句型结构汇总

1、简单句的五种基本结构英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本 句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型结构如下:vi./宾语主语谓语宾语（间）宾语（直宾语宾语补足语link.v.表语用符号表示为:S V （主+谓）S V O （主+谓+宾）S V o O （主+谓+问宾+直宾）S V O C （主+谓+宾+宾补）S V P （主+系+表）主语(subject) 宾语(object) 状语(adverbial) 表语(predicative) 谓语(predicate) 定语(attribute ) 补语(complement)基本句型一：S

2、 V （主+谓）这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常见的不及物动词有：act,come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring, live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, graduate, die, care, agree, jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect.如：It_is., rainin

3、g . now._( S V)WevewQrked for 5hours( s V)The meeting lasted .half an_ hour( S V)Time flies. ( S V)基本句型二：s V O (主+谓+宾)此结构是由 主语+及物动词(词组)+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如，She likes English.We planted a .lot. of trees on the farm. yesterday.用下划线划出下列句中的宾语：. People all over the world s

4、peak English.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.He did not know what to say.He just wanted to stay at home.He practices speaking English every day.基本句型三：S +V + o + O （主+谓+间宾+直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带,show显示。这两个宾语通常 一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如：He g

5、ave me a cup of tea. （ S + V+ o +O）强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+代词直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please.（不能说 Bring me it, please。）常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助 to 的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse,

6、sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write 等（需借助 for 的） buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play（演奏），save, sing, spare等一般用to多些，用for的记住常用的三个就行：get, buy, makeHe sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary.=He sent an English -Chinese Dictionary to me.She bought John a book . = She bought a book for

7、 John.分析下列句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语：She ordered herself a new dress.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.He brought you a dictionary.He denies her nothing.I showed him my pictures.I gave my car a wash.I told him that the bus was late.He showed me how to run the machine.基本句型四：s +V + O + C （主+谓+宾+宾补）此句型的句

8、子的特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一 起构成复合宾语。The war made him a soldier （ S V O C ）New methods make, the job easy.（ S V O C）L oftenfind . him atwrk,. （ S VO C）The teacher asked the studenisto - close _the _ windows. （ S V O C）Lsaw a c

9、at running across the. road.基本句型五：S + V + P （王+系+表）系动词主要是be.但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。I.如何辨别系动词有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。如何来辨别呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系 动词be换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。 如：She looks beautiful. （100ks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，100ks是系动词）。Look at the picture.（1ook 不能换为 be, 100k为实义动词。）He felt

10、the book with his right hand.（feel是 摸”的意思，不能换为was,是实义动词）。The silk feels soft.（这种丝绸摸起来很柔软，feels换为is之后，句意变化不大，因此是系动词。）练习1.辨别下列粗体动词是系动词还是实义动词.The door stays open at night.He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious.The book still lies open on the desk.What he said proved true. He can ptroved his

11、theory（理论）.II.常见的系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.他是一名教师。持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 keep, remain, stay, lie, stand,例如：He kept silent at the meeting.他开会时保持沉默。This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。He lies

12、 awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。表像”系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look,例如：Something seems wrong. 好像出差了。He appears young.他看起来很年轻。感官系动词感官系动词主要有100k看起来，feel摸起来，smell闻起来，sound听起来，taste尝起来：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow,

13、 turn, fall, get, go, come, run.He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。He fell 川 yesterday.他昨天病了。Eggs go bad easily in spring.鸡蛋夏天容易变坏。His face went red.他的脸变红了。What he had dreamt of came true.他的梦想实现了。Still waters run deep.静水流深。终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out,

14、表达证实，变成之意，例如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。 （turn out表终止性结果）What he predicted turned out （to be） wrong.他预言的结果是错的。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语He is . a. student. （ s v p ）Your idea. sounds. . great. （SVP）简单句、并列句和复合句句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。考点1.简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）

15、。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.（划线部分为并列谓语，只有一个主语，仍为简单句。）考点2.并列句由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意哟 逗号是不可以连接句子的，这一点和汉语不同。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright

16、; the road is tortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only - but also，neither nor，籍配获The teacher s name is Smith, and the student s name is John.He not only stole my money, but he also took my watch away.表示选择，常用的连词有 or, either - or- -, otherwise0Hurry up, or you ll miss the train.表示转折，常用的连词有 bu

17、t, still, however, yet, while, when 等。He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.表示因果关系，常用的连词有 so, for, therefore等。August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.考点3.复合句复合句含有两个或两个以上主谓结构，其中一个

18、主谓结构作另一个的成分。（而并列句的两 个主谓结构间是并列关系，而不是从属关系）。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时，整个句子就成为复合句了。如：It_ is wrong.（只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）What he said is wrong.The boy over there is my brother.（只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.I was doing my homework at six.（只有一个主谓结

