关于儒家的贫富观

1、儒家的贫富观周北辰贫富问题是人类社会的一个大问题,正确处理贫富问题是解决好一系列重大社会问题 的关键所在,如：人心和人性问题、社会的稳固与和谐问题、政治权力的合法性问题、国家的伦理目的和社会抱负问题、政府的公信力问题等等；因而,对贫富问题处理的好坏是 衡量一个国家和社会政治清明与否,制度美好与否的标准；儒家历代圣贤都特别关注和重 视贫富问题,儒家传统思想中饱含贫富之辩的聪明；故此,阐释儒家贫富观,疏理儒家贫 富之辩的聪明资源,于我们创建中国式的现代工商业文明模式,建构和谐社会,有着重大 的意义和价值；一、励民致富儒家治世之道,以“ 富民” 为本；在儒家看来,要治理好一个国家,要建构一个美好 的

2、社会,必需让天下百姓都富有起来,要做到“ 藏富于民” ,即孔子所谓“ 既庶矣” 就“ 富之” 的思想；这一思想到孟子就进展成为“ 民本”观念；孟子说：“ 民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻” （孟子 .尽心下）,强调以民为贵,以民为本,施仁政于民；在孟子看来, 施仁政必第一关注“ 民生” 问题,要“ 置民之产” ；孟子说：“ 是故明君制民之产,必使 仰足以事父母,俯足以畜妻子,乐岁终身饱,凶年免于死亡；然后驱而之善,就民之从之也轻” （孟子 .梁惠王上）；所谓“ 置民之产” ,按今日的话讲就是要让天下百姓都 拥有自己的产业,包括衣食住行,上孝父母,下养妻儿,以及抗击风险的经济才能；这是 人的基本物质生活

3、条件,是政治清明社会和谐的底线要求；只有天下每一个人的基本需求 得以满意,人心才会稳固,社会和谐秩序的建构才有可能；故孟子进而说：“ 民之为道也,有恒产者有恒心,无恒产者无恒心；苟无恒心,放辟邪侈,无不为已” （孟子 .滕文公 上）；由此可见,在儒家看来,“ 民产” 是“ 民心” 的基础,“ 置民之产” 是儒家“ 民 本” 思想的核心内容之一,是建构美好社会所必备的条件,是“ 民贵” 思想的详细落实；民贵” 第一必需表达为“ 富民” ,民不富就无以贵；求富之心是人性本然, 孔子说： “ 富与贵, 是人之所欲也” , 朱子也说： “ 利者,人 情之所欲”（论语 .里仁 ）；在儒家看来, 人们追求

4、物质利益, 追求财宝是符合人性 的,并认为人的物质需求的满意是对百姓施行教化的基础；管子曰：“ 仓廪实,知礼 节；衣食足,知荣辱” ；荀子也说：“ 不富 , 无以养民情；不教,无以理民性” ；儒家礼乐 文教的落实与道德抱负的实现都是建立在“ 富民” 基础之上的；民不富就心无常,心无常就教化不行,教化不行就礼乐不兴,儒家的社会抱负就无从实现；由是可知,“ 富民” 是 儒家治世经国的基础；正因如此,儒家才励民致富,认为“ 帮有道,贫且贱焉, 耻也” （论语 .泰伯）；在一个良好的社会政治环境中,一个人假如不努力转变自己的贫困状况,这是一种耻辱；孔子进而仍认为：“ 富而可求,虽执鞭之士,吾亦为之”

5、（论语.述而）,就是说 , 假如可求富贵,即使从事卑微的工作我也情愿为之；靠自己的勤劳而致富,即便从事卑微 的工作也再所不辞,这是一种吃苦耐劳,忍辱负重的精神,是一种天行纲键,自强不息的 精神,这是儒家所大力推崇和提倡的；特别是在清明的政治环境中,在现代工商业社会里,每个人都要有“ 耻贫荣富” 的观念,发扬圣人甘为“ 执鞭之士” 的精神,脱贫致富,转变 自己的物质生活环境；二、处贫之方孔子周游列国,在陈绝粮,随行者全都病卧不起；子路愤愤不平,问孔子说：“ 君子 亦有穷乎？” 孔子回答说：“ 君子固穷,小人穷斯滥矣” （论语 .卫灵公）；其意是 说,君子小人都有穷困之时,区分在于君子固守其穷,无

