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1、正式版。Copyright2009 .Nopartofmaybereproduced正式版。Copyright2009 .Nopartofmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanswithoutpriorwrittenconsentof修修订日修订版本审核修订说2014-03-正式发思科认证是由网络领域著名的厂商Cisco公司推出的,是互联网领域的国认证iscoCertifiedNetworkal)是 Cisco 职业认证体系中的中思科认证是由网络领域著名的厂商Cisco公司推出的,是互联网领域的国认证iscoCertifiedNetwo

2、rkal)是 Cisco 职业认证体系中的中级认证获得CCNP认证专可以为具有100到500多个节点的大型企业网络安装、配置和运行LAN、WAN和拨业务CCNP认证表示网具有对从100个节点到超过500个节点的融合式局域网和广域网进行安装、配和排障的能力。获得CCNP认证资格的网拥有丰富的知识和技能,能够管网的路由器交换机,以及将语音、无线和安全集成到网络之中的边缘应用SPOTOCCNP认,它是由 SPOTO TS 团队为广大学员精心设计的一辅,它以 CCNP 知识点为基础,经过缜密的思考,大量的实践,多,最终撰写完这份手册,旨在为学员在 CCNP 学习过程中提供参考,加深对 CCNP课程理论

3、的理解,并能更快更熟练的用网络技术CCNP最终由目前发布PV1.0 是 SPOTO TS 团队共同努力的结晶,、TS建华以及进行后期整理、排版工欢迎大家积极反馈意见,以便持续更新111.21.2.1OSPF1.2.2OSPF文类1.2.31.21.2.1OSPF1.2.2OSPF文类1.2.3置1.2.4OSPF络类1.2.5 Link-e1.2.6OSPF由汇1.2.7置OSPF区1.2.8置OSPF1.2.9OSPF识点1.2.10OSPF1.2.1 OSPF简链路状态路由协1.2.1 OSPF简链路状态路由协链路状态数据结网络层次结SPF运行链路状态路由协议运行链路状态路由协议的路由器比

4、运行距离矢量路由协议的路由器识每一台路由器拥有整个拓扑结能够根据准确的网络拓扑信息独立地作出决的网络信邻居表邻居表拓扑表通常被称为链路状态数据库L路由表通常称为转发数据库(forwardingdatabase)链路状态路由协议通过OPF链路状态路由协议通过OPF中转区域(骨干区域常规区域 (非骨干区域OSPFOSPF区域特点OSPFOSPF区域特点最大限度地减少路由表条本地区域内拓扑变化的影在区域边LSA需要分层网络设路由器C,D和EABR连接着骨干区域和非SPFAme alllinks SPFAme alllinks are Ethernet, n OSPF cost of 1.1.2OSP

5、FOSPF1.1.2OSPFOSPF 邻居建立过LSALSAOSPFOSPFOSPF!0OSPF 2OSPF!0OSPF 2&( + IP) !,IP-邻居关系邻居关系OSPF建立邻接关系的过程详细描述(补充OSPF路由器接口up,发OSPF路由器接口收o包,(NBMA模式时将进入Attempt状态)o包,进入Init状态;OSPF建立邻接关系的过程详细描述(补充OSPF路由器接口up,发OSPF路由器接口收o包,(NBMA模式时将进入Attempt状态)o包,进入Init状态;并将o包的发送者的Router ID,添加o包(自己将要从该接口发送出去o包)的邻居列表中(3) OSPF路由器接口

6、收到邻居列表中含有自己Router IDo包,进入Two-way状态,形OSPF邻居关系,并把该路由器的Router ID添加到自己的OSPF邻居表中(4) 在进入Two-way状态后,广播、非广播网络类型的链路,在DR等待时间内进行。(5) 在完成或跳过后,建立OSPF邻接关系,进入exstart(准启动)状态;DBD交换主从路由器,以及由主路由器定义DBD序列号,Router ID大的为主路由器。目的是了解决DBD自身的可靠性(6) 主从路由完成后,进入Exchange(交换)状态,交换DBD(7) DBD交换完成后,进入Loading状态,对链路状态数据库和收到的DBD的LSA现自己数据

