【精编版】新概念英语第四册笔记 讲义

1、Lesson 1 Finding fossil man 发现化石人 = 1 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT I. First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful? We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are

2、 some parts of the word where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas - legends handed down from one generation of another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but

3、 none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves

4、 lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first modern men came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than ot

5、her kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. ROBIN PLACE Finding fossil man = 2 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT II. 参考译文 我们从书籍中可读到5,00

6、0 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。但直到现在,世界上有些地方，人们还不会书写。 他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方，当地人的传说却告诉人们：其中一部分是约在2,000年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。 但是，和我们相似的原始人生活的年代太久远了，因此，有关他们的传说既使有如今也失传了。于是，考古学家们既缺乏历史记载，又无口头传说来帮助他们弄清最早的“现代人”是从哪里来的。 然而， 幸运的是，远古人用石头制作了工具，特别是用燧石，因为燧石较之其他石头更容易成形。他们

7、也可能用过木头和兽皮，但这类东西早已腐烂殆尽。石头是不会腐烂的。因此，尽管制造这些工具的人的骨头早已荡然无存，但远古时代的石头工具却保存了下来。.Comprehension 理解Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible.Use one complete sentence for each answer.1,How can anthropologists learn about the history of ancient peoples who have not left written

8、 records? Anthropologists can learn something about the history of ancient peoples who have not left written records by studying the sagas that have been handed down from one generation of storytellers to another.2,Why did ancient men prefer to use flint for making tools? Ancient men preferred to us

9、e flint for making tools because it is easier to shape than other kinds of stone. New words and expressions 生词和短语fossil man (title) adj. 化石人recount v. 叙述saga n. 英雄故事legend n. 传说，传奇migration n. 迁移，移居anthropologist n. 人类学家archaeologist n. 考古学家ancestor n. 祖先Polynesian adj.波利尼西亚（中太平洋之一群岛）的Indonesia n. 印

10、度尼西亚flint n. 燧石rot n. 烂掉 . Useful expression 有用的表达1，read of 读到谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear ofI was very glad to read of your coming to China in the mornings paper.我从晨报上看到你来华的消息，非常高兴。2，near east：近东 mediterranean, south europe,north afric far east3,oral(spoken) language is earlier than written l

11、anguage. precede :什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词 counterpart: two things or two people have the same position oral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart.4,preserve: 保留，保存（腌制） In the summer, large crops of fruit may be preserved by freezing or bottling.夏天大量水果可以通过冷藏或瓶装加以保存。5,如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用to

12、 do sth,而不是doing sth. 6,storyteller: 讲故事的人fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生7，migration ：移民）migrant）immigrant v. migrate:迁移，迁徙migratory bird:候鸟 8,none: no body 9,peoples 民族 10,if they had any: 即便是有his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized.11,find out千方百计，费尽周折explore I

13、 would like you to find out about it.我希望你们能找出和它相关的东西。12,modern men :the men who were like ourselves 13,howeveranywhere you want ,加逗号but,yet不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentence therefore自由so自由14,tool:小工具 instrument:实验器械 equipment:设备15,shape:成型；教育，改造 Your baby is shaping well.你的宝宝发育良好。16,may als

14、o have:表推测 They may also have attention deficit disorders.他们也可能有注意力缺陷障碍。17,peel:果皮leather:皮革hide:兽皮cowhide:牛皮18,without (any) trace:无影无踪Without any trace in the sky, the bird has already flown by.天空不留下鸟的痕迹，但我已飞过。. Grammar 语法1，定语从句 根据定语从句与先行词的关系是否紧密，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系松散，只是补充说明，书写时常常使

15、用逗号隔开。关系代词that不引导非限制性定语从句。例:Mr Smith, who came to see us yesterday, is a relative of my wife史密斯是我妻子的一个亲戚，昨天他来看望我们了They are coming back to us, which means that they have been refused elsewhere他们回来找我们了，那意味着他们在别的地方已被拒绝 定语从句分为1、限制性定语从句：即从句不能省略，省略句子意思不清晰。2、非限制性定语从句：即从句可以省略，省略了不影响原意（先行词和关系词之间加“，”（逗号）不用用th

16、at）例：1、The blue team isnt play well today. The blue team is at the top pf the league.将其两个句子合并， 即：The blue team,which is at the top of the league,isnt playing well.2,speak，talk，tell，say，call的用法及区别say:之后要有说的内容，如He said nothing.Speak：后一般加语言名称，如He can speak Chinese.talk:交谈，如：He often talks with me durin