6、所怨悔,而小人穷就丢失原就,儒家虽然确定人们摆脱穷困追求富贵的合理性,放纵于行,以图转变穷困之境；这就是君子小人的区分！励民致富,以贫为耻,但是却特别重视其手段的正值性；儒家不仅看重目的之善,也特别看重手段之善；善的目的必需通过善 的手段来实现,否就宁可牺 牲其目的,也绝不使用不善的手段来达至这一目的；孔子曰：“ 富与贵,是人之所欲也；不以其道得之,不处也；贫与贱,是人之所恶也；不以其道得 之,不去也 （论语 .里仁）；富贵,取之有道；贫贱,去之有道；儒家提倡,人们在摆脱贫困追求富贵的过程中肯定要遵循“ 义利之辩”的义法,不能违反天道性理和道德 原就,不能惟利是图,要见利而思义,不能为了追求富

7、贵而不择手段；所以,孟子说：“ 非其道,就一箪食不行受于人； 如其道,就舜受尧之天下不以为泰” ；又说“ 万钟就不辩礼 义而受之, 万钟于我何加焉？”孟子所说的就是儒家“ 守死善道” 的精神,是一种立于天地之间的大丈夫气慨,不合于道,就利小如一箪食亦不受之；合于道就受以天下也泰然处之；假如不道而致富, 即使是万钟之禄, 又有什么意义和价值？所以孔子也说：“ 不义而 富且贵,于我们如浮云” ；儒家提倡的是致富以道,穷而不滥；富贵,不是每一个人都能达至的,富贵者也未必就终生都能安享富贵的；斗转星移,世事无常,贫富并非永恒不变,而是处于一种交替更迭之中；“ 陋室空堂,当年笏满床；衰草枯杨,曾为歌舞场

8、” ,“ 昨怜破袄寒,今嫌紫蟒长” （红楼梦.好了歌注）,这种由富贵而贫困,由贫困而富贵的交替,在人世间演绎岀了很多的悲欢离合；因而,对于贫困与富贵都要有正确的态度去对待；何以处贫,何以为富,贫困时应当有什么样的心态 和作为,富贵时又应当有什么样的心态和行为,这对于一个人而言至关紧要；在儒家看来,处贫困难于处富贵,孔子说：“ 贫而无怨难,富而无骄易” ,朱子注曰：“ 处贫难,处富易,人之常情” （论语.宪问）,人在贫困之中能保持正常的心态,正确地对待生活,对待生命,对待万事万物,是很不简单的；综观儒家圣贤之言,关于何以处贫的问题,可以用六个字来概括,那就是：安之、乐之、去之；既贫,就安,不怨天

9、,不尤人,无怨无悔,安稳处之,独善其身,这就是前面所说的“ 君子固穷” 之道；惟有固 守其穷,不滥思滥行,安稳以处,才能保持平和的道心,并以道德原就规范自己的行为,从而保持君子之风；按理说,处贫而“ 安之” 已经难能珍贵,然而在圣人看来仍不够,仍应当进而“ 乐之” ；子贡问孔子说：“ 贫而无谄,富而无骄,如何？” 孔子回答说：“ 可 也,未如贫而乐,富而好礼者也；” 贫,而“ 乐之” ,较之于“ 安之” “ 无谄”就是更高 的境域；“ 安之” “ 无谄” ,是固穷自守,但未能超然乎贫困之外,所以朱子注曰：“ 子贡货殖,盖先贫后富,而尝用力于自守者,故以此为问；而夫子答之如此,盖许其所已能, 而

10、勉其所未至也” ；贤如子贡者,也尚未能达至“ 贫而乐” 的境域,可见这一境域之难能；在孔子同学中,惟有颜回达到这一境域,故此,孔子对颜回称赞有加：“ 贤哉,回也！一 箪食,一瓢饮,在陋巷,人不堪其忧,回也不改其乐” ；这种谋道不谋食,忧道不忧贫的 安贫乐道的生命境域被后人誉为“ 孔颜之乐” ；其乐,非乐其贫,而是乐其道,超乎于贫 , 忘乎于贫,这是圣人的境域,至善至高的境域；但儒家思想是世间法,有着剧烈的家国天下关怀,贫而“ 乐之” 是就生命境域而言,是针对士君子的高要求,对广大民众而言,贫 穷究竟不是什么好事,因而儒家主见对贫困应当“ 去之” ,即要排除它；“ 安之” 是固守 自律,“ 乐之