7、库中没有的LSA就发送LSR,向邻居请求该LSA;邻居收到LSR后,回应LSU;收邻居发来的这些LSA到自己的链路状态数据库,并发送LSAck(8) LSA交换完成后,进入FULL状态,所有形成邻居的OSPF路由器都拥有相同链路状态数据(9定期发o邻居关系RouterAnotifiesRouterAnotifiesallOSPFDRsonDRnotifiesotherson在LSDB中每一条一个序列号序列在LSDB中每一条一个序列号序列号的长度为4个字节,范围是 0 x80000001 OSPF每隔30分钟泛洪每一条LSA以保持适当的数据库同步每次LSA泛洪,序列号被加最终,一个LA序列号将返

8、回到0 x80000001的。当发生这种情况时,现有的LA达到最大老化时间,重新刷新LSA当路由器遇到一个LA的两个实例,它必须确定哪个更新。具有较新的(更高)的A的LLSALSAEvery OSPF router arouterLSAfortitEvery OSPF router arouterLSAfortithatRouter with link ID 192.168.1.67 has been updated eight the last update was 48 seconds DebugofasingleShowsfieldsinOSPFR1#debug ipf packet O

9、SPFpacketdebuggingison*Feb1611:03:51.206:OSPF:rcv.v:2t:1l:48aid:0.0.0.1chk:D882aut:0auk:fromRTC#showpfOSPF Router with ID (192.168.1.67) (ProsID10) Router Link Ses (Area 1)Link IDADV RouterAge Seq#Checksum Linkcount 2120 x80000006output1.2.3配置 配置1.2.3配置 配置OSPF Router-BasicEnablesoneormoreOSPFrouting

10、DefinestOSPFwill BasicEnablesoneormoreOSPFroutingDefinestOSPFwill runOptionalmethodtoenableOSPFexplicitlyonCiscoIOS().pf s-id area area-id secondaries network ip-address wildcard-mask area area-router ospf s-id-OSPFRouter 在OSPF网络内通过OSPF router ID标识路由器LSDBs使用OSPFRouterID区分OSPFRouter 在OSPF网络内通过OSPF ro

11、uter ID标识路由器LSDBs使用OSPFRouterID区分不同的路由器默认情况下, Router ID在OSPF进程启动时选择活动接口中最大的IP地址环回接口可以参与OSPF路由器ID,如果存在ack接口,路由器ID是在任何活的ack接口中最大的IP地址OSPF的Router-id命令可以用来覆盖OSPF路由器ID使用ack接口或一个Router-id命令用于保持Router-ID稳定IftheOSPFsisalreadyrunning,theroutermustreloadedortheOSPFsmustberemovedreconfiguredbeforethenewackaddr

12、esswilltakeerfaceackRouter(config-if)#ipaddress172.16.17.5OSPFrouter-dRouter(config-disconfiguredundertherouterospfAnyuniquearbitraryOSPFrouter-dRouter(config-disconfiguredundertherouterospfAnyuniquearbitrary32-bitvalueinanIPaddressformat (dotted decimal) can be used.IfdisusedonanOSPFstisactive,then

13、thenewrouterIDisusedafterthenextreloadmanualOSPFsrestartRouter(config)#routerospfRouter(config-router)#router-id172.16.1.1 Router#clear ipf proclearpfrouter-idip-1.2.4OSPFNetwork-to-1.2.4OSPFNetwork-to-OSPFoverNBMATopologyOSPFNetwork ThethreetypesofnetworksdefinedbyOSPF-to-:AtOSPFNetwork Thethreetyp

14、esofnetworksdefinedbyOSPF-to-:Atjoinsasinglepairof Broadcast: A multiac Nonbroadcastmultiacntworouterssbroadcastnetwork,suchass(alsocalledNBMA):Aterconnectssnobroadcastcapability.FrameRelay,ATM,andarelesofNBMAFivemodesofOSPFoperationareavailableforNBMA-to-UsuallyaMayalsobeaerfacerunningPPor-to-to-Us