17、g lunchtime.此时talk也可改为chat（闲谈）call：一般用于打电话中，如：He will call me later.tell:告诉，如：He is talling me an interesting story.3,be from 和 come from的异同点？be from 由什么地方来, 是什么地方人的意思 (有祖籍那里的意思) I am from China. 我是中国人。 come from 从什么地方来 (只是简单说从那里来) I came from China. 我从中国来。（但不一定是中国人)1. 两者均可表示”来自哪里”指明说话者的家乡不过come fro

18、m 属于短暂动词，不和延续时间连用， be from 可以 eg: I come from China.= I am from China. 2. Come from 还可表示从某个地方来，而be from 则不行 eg: I came here from my uncles .我从叔叔家来这的。 Lesson 2 Spare that spider 不要伤害蜘蛛 = 1 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT I. First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。How much of each year

19、do spiders spend killing insects? Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our f

20、locks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the harm

21、 to us or our belongings. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and insect never more than six. How many spiders are engaged in this work no our behalf? One authority on spide

22、rs made a census of the spiders in grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible

23、to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in th

24、e country. T. H. GILLESPLE Spare that spider from The Listener = 2 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT II. 参考译文 你可能会觉得奇怪， 蜘蛛怎么会是我们的朋友呢？因为它们能消灭那么多的昆虫，其中包括一些人类的大敌，要不是人类受一些食虫动物的保护，昆虫就会使我们无法在地球上生活下去，昆虫会吞食我们的全部庄稼，杀死我们的成群的牛羊。我们要十分感谢那些吃昆虫的鸟和兽，然而把它们所杀死的昆虫全部加在一起也只相当于蜘蛛所消灭的一小部分。此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食虫动物，它们丝毫不危害我们和我们的财物。 许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫，但它

25、们不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫毫无关系。人们几乎一眼就能看出二者的差异，因为蜘蛛都是8条腿，而昆虫的腿从不超过6条。 有多少蜘蛛在为我们效力呢？一位研究蜘蛛的权威对英国南部一块草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次调查。他估计每英亩草坪里有225万多只蜘蛛。这就是说，在一个足球场上约有600万只不同种类的蜘蛛。蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆虫。它们一年中消灭了多少昆虫，我们简直无法猜测，它们是吃不饱的动物，不满意一日三餐。据估计，在英国蜘蛛一年里所消灭昆虫的重量超过这个国家人口的总重量。.Comprehension 理解Give short answers to these questions in your own wor

26、ds as far as possible.Use one complete sentence for each answer.1,Why have we reason to be grateful to insect-eating animals?We have reason to be grateful to insect-eating animals because insets includes some of the greatest enemies of the human race.2,How can we tell the difference between a spider

27、 and an insect?We can tell the difference between a spider and an insect because a spider has eight legs,and an insect never has more than six.3,What do you understand by the statement One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field .?(11.9-10) One authority on spiders made a

28、census in a grass field. means that an expert on spiders formally counted how many spiders there were on a piece of ground covered with grass. . New words and expressions 生词和短语beast n. 野兽census n. 统计数字acre n. 英亩content adj. 满足的 . Useful expression 有用的表达1,why, you may wonderyou may wonder why插入语先不管插入

29、语，弄清句子结构you may wonder why spiders should be our friends？插入语位置不固定why以疑问句 开头why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beings. why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.2,destroy程度比damage要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光tear into pieces 3,greatest enemies:天敌 dying enemy crying enemy dear enem

30、y human race:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词4,impossible 和possible 永远不要以人开头It is impossible for somebody to do something. likely可以以人做主语。i am likely to go. probable 也不以人做主语5,they would表示假设devour狼吞虎咽devour the food make a cake of myself make a god of myself devour the book6,it虚拟语气前面是主句，下面是条件句 前面一般的加动词devour,后面用一般

31、过去时If it were not for:如果这不是因为I would not survive if it were not for his timely help. but for 一定是虚拟语气 if it were not for7,owe感激，欠 i owe you.引出主题 all of them put together:把他们堆到一起 谓语动词是kill destroyed 后置定语，重心转到 spider. Grammar 语法1，Wonder用法n.惊奇；惊叹to look at sth. in wonder惊奇地看着某物They were filled with wond

32、er when they saw the spaceship.当他们看到宇宙飞船时，他们非常惊奇。奇观；壮举；奇才the seven wonders of the world世界七大奇观Hes a wonder.他是个奇才。Its a wonder难得；奇怪的是Its a wonder you recognized me.难得你还认得我。(Its) no wonder 难怪；并不奇怪；当然No wonder he is not hungry; he has been eating sweets all day.难怪他不饿，他整天在吃糖果。vi., vt.（常与at, that连用）觉得奇怪；惊