11、” 是生命境域,“ 去之” 就是社会抱负；追求富贵乃是人之常情,儒家的伦 理目的和社会抱负并不是人人安贫、乐贫,而是要排除贫困,实现“ 老有所终、壮有所用、养” 的人人衣食无忧的抱负目标；- 、亠、咅二、为富之道幼有所长、鳏寡孤独废疾者,皆有所致富即意味着有更多的财产,占有更多的物质利益,更有条件满意人对于物质生活的 需求,能够让自己的愿望更简单实现和达成；由于拥有财宝,别人不能做到的你能够做到, 自己过去不能办到的现在可以办到,另从不能达成的意愿你能够达成,另从不能享受的你 能享受,别人不能消费的你能消费；由于拥有了财宝,人可以在肯定程度上突破外在条件 的局限和制约而拓展自己生存的“ 空间”

12、 ,获得肉体与心灵的更大“ 自由” ；正由于如此 , 财宝具有两面性,是一柄双刃剑；一方面,它能够满意人性的基本需求,具有正面的积极功能；另一方面,它也具有腐蚀人性的负面功能；儒家历代圣贤都；洞悉财宝的两面性,透彻财宝的正面功能与负面功能；在儒家看来,一方面,财宝意味着人的物质生活需求的 满意,这种需求和满意是符合人性的,是天经地义的,因而儒家励民致富,有“ 耻贫” ,“ 去贫” 的思想,并将“ 富民” 思想立为治世经国的根本；但另一方面,财宝也能够腐蚀 败坏人性,因而,儒家历来重视对财宝进行制约,强调“ 理欲之辩 “ 义利之辩 ,主见富,无以养民情；不教,无以理民性”程颐说：“ 所以防其欲,

13、戒其侈,而使之入道也”“ 以理制欲”“ 以义制利” ,对于拥有财宝的人,儒家提倡要教化之；所以荀子说：“ 不这种观点与孔子“ 庶、富、教” 的思想一脉相承,都是在彻透财宝两面性基础上而实行的“ 中道” ；对于拥有财宝者而言,何以处富？这是一个值得全部的“ 先富人士” 慎思慎行的大问题；从儒家历代圣贤的聪明资源中可扼其要旨提炼如下三条“ 为富之道” ；其一、戒奢寡欲,洁身自好；由于拥有了财宝,肉体生存空间与心灵的“ 自由度” 均得以拓展,富有者可以凭籍财富的力气和手段,不但能达成合理的愿望,同时也有条件满意过度的私欲；从而导致在生 活上铺张铺张,竭尽享乐,甚而至于吃喝嫖赌无所不为,沉溺于灯红酒绿

14、声色犬马之中而不能自拔,在穷奢极欲中沉沦堕落,被财宝所腐蚀败坏,致使自己异化为财宝的奴隶；因 此,为富之道以“ 戒奢寡欲” 为第一义；孟子认为“ 养心莫善于寡欲” ,陆九渊也说：“ 夫所以害吾心者何也？欲也；欲之多,就心之存者必寡” （陆九渊集 .拾遗）；人性的腐蚀,人心的败坏都从“ 欲” 字开头,人欲膨胀,人心就萎缩,人格就越卑下 金钱买不来自尊,只能买到虚荣,挥金如土表达的不是人性的尊严而是精神的贫乏,故而, 朱子有“ 存天理灭人欲” 之说；完全的“ 灭欲” 假如做不到,那么“ 寡欲” 却是可以做到 的；为富者,理应清心寡欲,戒奢戒侈,检朴平淡,洁身自好；惟有如此,才不至于异化 为财宝的附