15、uallyaMayalsobeaerfacerunningPPor-to-erfacerunningFrameRelayorNoDRorBDRelectionOSPFautodetectserfaceOSPFpacketsaresentusingmulticastsBroadcast Generallytheseare,LANsBroadcast Generallytheseare,LANtechnologieslikeEthernetandTokenRing. DR and BDR selection are required.Allneighborroutersformfulladjace

16、ncieswiththeDRandBDRonly. Packets to the DR and the BDR use 224.0.0.6.PacketsfromDRtoallotherroutersuseElectingtheDRandopacketsElectingtheDRandopacketsareexchangedviaIPThe router with the highest OSPF priority i second-highestpriorityvalueistheBDR.UsetheOSPFrouterIDastheTheDRelectionisectedastheDR.T

17、herouterwithSettingPriorityfor DRRouter(config-erfacedassignstheOSPFprioritytoSettingPriorityfor DRRouter(config-erfacedassignstheOSPFprioritytoonaroutermaybeassigneddifferentThedefaultpriorityis1. Therangeisfrom0to0meanstheroutercannotbetheDRorAtisnottheDRorBDRispfpriorityAerconnectsmultiplepportmu

18、ltiplerouters,butAerconnectsmultiplepportmultiplerouters,butwithoutbroadcastingNBMA OSPFconsidersNBMAtobelikeotherbroadcastTheDRandBDRneedtohavefullymeshedconnectivitywi networks are not always fully meshed.TheDRandBDRneedalistofllotherrouters,butOSPFneighborsarenotautomaticallydiscoveredbytheFrameR

19、elayFrameRelayOSPFoverNBMATopologyModesofpliantmodesareasOSPFoverNBMATopologyModesofpliantmodesareas-to-AdditionalmodesfromCiscoareasfollows(Cisco私有-to-to-SelectingtheOSPFNetworkTypeforNBMASelectingtheOSPFNetworkTypeforNBMARouter(config-DefinesOSPFnetworkle:Broadcasterial 0/0/0 Router(config-if)#enc

20、apsulationframe-relay pfnetworkpf network broadcast | non-broadcast | ponon-broadcast | po1-NonbroadcastMode(NBMARouter(config-Used1-NonbroadcastMode(NBMARouter(config-Usedtoically define neighbor relationships in an neighborip-addressprioritynumbernumbercostnumberdatabase-filterd RouterA(config)# r

21、outer ospf d RouterA(config)# router ospf RouterA(config-router)# network 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255 area RouterA(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.2 priority RouterA(config-router)# neighbor 192.168.1.3 priority RouterA(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 2-to-Router TheThe-to-to-mode

22、allowsforNBMAmode2-to-Router TheThe-to-to-modeallowsforNBMAmodefixespartial-meshandNoDRisrequiredandonlyasinglesubnetisA30-oisThismodeisRouteripaddress192.168.1.3encapsulation frame-pf network popf priority 0ipaddress192.168.1.1encapsulation frame-pfnetwork-to-outputrouterospflog-adjacency-network17

23、2.16.0.00.0.255.255areanetwork192.168.0.00.0.255.255area3-to-Ciscopliant-to-MustLikeicallydefineneighbors,likenonbroadcast-to-mode,DR3-to-Ciscopliant-to-MustLikeicallydefineneighbors,likenonbroadcast-to-mode,DRandBDRUsedinl cases where neighbors cannot be automatically Thephysicalserialesmultiplelog

24、icalEach erfacerequiresanIPerial number.suberface-number multipo4-to-PVCs are treated like -to-Each erfacerequiresaEachPVCandSVCgetsitsown4-to-PVCs are treated like -to-Each erfacerequiresaEachPVCandSVCgetsitsownDefault OSPF -to-.OSPF-to-modeisthedefaulton-to-FrameRelayNo.Donot need toconfigure eria

25、lerface-to-5-one Each erial 0/0/0 has been logically o two:-to-(S0/0/0.1) and one -to-erface requires a OSPF defaults to 5-one Each erial 0/0/0 has been logically o two:-to-(S0/0/0.1) and one -to-erface requires a OSPF defaults to -to-mode on -to-.OSPF defaults to nonbroadcast mode on -to-.MultipleP