33、奇I wonder. In England, each man speaks a different language.我感到十分惊奇,在英国每个人都说着一种语言。I wonder at his rudeness.我对他的粗鲁感到奇怪。纳闷；想知道He wondered why people built ugly homes, when they could have beautiful ones.他很奇怪为什么人们本可以造出漂亮的房屋,而偏偏建造出丑陋的房子来。wondering how to do it想知道怎么做这个Ted wondered why he was wanted by th

34、e police, but he went to the station yesterday.特德不知道为什么警察局要他去,但昨天他去了。I wonder why James is always late for school.我想知道为什么詹姆斯上学总是迟到。Lesson 3 Matterhorn man 马特霍恩山区人 = 1 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT I. First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。What was the main objective of early mounta

35、in climbers? Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the su

36、mmit was the prize they sought, especially if it and never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner with would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of t

37、heir way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal - the top! It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine village tended to be impoverished sett

38、lements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever the

39、y could - sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen shee

40、ts at home, the change to the Alps must have very hard indeed. WALTER UNSWORTH Matterhorn Man = 2 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT II. 参考译文 现代登山运动员总想找一条能够给他们带来运动乐趣的路线来攀登山峰。他们认为， 道路愈艰险愈带劲儿。然而，在登山运动的初期，全然不是这种情况。早期登山者所寻找的是通往山顶的最方便的途径，因为顶峰特别是前人未曾到过的顶峰 - 才是他们寻求的目标。确实，在探险中他们经常遇到惊心动魄的困难和危险，而他们装备之简陋足以使现代登山者一想起来就胆战心惊。但

41、是，他们并非故意寻求这种刺激，他们只有一个目标，唯一的目标 - 顶峰！ 我们今天很难想像昔日的登山先驱们是多么艰苦。除了泽曼特和夏蒙尼等一两个很快出了名的地方外，阿尔卑斯山山区的小村几乎全是高山环抱、与世隔绝的穷乡僻壤。那里的小客栈一般都很肮脏，而且跳蚤猖獗。 食物是当地的干酪和通常存放了一年之久的面包，人们就着劣酒吞下这种食物。山谷里常常没有小客栈，登山者只好随遇而安。有时同当地牧师 （他通常和他的教民一样穷）住在一起，有时同牧羊人或制乳酪的人住在一起。无论住在哪儿，情况都一样：肮脏、贫穷，极其不舒适。对于过惯了一顿饭吃7道菜、睡亚麻细布床单的人来说，变换一下生活环境来到阿尔卑斯山山区，那一

42、定是很艰难的。.Comprehension 理解Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible.Use one complete sentence for each answer.1,In what way does the modern climbers attitude towards mountains differ from that of the pioneer? The modern climbers attitude differs from that of the pionee

43、r, in that the modern climber wants a route that will give him good sport, whereas the pioneer was only interested in getting to the top by the easiest route.2,Name three factors which made most Alipine villages inhospitable places. The three factors that made most Alpine villages inhospitable place

44、s were poverty, dirt and discomfort. . New words and expressions 生词和短语Matterhorn n. 马特霍恩峰（阿尔卑斯山之一，在意大利和瑞士边境）alpinist n. 登山运动员 pioneer v. 开辟，倡导； n. 先锋，开辟者summit n. 顶峰attain v. 到达perilous adj. 危险的shudder v. 不寒而栗court v. 追求solitary adj. 唯一的impoverish v. 使贫困Alpine adj. 阿尔卑斯山的flea-ridden adj. 布满跳蚤的coarse

45、 adj. 粗劣的boast v. 自恃有parishioner n. 教区居民shepherd n. 牧羊人linen n. 亚麻布床单the Alps n. 阿尔卑斯山脉. Useful expression 有用的表达1、Route路线 Road道路2、good sports :stimulus 刺激 thrilling 震撼、兴奋3、regardregard sb with sth(感情词 love hatredhorrorrespect) Dad, I regard you with horror.爸爸，我很害怕你。4、pineering days, ancient (先人时期)5、

46、not at all 根本不 case 这回事6、be doing 表达当时的行动（状态）7、top:顶点 summit 山顶 peak 山顶The scenery is at the peak ofthe mountain.无限风光在险峰。I am at the top of the world.我在世界之巅。 Summit meeting 峰会8、 attain到达 conquer 征服9、be of the most perilous nature nature特点、特性the most perilous difficulties and dangers学会 be of the + ad