15、庸,丢失崇高的人性而与禽兽为伍；故此,为富之道,以“ 戒奢寡欲” 为第一 义；其二,富而无骄,富而好礼孔子说：“ 富而无骄” 未如“ 富而好礼者也” ,朱子注曰：“ 骄,矜肆也” “ 好礼, 就安处善,乐循理,亦不自知其富矣” ；富者由于有了财宝的凭籍,私欲膨胀,很可能恃 财傲物,肆意妄为,甚而为非作歹；这种为富不仁骄肆狂悖之徒并不鲜见,勾结贪官污吏 进行钱权交易者有之；染指黑社会势力者有之；强买强卖,巧取豪夺者有之；颐指气使扰 乱朝纲者有之；董仲舒说：“ 大富就骄”“ 骄就为暴” ；由此可见,“ 为富不仁” 是社会 之乱源；富人因拥有财宝,可以达至贫者所难以达至的目的,富者如骄肆为暴,他就更

16、有 所以,为富者如不善处富,不节制私欲,就才能更有条件作恶,而且能使暴行更为有效；很简单骄肆狂悖,为非作歹,祸乱社会；故此,儒家自圣人孔子以降,无不关注社会致富人群,提倡富者要善于处富,要富而不骄,富而好礼；要求为富者更应当注意自身的心性 修为,严守社会道法规范,乐善好施,富好行德,节制自已的私欲,规范自己的行为,提 升自己的人格和生命境域；“ 富而好礼” 之“ 礼” ,是儒家传统的一个重要内容,它既是一种核心价值理念,也 是一种社会规范力气；“ 夫礼者所以定亲疏,决嫌疑,别异同,明是非” （礼记 . 曲礼）,荀子说：“ 礼者,人道之极也 ,“ 以养人之欲,给人之求,使欲必不穷于物,物必不屈

17、于欲；两者相持而长,是礼之所起也” （荀子 .礼论）,从荀子的论述可见,礼仍有 着节制人欲,调剂“ 物” “ 欲” 关系的社会功能；“ 礼,履也,所以祀神致福也” （说文）,这里是从人与神圣的关系来界定礼,可见,礼也有着沟通人神关系的功能,具有宗教性格,关涉灵魂信仰,具有神圣性；从以上阐述可以看岀,礼是人与神圣,人与人,人与物之间关系的沟通渠道和联系纽带,是“ 天地人” 三才贯穿的力气,是社会和谐秩序的规范力气；所以,孔子说“ 富而不骄” ,未如“ 富而好礼者也” ,礼是大道之所在,好 礼即可入道；富而好礼,即是要求为富者秉持敬畏之心,怀仁义之德,灭贪欲之念,强学 达性,积善成德,自觉遵循道德

18、规范；如天下之人均能好礼,就乱源可绝,社会将趋于和 谐,天下可平也；其三,以财发身,兼济天下“ 仁者以财发身,不仁者以身发财” （高校）；不仁不义之徒以身发财,“ 亡身 以殖货” ,其最终结果要么是“ 人为财死,鸟为食亡” ,要么“ 货悖而入者,亦悖而岀” ,已的财宝去实现生命的价值；来之不正用之也不正；而仁者就以财发身,即用自富有者已无衣食之忧,物质生活的需求已经得以满意,特别是在现代工商业社会中,很多致富者所拥有的财宝数额庞大,仅从人的物质需求和消费的意义上讲,那是几代人都用之不竭的；很多人由于不学无术,中无所守,集合了大量财宝以后,成天穷奢极欲,灯 红酒绿,豪赌滥饮,生活腐败,在纸醉金迷

19、中查找刺激,甚而斗富攀比,肆意挥豁,恃财 傲物,骄奢淫逸；这一切,于己于人,于国于家都有百害而无一利；因此,如何对待和使用大量的物质财宝,这是为富之道的重要问题；在儒家看来,为富者应以财发身,要用自已的财宝去做崇高的有意义的事情,去做有利于国家社会和民众的事情,做到“ 达就兼济天下” , 要“ 散财于民” ,做到“ 博施于民而能济众” ,在为社会,为广大民众谋福利的“ 善举” 中,在为国家民族乃至全人类作出奉献的过程中表达自身的存在价值,实现个体生命的超越和人格的提升；这就是孟子所谓“ 乐以天下,忧以天下” 的情怀；孟子说：穷不失义,达不离道,穷就独其身,达就兼济天下” ,这种以天下为己任的事