26、VCsandSVCsareonasingleDefaultOSPFOSPFnonbroadcastmodeistheDRandBDRareNeighbors needtobe icallyerialOSPFoverNBMATopologyOSPFNBMA Preferred Subnet Full or partial 10Automatic, DR/BDR OSPFoverNBMATopologyOSPFNBMA Preferred Subnet Full or partial 10Automatic, DR/BDR Full or partial 30configuration,DR/ B

27、DR electedor star30noor star30configuration,no/ -to-Partial-mesh or star, using subDifferent for Each 10no1.2.5Link-eOSPF由Virtual1.2.5Link-eOSPF由VirtualLSAOSPF 路由条目类OSPF LSA过载保TypesofOSPF123TypesofOSPF1234.DefiningVirtual虚拟链路被用DefiningVirtual虚拟链路被用于一个不连续的区域连接到区域0逻辑连接是建立路由器A和路由器B虚拟链路用于备份或临时连接Configur

28、ingVirtualRouter(config-CreatesaConfiguringVirtualRouter(config-Createsavirtualremoterouter#shRoutingsospf1000withIDSupportsonlysingleTOS(TOS0)routes Supports opaque LSASupportsLink-localSignaling(LLS) Supports area transit capabilityItisanareaborderoutputareaarea-idvirtual-linkrouter-idauthenticati

29、on message-digest | null erval seconds erval seconds transmit-delay secondsdead-erval seconds authentication-keykey|message-digest-keykey-idmd5 OSPFVirtualLinkConfigurationOSPFVirtualLinkConfigurationTheshowpfvirtual-dTheshowpfvirtual-dRouterA#sh pf virtual-VirtualLinkOSPF_VL0torouter10.2.2.2isup Ru

30、n as demand circuitDoNotAge LSA Transit area 1, viaerial0/0/1,Costofusing781 Transmit Delay is 1 sec, Se POervals configured,o 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5 o due in 00:00:07Adjacency e FULL o Index1/2,queuelength0,numberof0 x0(0)/0 x0(0)NextLast scan length is um is Last retransmisis 0 msec,um

31、is0msec LSALSA12Network3orSummary LSALSA12Network3orSummary 5Autonomoussystem external LSAs6MulticastOSPF 7Definedfornot-so-stubby8External attributes LSA for BorderGatewayProtocol(BGP)9,10,Opaque LSAType1:RouterOneLSAType1:RouterOnerouterLSA(type1)foreveryrouterinanarea Includes list of directly at

32、tached linksEachlinkidentifiedbyIPprefixassignedtolinkandlinktype Identified by the router ID of the originating routerFloodswithinitsareaonly;doesnotcrossLSAType2:NetworkOnenetwork(typeLSAType2:NetworkOnenetwork(type2)LSAforeachtransitbroadcastorNBMAnetworkinanIncludeslistofattachedroutersonthetran

33、sitbnetmaskofAdvertisedbytheDRofthebroadcastFloodswithinitsareaonly;doesnotcrossLSAType3:SummaryType LSAType3:SummaryType 3 LSAs 用用于将本区域产生的LSA 信息泛洪道其它区-描述链路的网络号和掩码由起始区域的ABRType 3 LSAs被其它的ABR泛洪到整个自治系统默认情况下,路由不进行汇总。类型3 LSA将通告到每个子网LSAType4:SummarySummary(typeLSAType4:SummarySummary(type4LSAsare被用于在Type

34、 4 LSA 由原始区域的ABR产生系统向其它区域通告Type 4 LSA 被其它的ABR泛洪到整个自治系统Type4LSAs包含ASBR的RouterIDLSAType5:ExternalExternal(typeLSAType5:ExternalExternal(type5LSAs被用来通告来自其他自治系统网络Type 5 LSA 始源于ASBR产生并由ASBR通Type5LSAs在整个自治系统泛洪在整个自治系统泛洪中,通告的routerIDASBR不变。默认情况下,路由不进行汇总retingtheRoutingTable:TypesofOOSPF retingtheRoutingTabl