47、j+noun 结构He is the kindest man. =He is the man of the kindest man.10、equipped 表示当时的一种伴随。11、in a manner 以这样的方式12、make sb do sth(省 to 结构)at the thought 一想到 ，mention 一提到,idea 一想到 这个结构后面加介词 of原文即 at the thought of their poor equipment14、go out of ones way 刻意 intentionally eye catching 引人注目的15、the real l

48、iving conditions 真实生存状况16、nowadays 插入语，现在回想起来，可在句首、句末17、except for 把其中的一部分扣除18、tend to be 倾向于19、settlement 生存地、驻扎地20、cut off=which are cut off21、flea ridden 跳蚤22、as they were 可以这么说，插入语 还有 as it wereThis book is , as it were, his life portrait.这本书，可是说，是他的人生写照。23、local 当地的24、wine 低度酒 alcohol 酒精 alcoho

49、lic 酒鬼25、boast 拥有 priest 牧师 shepherd 牧羊人 invariably=all the same26、dirt and poverty， and very uncomfortable （结构不符合习惯，不可学）27、course 一道菜28、must have been 表推测29、be accustomed to ,be used to + 名词、动名词I am used to the life in Bejing. I am used to living in Bejing.30、早餐：scratch a meal 中午餐：snack 快餐 晚餐：dinne

50、r31、the change toEducation brings great change to his outlook/view on life.教育使他的面貌（对生活的看法）产生了很大变化。. Grammar 语法1，“the+比较级，the+比较级”用法“the+比较级，the+比较级”意为“越越”，表示一方的程度随着另一方的变化而变化，其中的两个the都是副词，而不是冠词。本文拟从以下几个方面对此句式作一浅析，希望能帮助同学们加深理解。 一、对主、从句的理解 1.在通常情况下，前一个“the +比较级”相当于比较状语从句，后一个“the + 比较级”为主句。例如： The more

51、I read the book，the more I liked it 这本书我越看越喜欢。 The more difficult the questions are, the less likely he is able to answer them. 问题越难，他回答出来的可能性就越小。 2.有时前一个“the +比较级”相当于条件状语从句，后一个“the + 比较级”为主句，从句不可用将来时。例如： The earlier you start,the sooner youll be back. 你出发得越早,回来得就越早。 The more you practise, the bette

52、r you can understand. 你练习得越多，理解得就越透。 3.除上述情况外，还存在着主句在前，从句在后的特殊情况。此时，主句中的“the+比较级”多放在主句之末。此时，要按汉语习惯先译从句，再译主句。例如： He is the busier, the happier he feels. 他越忙越高兴。 You climb the higher, the farther you will see. 你爬得越高,就看得越远。 二、语序 一般说来，从句中的主语与谓语必须是正常语序，不能是倒装语序。主句可根据需要调整，既可采用正常语序，也可采用倒装语序。例如： The noisier

53、they were, the happier was their mother. 孩子越吵闹，他们的母亲就越高兴。 The harder you work, the more progress you will get. 你越努力，进步就越快。 三、省略 1.在通常情况下，如果主、从句中的谓语动词是联系动词be，而且主语非代词时，此时be常常省略。例如： The better the food (is), the more popular a restaurant gets. 食物越可口，饭店的生意就越红火。 The higher the tree (is), the stronger the

54、 wind (is). 树大招风。 The more exercise you take, the stronger you are. 锻炼得越多，身体越强壮。(注意：此句中的联系动词are不能省略。) 2.对于主句在前，从句在后的特殊情况，主句中形容词或副词前的the常常省略。例如： You practise (the) more, the better you can understand. 你练习得越多，你理解得就越透。 I knew him (the) more, the more I liked him. 我越了解他就越喜欢他。 3.主、从句的主语和谓语动词在叙述的场合有默契，可酌情

55、省略。例如： The sooner (you finish it), the better (it will be). 你完成得越快越好。 The more (you know), the more dangerous (it will be). 你知道得越多，处境就越危险。 Lesson 4 Seeing hands 能看见东西的手 = 1 * ROMAN * MERGEFORMAT I. First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。How did Vera discover she had this gi

56、ft of second sight? Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can detect colours with their fingers, and even see through solid and walls. One case concerns and eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different par

57、ts of her skin, and through solid walls. This ability was first noticed by her father. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were

58、 done up in bundles. Veras curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic. During these tests sh

59、e was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a childs game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of

60、 a picture hidden under a carpet. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity. During all these tests Vera was blindfold; and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin. It was also found that although she could perceive