20、业孟子誉之为“ 大人之事务矣” ；所谓“ 大人” ,蒋庆先生说明为“ 乃心灵境域上达天德,实现生命终极价值之人” ；为富者,就应当有这种以天下为己任的入世担当精神；惟有具备了这种 精神和这种境域,才能超越小我实现大我,人方能尽其才,物方能竭其用；聚财是才能才 智的表达,散财就是人格提升和生命的超越；故此,“ 以财发身,兼济天下” 是为富之道的重中之重；四、 社会抱负儒家的社会抱负就终极层面而言,是要实现礼记.礼运篇里所记载的“ 大同” 盛世；就现实可为的层面而言,就是要在“ 富民为本” 的基础上,缓解贫富悬殊,缩小贫富 差距,达至共同富有的目标,实现社会的和谐进展；儒家尚中贵和,以“ 中和”

21、为大道,强调人与自然,人与人之间关系的和谐和谐；与西方现代进展观不同,儒家不主见掠夺式 进展,也不提倡横绝天下的浮士德精神；儒家对于抱负社会的评判也并不是单纯以生产能 力的大小和攫取物质财宝的多寡为标准,而是“ 尚中贵和” ,既注意物质财宝的生产制造,同时又注意人与自然及人与人的和谐共处；在儒家看来,抱负的社会并非穷尽物欲的社会,而是天地万物各正性命 , 和谐相安的社会；中庸曰：“ 中也者,天下之大本也；和也者,天下之达道也；” “ 致中和,天位置焉 , 万物育焉” ,这是强调在治世经国的过程中“ 执其两端,用其中于民；”在贫富问题上,儒家主见缓解贫富悬殊,缩小贫富差距,追求共同富有；这是儒家

22、坚定不移的社会抱负与伦理目的；共同富有,这是儒家仁政所追求的目标；贫富悬殊是导致社会不和谐的重要因素,是社会乱源之所在,故孔子说：“ 不患寡而患不均,不患贫而患担心；盖均无贫,和无寡,安无倾；” 意思是说社会的和谐稳固与否不在财宝的多寡,而在于是否“ 各得其分” ,“ 均” 并非确定平均之谓,而是“ 各得其分” 之意.均就人心能安,安就无倾覆之患；董仲舒说：“ 使富者足以示贵,而不至于骄；贫者足以养生,而不至于忧；以此为度而调均之,是以财不匮而上下相安” 春秋繁露 .度制 ；富者可“ 示贵” ,贫者可以“ 养生” ,富者“ 不骄” ,贫者“ 不忧” ,各得其分,如此,才能“ 上下相安” ；“

23、调均之” 指的就是要和谐好贫富关系,把贫富差距掌握在肯定的限度之内；惟 有如此,社会才能和谐进展,趋于稳固和安静,百姓的生活才能恬适而详和；边沁学说的中心是功利主义,他极力反对17、18 世纪以来的古典自然法学的理性法观点,认为它们是虚构的；大自然将人类置于苦乐两大主宰之下,人的天性是避苦求乐,功利原就就是一切行为都适从这两种动力的原就；谋求功利是人们行为的动机,也是区分是非、善恶的标准；是自然人和政府活动遵循的原就,也是道德和立法的原就；最好的立法是达到 最大多数人的最大幸福” ,最好的立法就在于促进社会幸福；他认为良好的政府和立法必需达到四个日标：即公民的生存、富有、公平和安全；功利主义所

24、谓的 的本质最大多数人的最大幸福”是自由主义而非社会主义,这个原就勉励每个人为了自己的利益去自由竞争,国家奉行不干涉主义,国家的任务只是为自由竞争供应良好的环境；自由竞争的必定结果是优胜劣汰、两极分化,这与以实现共同富有为目标的社会主义原就当然不行同日而语；Benthams 1824 principles of utility are: * Mankind governed by pain and pleasure : Nature has made us as motivated first by avoidance of pain and attraction to pleasure *

25、Prin ciple of utility, what : The pr in ciple is that which approves or disapproves of every acti on whatsoever, accord ing to the tendency which it appears to have to augme nt or diminish the happ in ess of the party whose in terest is in questi on. * Utility, what : Utility is that property in an