35、e:TypesofOOSPF ra-area (routerLSA)and network LSANetworks from withheareaofthe AdvertisedbywayofrouterLSAsand network LSAO(summaryNetworksfromoutsidetheareaofthe router, but withhe OSPF autonomous systemAdvertisedbywayof summary LSAsOType1externalNetworksoutsideoftheautonomous system of the routerAd

36、vertisedbywayofexternalOType2externalCalculatingCostsforCalculatingCostsforE1andE2OSPFLSDBRouter(config-max-um-number threshold-percentage warning-ignore-ignore-count-OSPFLSDBRouter(config-max-um-number threshold-percentage warning-ignore-ignore-count-reset-time通过其他路由器生成的LSA过多可能会耗尽本地路由器资源这个特性能够限制不是自

37、己生成的um-number:不是自己产生的ignore-time minutes:超过最大LSA数量限制后,忽略所有邻居的时间,默认为5分钟. ignore-count count-number:指定OSPF进程可连续进入忽略状态的次数,默认为5次.reset-time minutes:指定多长时间后将忽略计数器重置为0,默认为10分钟ChangingtheCostDijkstrasalgorithmdeterminesthebestpathbyaddingallChangingtheCostDijkstrasalgorithmdeterminesthebestpathbyaddingalll

38、ink costsalongaThecost,ormetric,isanindicationoftheoverheadtosendpacketsoverDefault=(100Mbps)/Overridesthedefaultcostcalculation.Valuesfrom1to65535canbeSetsthereferencebandwidthtovaluesn100Mbps(legalvaluesrange1toegabitsperauto-costreference-bandwidthref-pf erface-1.2.6OSPF汇总好1.2.6OSPF汇总好配置OSPF由汇配置O

39、SPF认路BenefitsofRoute MinimizesnumberofBenefitsofRoute MinimizesnumberofroutingtableLocalizesimpactofatopologyLSAtype3and5floodingandsavesCPUUsingRouteerUsingRouteerareasummarylinkcarriesOneormoreentriescanrepresentseveralConfiguringRoute Router(config-erarearoutesonanConfiguringRoute Router(config-e

40、rarearoutesonanRouter(config-Consolidatesexternal routes,usuallyonanddress ip-address mask not-advertise tag area area-id range address mask advertise | -advertise cost RouteSummarizationConfigurationRouteSummarizationConfigurationleatRouteSummarizationConfigurationRouteSummarizationConfigurationlea

41、tDefaultRoutesinAdefaultrouteisoOSPFasanexternalLSAtypeDefaultRoutesinAdefaultrouteisoOSPFasanexternalLSAtypeDefaultroutedistributionisnotonbydefault;usethedefault-informationdundertheOSPFroutingRouter(config-Normally,routealreadydadvertisesa0.0.0.0heroutingotheOSPFnetworkonlyiftheThealwayskeywordal

42、lowsthe0.0.0.0defaulttobeadvertisedevenwhenthedefaultroutenotheroutingdefault-informationoriginatealwaysmetricmetric-valuemetric-typetype-value route-map map-nameDefaultRouteConfigurationDefaultRouteConfiguration配置 OSPFTotally 配置 OSPFTotally NSSA Totally TypesofTypesofStubandTotallyStubAreaAnareacan

43、bestuborStubandTotallyStubAreaAnareacanbestubortotallystubThereisasingleABR,orifthereisnoneABR,suboptimalroutingpathstootherorexternalautonomoussystemsareAllheareaareconfiguredasstubThereisnoheTheareaisnotareaNovirtuallinksgothroughthearea. There is no LSA5.UsingStubExternalLSAsareUsingStubExternalL

44、SAsareDefaultrouteisostubareabytheAllroutersinarea50must beconfiguredasStubArea RouterA(config-dturnsonstubareaAllroutersStubArea RouterA(config-dturnsonstubareaAllroutersinastubareamustusetheRouterA(config-stubddefinesthecostofadefaultrouteo Thedefaultcostisareaarea-iddefault-costareaarea-idstubno-

