翻译理论与实践10

1、汉译英对策（2）1汉译英主干的确立一、主语的确立1. 汉语的主语非常灵活，几乎可以由各种类型的词汇和语言单位来担任；英语主语的语法要求则非常严格，只能由名词或具有名词语法功能的语言单位（不定式、动名词、名词性从句）来充当。因此，译文的主语确立首先要考虑它是否符合英语组句和英语主语角色的逻辑。2例那个地方明年5月以前1000万元调查研究快用这种方法巧干如果运用科学的方法能解决这个问题3上面的句子，英译时主语只能有两种选择(1)增添人称主语“We/You/One”；(2)把“这个难题”当作主语，谓语译成被动式。We can solve this problem / This problem can

2、 be solved at that place.before next May.with ten million yuan.42.汉语主语有时候有隐蔽性，难以一眼看清。译者必须找出合乎英、美人思维方式的主语。例1在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。译文 The constant change of the course of the Yangtze River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan.5例2健康状况不佳就无法有效地工作。译文1 Ones poor health

3、will incapacitate him for efficient work.译文2 You cannot work efficiently if you are in poor health.例3古今中外，这种情况概莫能外。译文 There is no exception to this in modern or ancient times, in China or elsewhere.63.汉语多以人为句子的主语；英语则常用物和具体的事实作主语。翻译时应当加以注意。例1我看当然想这么回事。译文It certainly seems so to me.例2你做这件事不费吹灰之力译文Its

4、easy for you to do such a thing.7例3他想到把这件事全都交给他的妻子去办。译文It occurred to him to leave the whole thing to his wife.例4我昨天收到你的信。译文Your letter reached me yesterday.4.汉语无主句较多，译成英语时绝大部分需要增加主语。8二、谓语的确立汉语的谓语具有开放性几乎所有的词类和各种语言单位都可以充当谓语。而英语的谓语只能由动词来担任。1.汉语谓语如果是名词、数词、形容词、介词短语，译成英语时必须在这些词之前加上系动词。9例1这小伙挺帅。译文This you

5、ng man looks/is handsome.例2北京大地方。译文Beijing is a big city.102.汉语的连动式谓语译成英语时，只能保留一个主要动词（并列动词除外），而把其他动词译为名词、介词短语或不定式、分词等。例1总统明天准备乘坐专机前往上海参观访问。译文The president prepares to go to Shanghai by his special plane for a visit tomorrow.例2晚上过来跟我们一块儿去打保龄球好吗？译文Would you come to join us for playing bowling this eve

6、ning?11汉语词语的翻译一、汉语词语的特点及英译对策1.汉语有许多词语重意合，外形不完整，其含义靠人们的语言习得去感悟。翻译这些词时，一般要加词。例1你怎么学的这样下流？译文Where did you learn these low-class ways?12例2这个我自己决定不了，我得请示上边。译文I cant decide on it personally. I have to ask the top kick.例3这个车间既做来料加工，又做来样加工。译文This workshop processes raw materials on clients demand and proces

7、ses according to investors samples as well.132.汉语有些词语的含义会因为语境而发生微妙的变化。翻译这类词语时，应紧密结合上下文译成相应的词语，而不能按照原词的外形机械翻译。例1这两块大石头轻重相等These two stones equal in weight.14这件事无足轻重。This is a matter of no consequence.他总是轻重倒置。He always puts the trivial above the important.处理事情应该讲轻重缓急。Matters should be handled accordin

8、g to priority.15这件事的轻重你仔细掂量掂量。Just think over the consequences of the matter.这些年轻人做事情不知轻重。These young people do not know the proper way to act.16例2这篇文章的中心意思是什么？Whats the central idea of this article?你什么意思？What do you mean?我的意思还是不去为好。In my opinion its better not to go.17天有点要下雨的意思。It looks like rain.跳

9、舞很有意思Dancing is a lot of fun.他这人很有意思He is rather humorous.够意思！不过，我的意思你还是收下，不要不好意思。Really kind you are! But I insist that you should receive it. Dont feel embarrassed.183.有些汉语词语比较笼统，表意模糊，翻译时应寻求词语的确切含义。例1昨天看电影我没有买到好票。译文I did not buy a good seat for yesterdays film.例2我校目前尚未设博士点。译文Our university hasnt y

10、et had any doctoral programs.19例3烟囱通风不好，所以火不旺。译文There is not much draught up the chimney; thats why the fire doesnt burn well.例4我们相信用不了多久我们的产品就会走向世界。译文We believe that it will not be long before our products go global.204.汉语动词的含义比较单一，其修饰以一往往需要副词配合。英语动词的表达能力强，不仅表达动作本身，而且还表达修饰意义。翻译带副词修饰的汉语动词时，很多情况下可以不用

11、副词。例1一座古塔阴森森地矗立在山腰上。译文An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside.21例2他摸索着把门打开。译文He fumbled the door open.例3我的姐姐又因为我不爱整洁而向我唠叨地训诫了。译文My sister has been preaching at me again about my lack of neatness.225.汉语有许多比喻词汇，表面意义和喻指含义完全不同。翻译时应该译出潜在的意义。例1你怎么能够相信他呢？他是个墙头草，谁硬就跟谁。译文How can you trust him? Dont you

12、know that he always sits on the fence and falls on the side of the stronger?23例2他真是软棉花捏的，挨了骂都不敢还嘴。译文Hes wishy-washy. He dare not talk back when being cursed.例3他这是吃不了兜着走。译文He landed himself in serous trouble.例4他们几乎每天晚上都修长城。译文They play mahjong almost every night.24二、翻译汉语词语的基本要求1.确切。包括词的轻重、范围、褒贬、色彩、搭配及

13、近义词、同义词的选择。例1和这里的人一样，他也喜欢吃土豆。译文Like most people here, he likes to eat potatoes.25例2他们在积极巩固战果。译文1They are actively consolidating their victories.译文2They are actively consolidating their victorious gains.例3这个人私贩鸦片。译文1This man is a trafficker of opium.译文2This man secretly sells opium.262.简洁。包括去掉可有可无的词，

14、略译汉语的某些词语，去掉虚夸的修饰语。例1吸烟是他的习惯，对他的健康损害很大。译文1Smoking, his habit, has done considerable harm to his health.译文2Smoking, which is his habit, has done considerable harm to his health.27例2她们你一句我一句，说个没完。译文1They talked on and on, without stop.译文2They talked on and on.例3我们的目的，一定能够达到。译文1Our goal will certainly

15、be attained.译文2Our goal will be attained.283.生动。除译出词的基本含义外，还要译它的分量、感情色彩、使用场合以及它所包含的特殊气氛等。例1他总算把记者招待会应付过去了。译文After all, he survived the press conference.29例2花园里花草茂盛，五彩缤纷。译文The garden is carpeted with a mass of multicolored flowers.例3公共汽车未人们去长城参观提供了方便。译文Buses provide easy access to the Great Wall.30三、

16、汉语重叠词语和四字词组的翻译汉语的重叠词语多处于音韵对仗或生动性的考虑，有时只需译出基本含义，有些还要译出情感、节奏等。例1让我们把房子打扫打扫。译文Lets clean up the house.31例2我听说你们公司有个空位，我很想去试一试。但你能先为我牵线搭桥吗？译文I hear that there is an opening in your company and I would like to fill it. But will you pull some strings for me?例3她独身一人，无亲无故。译文She was all by herself and far from home, without a single relative or friend to help her.32Translation exercise1.你们不能草率行