19、构，是简单句）I was doing my homework when he came in.判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.There is a chair in this room, isn t there?My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven i

20、n the evening.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.What he said at the meeting is very important, isn t it?The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.Rig

21、ht now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm.It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder th

22、ey grow wheatAlthough the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.考点4.两个主谓结构时，要用连接词，变为并列句或复合句，或把逗号改为分号一个句子如果出现两个主谓结构，那它就不是简单句了，要么是并列句，要么是复合句。直接用逗 号连接的两个简单句是错误的。这是，我们有四种方法来改正这个错句：.用and, so, but,等并列连词来构成并列句；.把逗号改为分号；.改为复合句；.把一个主谓结构的谓语变成非谓语或去掉be,从而变成独立主格结构。I like English, my English is v

23、ery good.（并列句）（含有原因状语从句的复合句）I like English and my English is very good.As I like English, my English is very good.I like English; my English is good.(用分号VI liking English, my English is very good.把一个分位度为独立主格结构)名词性从句名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。这个语法项目在英语中相当重要。在初中阶段要求学生掌握各种从句的基本结构和用法；而在高中的学习中，则要求学生在此

24、基 础上能够在具体语境中判断主句与从句的逻辑关系，准确理解句意，加以灵活运用。考查方式多以 选择题为主。(一)概述名词性从句主要包括宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：(共13个) TOC o 1-5 h z 连接代词(what, what, who, who, whom, whose, which ) ； +ever5 个连接IPJ词(when, where, how)+ever,why4 个连接 t(that, whether/if , as if/though,because);4 个(二)主语从句.主语从句在复合句中充当主语。引导主语从句的连词主

25、要有：that, whether, what, which, whom,whose, when, where, why, how, whatever, whoever 等。注意：(1)这些引导词都不可以省略。(2)只能用whether不能用if。(3)从句用陈述句语序。That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。Who cooked the meal is not known yet. 谁煮的饭还不知道。How he did it

26、 is still a mystery.他怎么做的还是个迷。Whether we can land on the moon is not known. 我们是否能登陆月球还不知道。.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于旬末，用 it充当形式主语。例如：It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。It is still unknown which team will win the match.到底哪个队会赢形势尚不明朗。It s a pity that you should have to leave你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有

27、以下四种不同的搭配关系：It + be +形容词+ that -从句It is necessary that 有必要It is important that重要的是It is obvious that彳艮明显 (strange. likely.It + be + -ed 分词 + that -从句It is believed that人们相信It is known to all that 众所周知It has been decided thatFV 决定(reported,said,announced;)It + be + 名词 + that-从句It is a pity that可惜的是It

28、 is a surprise that令人惊奇的是It is a fact that 事实是(no wonder,a pity;)It + 不及物动词 + that-从句It appears that(看赤己来是)1平 It happens that 碰巧It occurred to me that我突然想起 例如：It is obvious that the object is not UFO. 很明显这个物体不是 UFO。It is known to all that money can t grow on tOtreK口, 钱不会长在树上。It is a fact that Sadam

29、has been captured by the American army. 萨达姆已经被美军捕获是个事实。It happened that they did the same thing in the same way. 碰巧他们用同样的方法做同样的事情。(二)表语从句表语从句在复合句中充当表语。引导表语从句的连接词主要有：that, whether, because, what, which,whom, whose, when, where, why, how, whatever, whoever,as if/though,because。注意：(1)这些引导词都不可以省略(2)只能用w

30、hether不能用if(3)从句用陈述句语序例如：My question is who will take over president of the charity 我的问题是谁将接任该慈善机构主席职位The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。The point is whether we should lend him the computer. 问题在于我们是否应该借电脑给他。That is why he can t get along with others这就是为什么他不能和其他人相处好的原因。That i

31、s because he can t get rid of his bad habits B是因为他不能改掉他的坏习惯。The important thing is what he does.重要的是他做什么。(四)宾语从句一、概念：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词 的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。1、宾语从何的连接词弓 I导宾语从句的常用连接词主要有：that, whether, if, what, which, whom, whose, when, where, why,how, whatever, whoever 等。注意：that可以省略CM?