45、OSPFStubAreaConfigurationOSPFStubAreaConfiguration UsingTotallyStubbyExternal LSAs are stopped. SummaryLSAsarestopped.Routing table is reduced to a minimum. All routers must be configured as stub. UsingTotallyStubbyExternal LSAs are stopped. SummaryLSAsarestopped.Routing table is reduced to a minimu

46、m. All routers must be configured as stub. ABRmustbeconfiguredastotallystubby.ThisisaCiscoproprietaryRouterA(config-areaarea-idstubno-TotallyStubbyConfigurationTotallyStubbyConfigurationNSSAbreaksstubareaASBR(R1)isallowedinNSSAbreaksstubareaASBR(R1)isallowedinlLSAtype7defined,sentbyABR(R2)convertsLS

47、Atype7toLSAtypeABRsendsdefaultoNSSAinsteadofexternalroutesfromotherNSSAisanRFCRouterA(config-areaarea-idnssaRouterA(config-areaarea-idnssano-redistributiondefault-information-metric-metric-type-valueno-使用此命令定义区域为NSSA关键字no-summary 用于创建一个NSSA完全末节区域; 这是Cisco的私有特效le:NSSA以一le:NSSA以一个7类的LSA发布一条默认路由NSSATot

48、allyStubbyNSSATotallyStubbyNSSAtotallystubbyareaisaCiscoproprietary以一个3类的LSA发布一条默认路由ds forStuband Displayswhichareasarenormal,ds forStuband Displayswhichareasarenormal,stub,orDisplaysdetailsofDisplaysspecificdetailsofeachLSAtype7updateinDisplaysallshowipshowpfdatabasenssa-showpfshow1.2.8配置 OSPF1.2.8

49、配置 OSPFOSPFAuthenticationOSPF支持2种认证类型OSPFAuthenticationOSPF支持2种认证类型Simplepassword(orMD5ext)路由器生成并检查每一个OSPF报文。路由器验证它接收每个路由文的源配置一个“密钥);每个参与的邻居必须配置相同的密钥ConfiguringOSPFSimple PasswordswordtobeusedwithConfiguringOSPFSimple PasswordswordtobeusedwithneighboringSpecifiestheauthenticationtypeforan (since Cis

50、co IOS software 12.0)Specifiestheauthenticationtypefor anarea (wasinCisco IOS software before 12.0)areaarea-idauthenticationmessage-pfauthenticationmessage-digest|pfauthentication-keyleSimplePasswordAuthenticationleSimplePasswordAuthentication erface Loip address 10.2.2.2 outputip address 192.168.1.

51、102 pf pf authentication-key router ospf 10log-adjacency-network 10.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 area network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area ConfiguringOSPFMD5Router(config-AssignsakeyIDandkeyConfiguringOSPFMD5Router(config-AssignsakeyIDandkeyto beusedwithneighboringRouter(config-Specifiestheauthenticationtypeforan (s

52、ince Cisco IOS software 12.0)Router(config-Specifiestheauthenticationtypeforanarea(wasinCisco IOS software before 12.0)area area-id authentication message-pf authentication message-digest | pf message-digest-key key-id md5 leMD5AuthenticationleMD5Authentication erface Loip address 10.2.2.2 outputip

53、address 192.168.1.102 pf authentication message-pf message-digest-key 1 md5 router ospf 10log-adjacency-network 10.2.2.2 0.0.0.0 area network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area TroubleshootingSimplePasswordAuthenticationSimpleTroubleshootingSimplePasswordAuthenticationSimpleauthenticationonR1,noauthenticationonSimpleauthenticationonR1andR2,butdifferent *Feb1718:54:01.238:OSPF:Rcvpktfrom192.168.1.102,Serial0/0/1: Mismatch Authentication Key - Clear Text*Feb1718:53:13.050:OSPF:Rcvpktfrom192.168.1.101,Serial0/0/1: Mismatch Authentication Key - Clear Text*Feb 17 18:51:31.242: OSPF: Rc

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