26、object whereby it tends to product ben efit, adva ntage, pleasure, good or happ in ess . or . to preve nt the happe ning of mischief, pain evil, or un happ in ess to the party whose in terest is con sidered. * In terest in the commu nity : The in terest of a commu nity is the sum of the in terests o

27、f its members. * You cannot talk about the interest of the community without considering the in terest of the in dividual. * An acti on is con formable to the pri nciple of utility, what : Con forma nce of an acti on is whe n the tendency it has to augme nt the happ in ess of the community is greate

28、r than any it has to diminish it. A measure of gover nment con formable to the prin ciple of utility, what Gover nment con forms to the pri nciple whe n it in creases the greater good of the commu ni ty. 李嘉图和马尔萨斯 Thomas Robert Malthus 1766 1834 年 是两位在出身、经历、个性和思想观点等方面都有着明显反差的思想家；马尔萨斯出身于上层土地贵族 社会,其父亲与

29、当时思想界名流如休谟、卢梭等有着广泛的交游；而李嘉图出身于富有但缺乏社会位置的犹太移民家庭,其父亲好像是一个惟利是图的投机者；马尔萨斯 少年时代就博览群书,并进入剑桥高校；而李嘉图从未接受系统的正规训练；马尔萨斯是一个职业学者；而李嘉图的身份是证券经纪人；马尔萨斯过的是平淡无奇的老师 生活；而李嘉图不仅在证券经营中一帆风顺,仍担任过议员；马尔萨斯一辈子过的是 学院生涯,却关怀现实；而李嘉图虽然经商,但成了理论家；马尔萨斯从来没有富有 过；李嘉图个人财产 160 万镑；Grow ing disparity betwee n rich and poor affects campus life By

30、 He Na China DailyUpdated: 2022-10-14 09:36:;, Comments 0 口 Print MailArmed with maps and guidebooks, hordes of Chinese families set off across the nation this summer -but some had a hidden agenda to their holidays. The destinations for many middle-aged parents were residential areas around universi

31、ties, and sights included more real estate agents offices than places of cultural interest. We get many parents from other cities and provinces during the summer vocation. Most of them came to buy houses for their children who are studying at the college here, said Wang Shang, an agent with the Cent

32、ury 21, a real estate agency in Qingdao, Shandong province. The increase in nouveaux riches snapping up property near universities is just one factor that has made college campuses the clearest example of the widening wealth gap in modern China.My dassmatefece dropped when he saw the dorm J am very

33、satisfied. The living conditions much btter But experts claim the obvious division between rich and poor students could be harming the than 61 home . confidence and education of those from rural or impoverished families. 541 MING Soaring house prices in many cities mean it is almost impossible for y

34、oung people to buy a home without the uniwtfiity itudenthelp of their family, and usually only if their parents have a large income. Related read in gs: 岂 How wide is the in come gap today. fUrba n-rural gap n eeds to be bridged 刃 Salary gap wide ning 也 Public concern over jobs, pay gap 匚 Wealth gap

35、 rises, but no risk of upheaval: Report xTo be poor or rich, not a question for college entrance Wang said he sold a 178-sq-m house in a good community at a cost of 2.8 million yuan $410,000 to the parents of Li Shu, a second-year student at the China Marine University in Qingdao. Most of his new ne

36、ighbors are business leaders from outside of the city, he added. In the capital Beijing, almost 5 percent of all house transactions in 2022 involved student buyers. Today, it is more than 10 percent, with many purchases being paid for in a lump sum, according to Beijing-based realty firms Zhongda He

37、ngji and Zhujia. Despite vast and continuing improvements of living conditions offered in university dormitories, they still do not meet the expectations of the rich. A female student at a university in Wuhan, Hubei province, reportedly arrived on her first day with 19 pieces of luggage, enough to f

38、ill a four-person dorm and setting a new school record, according to the citys Changjiang Times. The students mother is said to have become agitated when her daughter was not given a private room and then furious when teachers said it would be impossible to install a private washroom in the dorm, th

39、e newspaper reported. At the other end of the spectrum is Su Ming, who comes from a family of farmers and studies at a university in Beijing. He recalled how he arrived in the capital with just a plastic bag and an old school satchel. The classmate who has the bunk above mine in my dormitory was bro