32、从句中有 or not 只能用 whether 不能用if宾语从句一定用陈述句语序标点、语调根据主句决定2、 常接宾语从句的动词：say, tell, ask, see, decide, wonder, think 等。3、宾语从句的时态主句宾语从句一般现在时所需要的任何时态委婉语气过去时过去时的任何时态客观真理永远用一般现在时(1)主句为一般现在时或将来时，从句的时态可根据具体实际需要而定。例如：I imagine he is interested in the activity.I wonder what has happened to the driver.They will be to

33、ld when they will retire.(2)主句为一般过去时，从句的谓语动词也要用相应的过去时，即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去 完成时或过去将来时的一种。例如：To our surprise, he told us that he would leave very soon.She didn t ask who had bought all the flowers.Andy said that he had gone to the Browns three days before.(3)主句是祈使句，从句的谓语动词可用所需要的任何时态。例如：Please tell me how l

34、ong it will take us to the library.Show me which picture is yours.(4)从句叙述的是客观真理、自然现象或永恒不变的规律，此时宾语从句不受主句时态的限制，均 用一般现在时。例如：Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.我们老师告诉我们光速比音速快。Everybody knew that one and one makes two. 每个人都知道一加一等于二。二、宾语从句应注意的问题和事项1、that引导的宾语从句为陈述句。that本身是一个连接词，没有意义，

35、在从句中也不充当任何句子 成分，可以被省略。例如：I think (that) the novel is worth reading again.注意：如果谓语动词后跟有两个或更多的并列的宾语从句，第二个(或最后一个)连接词不可省略,以免引起误解。例如：I forgot (that) today was Friday and that the shop wasn t open.2、whether或if引导的宾语从句在意义上相当于一个一般疑问句。 常放在know, ask, care, wonder,巾nd out等动词之后，意思是 是否，不可被省略。且若从句中有 or not只能用whethe

36、r不能用if,介词 之后一般也不用if。例如：I wonder whether/if he will come back with the good news.Susan asked me whether I would go to the club this weekend.I really don t kwhether it will rain or not tomorrow.注意：少数动t如leave, put, discuss, doubt后的宾语从句常用 whether 不定式前只能用 whether 例如：I can t decide whether to stay.避免歧义，我们

37、常用 whether而不用ifif引导的宾语从句可以用将来时，不要将其与if引导的条件状语从句混淆。试比较：Can you tell me if he will come back this May?If he comes back, please tell me as soon as possible.3、连接代词(who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whosever, whomever, whatever, whichever ) 或连接副词 (where, when, why, how, whenever, wherever, however)

38、弓I导宾语从句，在意义上相当于 特殊疑问句，有具体的汉语意思，在宾语从句中充当成分，此时不是疑问词。what, whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述。例如：Do you know what they are looking for?The man in the shop asked the woman which kind of boots ( 靴子)she liked.That depends on where we shall go.Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone

39、?He didn t tell me when we should meet again.4、be + 形容词 + that -从句that-从句也是宾语从句。常用这一结构的形容词有：sure相信，afraid恐怕，happy高兴，surprised 感到惊讶等。例如：I m afraid that he won t buy the most expensive bag for her.I m sure that Tom s composition is the best in his class.5、用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句(1) 动词 find, feel, consider, mak

40、e, believe 等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用 it作形式宾语而 将that宾语从句后置。例如：I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.(2)有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语和从句前加it,这类动词主要有：hate, take, owe, have, see toWe take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的。语法填空专题分类训练-名词性从句.he said nothing at the meeting made me very disappo

41、inted.Who can think of an idea we should do with the waste water?3.It is still under discussion the old bus station should be replaced by a modern hotel or not.4.Chances are China and Russia will make an agreement to build an oil pipeline in 2019.5.She asked me I had returned the books to the librar

42、y,and I admitted that I hadn6It was with great joy Tom received the news his lost son had been found.7.You have to knowyou re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.eaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.There is no doubt the famous professor will give us a lecture.That s h

43、e didn t recognize me.11.Being a good listener is a kind of quality, which is it takes to keep friendship.We have some doubtthey can complete the task on time.We agreed to accept they thought was the best professor in the college.The limits of a person s intelligence,generally speaking,are fixed at

44、birth,but he reachesthese limits will depend on his environment.we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.I wonderyou can help me repair my bike.we can have clean drinking water lies in effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.The only question left is of

45、ten the workers are paid.the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.Every year,makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.I had neither a computer nor newspaper.That s I don t know the latest news.The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is one can be en

46、tirely free from dust.The companies are working together to create will be the best means of transport in the21st century.There is a common belief among the students in our school they should try their best to learn.25.I have no idea he comes from.26.It is often the case anything is possible for tho

47、se who hang on to hope.27.Contrary to many people might assume, evidence shows that sharks seldom attackhumans.28.I made a promise to myself this year, my first year in high school, would be different.29.She was very interested in I had told her.t remains to be seen the newly formed committee s poli

48、cy can be put into practice.定语从句1.关系代词的基本用法关系代词先行词在从句中的作用who人主语、宾语whom人宾语which物主语、宾语that人或物主语、宾语、表语whose人或物定语as人或物主语、宾语、表语2. that和which的用法区别只用that 的情况先行词是 all , few, little , much , something , anything , nothing 等不定代词时先行词被 the only , the very , the same, all 等修饰时先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时先行词既有人又

