文摘中尽可能少用特殊字符(各种数学符号、上下脚标及希腊字母)及由特殊字符组成数学表示式。因为它们输入极为麻烦，而且极易犯错，影响文摘本身准确性和可读性. (9)对那些已经为大众所熟悉缩写词，如radar、 laser、CAD等，能够直接使用。对于那些仅为同行所熟悉缩略语，应在题目、文摘或关键词中最少出现一次全

18、称。 第23页 文章中写明关键词，便于科技索引工作者编关键词索引(Keyword Index)，也便于读者从不一样起源中发觉你文章，前三个关键词普通安排以下：1）本文学科分类；2）主题思想；3）试验或理论方法。 关键词普通35个。4.4 Keywords第24页4.5 Introduction The introduction section leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular field of research.Three phases of an introduction can be identifie

19、d:(1) Establish a territory（确立领域）a) bring out the importance of the subject and/orb) make general statements about the subject and/orc) present an overview on current research on the subject.第25页4.5 Introduction（2）Establish a niche（确立地位）a) oppose an existing assumption orb) reveal a research gap or揭

20、示研究空白c) formulate a research question or problem ord) continue a tradition.第26页4.5 Introduction(3) Occupy the niche（占据位置）a) sketch the intent of the own work and/orb) outline important characteristics of the own work;c) outline important results;d) give a brief outlook on the structure of the paper.

21、第27页Style:Problem X is very important.Previous work of A and B has been studied, but they have certain weaknessWe present C, features of C, experiments of C, compared with A and B, C is betterOutline of the paper4.5 Introduction第28页4.5 Introduction 写引言时要注意时态问题。在提到过去研究报道时，普通用现在完成时，如“It has been repor

22、ted”,“It has been pointed out by”, “It has previously been proved that”等, 或用普通过去时，如“J.Kane reported”，“S.Gray found”，“The author discovered”等。第29页4.5 Introduction 在谈到过去研究中已经必定东西时，应该用普通现在时，如Ross 140 emphasizes the work of Nobel Laureate Herbert Simon whose central finding was that pattern recognition

23、is critical in most human decision making tasks:第30页 引言中在谈到本研究目标时，用普通现在时，如“A comparative studyis reported.” “This paper presents an analysis of ”。在提到本研究详细方法和结果时，则用普通过去时。4.5 Introduction第31页4.6 Body以试验研究汇报类论文为例1) Theoretical Analysis /theoretical foundationPurpose: Theoretical support to your workSty

24、le:DefinitionLemmaTheoremProofPut tedious details in Appendix第32页4.6 Body2) Materials and Methods详细说明试验所使用仪器设备（种类、型号等），说明试验和观察步骤和方法。叙述应是以使本事域科学家在必要时能重复作者工作并能判断出作者结论可靠性和有效性。给出信息无须过分详细，描述重点是新工作和新方法，对于已发表普通标准技术、方法或设备，只需扼要介绍或举出参考文件即可。第33页4.6 Body3) Results这是论文价值所在，是论文关键部分。它包含给出结果，并对结果进行定量或定性分析。写作关键点是：以绘

25、图和（或）列表（必要时）等伎俩整理试验结果，经过数理统计和误差分析说明结果可靠性、再现性和普遍性，进行试验结果与理论计算结果比较，说明结果适用对象和范围，分析不符合预见现象和数据，检验理论分析正确性等。第34页4.6 Body4)Discussion for resultsPurpose: The relationship between your work and some very related worksStyle:Work AWhy it is very related Difference to your workWork BWhy it is very relatedDiffer

26、ence to your work 。第35页4.6 Body时态问题：表示研究目标动词时态普通要使用过去时，这是因为研究目标是在着手研究时确定。表示结论动词时态普通使用现在时态或完成时态，而且以使用现在时态为主，除非在强调已取得结果时方可使用现在完成时。第36页4.6 Body表示研究过程中动作或状态动词时态普通使用过去时，这是因为研究工作是在撰写论文之前进行。但有时也会强调某一行为或状态巳完成或连续到撰写论文时，也会使用现在完成时。说明图表时态普通使用现在时。第37页4.6 Body主谓一致性：复合主语用and连接时，普通用复数动词，但and所连接主语系指同一人或物时，仍用单数动词用or，

27、nor，eitheror， neithernor，not onlybut also 连接复合主语，谓语动词应随即一个主语人称和数改变用as well as连接复合主语，谓语动词应随前一个主语人称和数而变第38页4.6 Body集合名词（committee，class等）作主语，当整体看时谓语用单数，但就其中各个组员来考虑时，用复数用number作主语，前置the时谓语用单数，前置a时谓语用复数第39页Generally, this section includes:Presentation of background information as well as recapitulation(

28、重述关键点) of the research aims of the present study.Brief summary of the results, whereas the focus is on discussing not recapitulating the results.4.7 Conclusion第40页Comparison of results with previously published studies.Conclusions or hypotheses drawn from the results, with summary of evidence for ea

29、ch conclusion.Proposed follow-up research questions.4.7 Conclusion第41页4.7 ConclusionCommon used sentences in conclusion writing:It is clear from the discussion thatIn conclusion(summary)The above results(data、findings)leads us a conclusion that第42页4.7 ConclusionFrom, the following conclusion can be

30、made(drawn)On the basis of , we now concludeWe now sum upWe have demonstrated in this paper第43页 致谢主要包含以下两部分：（1）写明在研究过程中给予你帮助个人和单位； （2）写明在研究经费上给予帮助外单位或基金会。The author is indebted to for and to forThe author would like to express their appreciation to4.8 Acknowledgement第44页In particular we would like t

31、o acknowledge the contribution ofThe author wishes to thankforThis work was supported byThe authors are grateful to for their fruitful discussion4.8 Acknowledgement第45页4.9 Appendix 附录作为正文主体补充。附录并不是必需，普通仅在一些内容（如数学推导、定理证实、计算框图、计算结果、源程序清单、附图等）插入正文后有损于正文连贯性、条理性和完整性或对普通读者价值不大或引用他人工作不便列入正文情形下，才考虑作为附录处理，但在正文中必须提及附录及其作用。第46页注意两点：（1）只应列入主要已发表文章。与文章关系不大不要放进去。还未发表资料、尚在印刷中文章、学位论文、文摘等普通也不要放进去。（2）引证文章应该自己阅读过，不要转引自其它文章，这可能会造成差错。4.10 References第47页参考文件详细写法有以下两种情况：按作者姓名字母次序排列(Alphabetical list of references)按引用次序排列(numbered list of references)。 采取序号编排方式时，有时出版物要求将作者名字写在前面姓写在后面格式，而又有