40、ught to school in a Cadillac. When he saw the room for the first time his face dropped. He complained it was too small and the air conditioner was too small, said Su. But I am very satisfied with the room. The living conditions here are much better than the situation at home with my family. The weal

41、th gap on campus is not just evident when it comes to accommodation. Branded clothing, high-tech cell phones and entertainment gadgets, and cars continue to be all the rage among young people, highlighting the divisions between the haves and have-nots. The widening gap between 900 million farmers an

42、d 400 million urban residents is being mirrored among Chinas 13 million-plus students, say cultural experts. They also believe students from wealthy backgrounds now enjoy the kinds of luxury some citizens would struggle to attain after decades of work. I won a scholarship to the University of Intern

43、ational Business and Economics in Beijing but I still have to do part-time jobs in the college library to pay my living expenses, said 20-year-old Zhang Hefei, a second-year student in Spanish from Hebei province.This on-campus wealth gap can only negatively impact the values, activities and mental

44、states of students, SUWENPING *rof.iorin s atgz炳斜 ty of .旳A&iraadUtifi in eqinA st u d e nt in Chongqing shi nes shoes after class to ear n extra money for her schooli ng. Many you ng people find part-time jobs while study ing at college. Photo by Che n Shichua n/Chi na Daily Su Wenping, a professor

45、 in sociology at the Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, said campuses high density means the growing rich-poor disparity in China could be witnessed at close range. It is visible in the classrooms, in the dormitories, or even between students sharing the same desk. This on-campus we

46、alth gap can only negatively impact the values, activities and mental states of students, particularly poor ones, she said. Some poor students even suffer depression and, if they do not get help from teachers or psychologists, the long-term effects could hamper the development of healthy personaliti

47、es. She explained most students from rich families are extroverted, and active in making friends and taking part in activities. In contrast, poor students often avoid crowds and prefer to be alone. When we organize class activities, such as spring outings, most of the participants are usually studen

48、ts from relatively wealthy families, said Li Xue, 23, who studies garment design at Dalian Polytechnic University in Liaoning province. Even if the trip is funded by the university, poor students still tend not to join in. Li, whose parents own a heating company, added: We honesty dont look down on

49、poorer students but they just seem too proud to receive our help. They do not need to be like this. We are just classmates. In July, 22-year-old Li Li was jailed for robbing a bank on the campus of the Beijing University of Science and Technology and taking a fellow student hostage. The automation s

50、cholar, who hails from a poor village in Jiangxi province, turned to crime when he failed to find a job after running out of money, said police. His classmates and relatives both said Li Li had very high self-esteem but was ashamed of his poor background.Spending power A study conducted at mon Ihn 2

51、00 Chin. c univcnrtics in August 20221. find out uftivcrirty students monlhJY expenses disc eve rod: l. i thin 100 yuan A study by Professor Su, in which she interviewed students from MOfiOf PHONEStVCf f e 菇抵跑 t 舅曲菲100-200 varying families, showed that 60 percent of poor students felt yoan 200-400 s

52、hame about their backgrounds, while more than 22 percent said they felt inferior. yujn Jess than j They do not want others to know about their situation and they nri0r. than 厂50 yuan / unconsciously turn away when teachers or classmates offer 200 yuan 1050 YU 的help, said Su, who added that 42 percen

53、t of her subjects said 100 200 ytun they would turn down any form of help if it mean exposing their 50-100 yuen situation in the media or on the Internet. INTERNET CHARGESAs opposed to senior or middle school, university life has more ktfi thin 10 yuandiverse criteria for good students than simply g

54、ood grades. But for poor students who are used to gaining self-respect from mor than 5O-1QO 已药exam results, it is a big and sudden change in atmosphere. 1Q0 yujn Sripftff好 g CbrtrApart from studying hard, they have little chance to develop other talents or hobbies because of their financial situatio

55、n, she 诙血 r said. The obvious wealth gap on campus is a challenge universities have been urged to address. We hold meetings for poor students about once a month and try to pay close attention to their behavior, to make sure they are happy and coping well with the pressure, said Dong Jiaomei, who is in charge of student affairs at Dalian Polytechnic University. We know each students financial situation when they enter the university but we never make public the names of those who receive the schools special poverty subsidies, in order to protect student