49、有物时只用which的情况引导非限制性定语从句时（逗号隔开时）关系代词指物，且前肩介词时3. as和which的区别asas引导非限制性定语从句，可放在上旬前、中、后，as常译为“正如, 从句的谓语动词多为 see, know, expect, say, mention , report 等正像which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子时，只能置于主句后，常译为这一which点，这件事”等，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系易错提醒as用在限制性定语从句中时，先行词必须有such, so, as或the same等修饰，且 as在从句中作宾语时不能省略。4关系副词的基本用法

50、关系副词先行词在从句中的作用when时间名词Prep+which时间状语where地点名词或抽象名词(situation , point, position , case, stage 等)Prep+which地点状语whythe reasonFor+which原因状语【技法点拨】在语法填空中：.首先找准先行词，分析句子结构，根据从句所缺的成分确定关系词的使用。如果缺少主、宾、表作定语，需用关系代词；如果缺少状语，则用关系副词。确定所缺成分之后，再看先行词是人还是物，是表示时间的名词还是表示地点的名词， 是reason 还是way等，从而最后确定答案。.若先行词指人介词+关系代词”引导的定语从

51、句中关系代词用whom、若指物、则用which。牢记that与which, as与which的区别。单句语法填空（2019 浙江宁波模拟）My parents are the most important for me, without support,I wouldn t have reached that far.（2019 四川雅安中学月考）-When did you see the sponsor, Madam ? It was on the weekend I was doing some shopping with my husband.when I was doing some

52、shopping with my husband that I saw the sponsor.（2019 江苏如东中学期中）Mensa is a society for bright people, and it aims to create a platform many think can provide the chance to share their thoughts and ideas.（2019 安徽合月巴质检）The movie Pompeii came out this February , many people think brings a touching love

53、story to the audience.（2019 南京、盐城模拟）As the dark horse, Chinas football team swept into the quarter-finals it lost to host country Australia .（2019 江苏南通二模）My grandpa ,is often the case with old people, is fond of talking about the good old days. （2019 河北石家庄 模拟）It was in the small housewas built withs

54、toneshe spent his childhood .（2019 天津和平区月考 ）Lucy invited many friends to dinner, some ofherparents had never met before.状语从句一、时间状语从句. when、while 和 as引导的时间状语从句when从句谓语动词为延续性动词或非延续性动词。 从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生， 也可以先后发生。while从句的谓语动词为延续性动词。从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生。as从句谓语一般为延续性动词。从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生或交替进行，可译为 “一边，一边；随着”。Whil

55、e some people are motivated by a need for success others are motivated by a fear of failure 0尽管有些人被成功的渴望所激励，但也有一些人却被失败的恐惧所激发。As the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to care for.随着人口平均年龄的增长，有越来越多的老年人需要照顾。.表示“一就”的连词引导的时间状语从句as soon as, the moment, the minute

56、, the instant, immediately , directlyThe moment my aunt gained her diploma after four years of hard work , she was filled with joy.我阿姨苦读四年之后获得了文凭，那一刻她欣喜万分。(2)在 hardly.when，no sooner.than.结构中， 主句用过去完成时，than 或 when 所在的从句用一般过去时。I had hardly got to the office, when my wife phoned me to go back home at o

57、nce.我刚到办公室，妻子就打电话让我马上回家。before, since引导的时间状语从句before 表示 “在 之前； 还未 就 ； 还没有来得及 就 ”。 常用句式：It will be/was +一段时间 + before.过了 时间才 ； It wont be/wasnt +一段时间 + before.没过 多久就。We need to get to the root of the problem before we can solve it.在我们解决问题之前，我们需要找到问题的根源。If you miss this chance, it may be years before

58、you get another one.如果你错过了这次机会，可能需要很多年你才能再获得一次。(2)since 意为 “自从以来“，常用句式： It is/has been+一段时间 + since 从旬(常用过去时)。since从句的时态若是一般过去时，主句的时态常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。As is reported , it is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.正如所报道的，清华大学自建立以来已有一百多年了。till/until引导的时间状语从句until/till用于肯定句表示 “直到 为止”、 其主句谓语

59、动词必须为延续性动词； not.until/till. 表示“直到才: not所在的主句的谓语动词必须为非延续性动词。 until可用于旬首，而 till不能。If you dont understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people until you figure it out.如果你遇到不懂的东西，可以搜索、研究以及和其他人交谈，直到你把它弄明白。every time, each time, next time, the first time, by the time 等弓I导的时间状语从句By

60、the time you have finished this book, your meal will get cold.等你看完这本书，你的饭就凉了。二、让步状语从句although、 though、 as和 while弓I导的让步状语从句though 引导的从句可用倒装语序：也可不倒装： although 引导的从句不倒装、 as引导的从句必须用倒装语序。Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now.虽然这些措施并 不能永远有效，但它们目前是至关重要的。Hot as/ though th