毕业论文外文翻译-通用分组无线服务GPRS

1、大连科技学院2013届本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 大连交通大学信息工程学院毕业设计(论文)外文翻译学生姓名 专业班级 信息工程09-2班 指导教师 职 称 所在单位 电气工程系信息工程教研室 教研室主任 完成日期 2013 年 4 月 15 日GPRS1 GPRS OverviewGPRS is the General Packet Radio Service English abbreviations, for General grouping wireless business in Chinese, is a kind of wireless Packet switching tec

2、hnology based on GSM system, provides end-to-end, wide-area wireless IP connection. Relatively original GSM dial-up way way of circuit-switched data transmission, GPRS is packet switching technology, has a real-time online, volume pricing and quick login, high speed transmission and freely switch. I

3、nformally, GPRS is a high-speed data processing technology, the method is in the form of group send data to the users hands. Although GPRS as the existing GSM network to make the transition to the third generation mobile communication technology, but it has a significant advantage in many ways.Due t

4、o the use of the group technology, Internet users relative stability, to avoid the unnecessary short-term bring trouble. In addition, the use of GPRS Internet method is different from a WAP, with WAP web site like online at home, dial-up first, and on the Internet and cant use the phone line at the

5、same time, the GPRS download materials and can simultaneously. Technically, the transmission of sound (voice) continue to use the GSM, and can use the GPRS data transmission, in this way, the mobile phone application to promote to a higher level. Development of GPRS technology is economy, because on

6、ly need to use the existing GSM network. GPRS usage is very extensive, including through the mobile phone to send and receive E-mail, browsing on the Internet, etc.GPRS and past continuous in the channel transmission in different ways, to transmit the Packet (Packet) tense, so the burden of cost cal

7、culation is based on the transmission data unit, not to use its entire channels, theoretically cheaper. GPRS transmission rate can be up to 56 or 114 KBPS.2 An essential part of the GPRSPacket control unit (PCU) : mainly used for the completion of RLC/MAC function with the Gb interface and transform

8、ation. PCU in physical implementation can have three ways: PCU Settings in the BTS; PCU is set in the BTS; PCU independent setting, A physical entity (contain multiple PCU unit) likely connected to multiple BSC, equipped with the base station subsystem of PCU send packet business through the Gb inte

9、rface to SGSN, send via A voice service interface to MSC.Service GPRS support node (SGSN) : perform the function of mobility management, security and access control and routing, and other functions. Between the SGSN and HLR Gr interface used in the SGSN and HLR passed between mobility management of

10、related signaling. SGSN and SMS - GMSC/SMS - IWMSC between Gd interface is used to send short message service via GPRS. Between MSC/VLR and SGSN Gs interface used in the SGSN cooperate with MSC/VLR implementation such as joint location updates, via GPRS for CS paging, etc.Gateway GPRS support node (

11、GGSN) : responsible for providing GPRS PLMN and outer packet data network interface, and provide the necessary network security mechanisms (such as a firewall). Between the GGSN and HLR Gc interface as optional interface, is used to contact the HLR GGSN MS routing information. The SGSN and GGSN can

12、be set independently, can also be fellow. The same PLMN by designed.the Gn interfaces for communication between the GSN, different PLMN by Gp interface for communication between the GSN.Border gateway (BG) : border gateway for PLMN interconnection between the GPRS backbone, it should have basic secu

13、rity function, moreover can also according to the roaming agreements between operators increase the related functions. Border gateway can be independent of the physical entity, can also with the GGSN fellow.Billing gateway (CG) : charging gateway through Ga interface and GPRS network entities such a

14、s GSN communication, used to collect the GSN send billing data records and billing.Domain name server (DNS) : responsible for providing internal SGSN and GGSN GPRS network nodes of DNS and parse the APN.Mobile station (MS) : A user using the equipment, according to the function can be divided into A

15、, B, C three types, by the mobile terminal (MT) and terminal equipment (TE).LIG: lawful intercept gateway, collect information of GPRS users, transmitted to the monitoring agency.Other equipment: BTS, BSC, HLR, MSC/VLR, SMS - GMSC/SMS - IWMSC must be extended to support GSM, such as original equipme

16、nt associated with the GPRS function. The definition and function reference 900/1800 MHZ TDMA digital public land honeycomb mobile communication network technology system. In a basic network, GPRS base station subsystem can be through the frame relay network are connected to the SGSN, E1 leased line

17、. SGSN and GGSN, BG, CG, DNS, etc. The core network entity is through the IP transmission network signaling and data transmission. In addition, in the core network, SGSN and HLR, MSC/VLR, short message center and GGSN to no. 7 signaling network and HLR to communicate.3 GPRS service typeAccording to

18、the types of services provided by, now some GPRS Class types have A, B, C three types:Class A can on the Internet of answering the phone at the same time, the technical means and support package exchange (data) and the circuit exchange (voice).Class B can go online and answer the phone, but not at t

19、he same time, the technical means, while also supporting circuit switching and packet switching, but at the same time.Class C can only access to the Internet, when it cant make a phone call, its technology means that it only supports packet switching. So far, the only Class B type I know mobile phon

20、e, that is to say, it can be either GPRS Internet, also can make a phone call, but not simultaneously.But my reasoning is that GPRS service type of the Class is not entirely determined by the phone, but need to GPRS network operators to provide corresponding service to proceed. They are cooperate wi

21、th each other and interdependent relationship.4 The working principle of GPRSGPRS English full name is: General Packet Radio Service (translation General Packet Radio Service), it is to use the Packet (Packet Switched) developed the concept of a set of wireless transmission mode. So-called packet is

22、 the Data encapsulated into many separate packets, out of these packets to each other again, in the form similar to the post office to send the parcel. Its role is to take only when there is data need to transmit bandwidth, but also in transport of data amount, this is a reasonable way of charging f

23、or the masses of users, because such as the Internet data transmission bandwidth is idle most of the time.GPRS network is based on the existing GSM network. In the existing GSM network need to add some nodes, such as the GGSN (Gateway GPRS Supporting Node, support GPRS Gateway Node) and SGSN (Servin

24、g GSN, GPRS support Node), GSN is the most important network Node in the GPRS network. GSN has mobile routing management function, it can connect to various kinds of data network, and can be connected to GPRS registers. GSN can complete data transfer between mobile terminal and a variety of data net

25、work and format conversion. GSN can is a kind of independent equipment similar to the router, can also with MSC integration of GSM. GSN has two types: one for the SGSN (GSN Serving GSN, services), another for the GGSN (GSN) Gateway GSN, Gateway, SGSNs main function is to record the current position

26、information of mobile terminal, and between the mobile terminals and the GGSN complete mobile packet data sending and receiving. GGSN mainly plays a role of the gateway, it can and a variety of data network connection, such as ISDN, PSPDN and LAN. Some material called GGSN GPRS router even abroad. G

27、GSN can put GSM GPRS packet in the packet, protocol conversion, in order to put these packets grouped data to a remote TCP/IP or x. 25 network.GPRS is working, by addressing and routing management data connections, and GPRS routing management performance in the following three aspects: the mobile te

28、rminal sends data routing establishment; Mobile terminal receives the data routing establishment; And the establishment of the mobile terminal in roaming data routing.For the first case, when the mobile terminal generates a PDU packet data unit), the PDU through SNDC layer processing, called SNDC da

29、ta unit. And then through the LLC layer processing for LLC frame through the air interface to the GSM network in the mobile terminal of the SGSN. SGSN sends data to the GGSN. GGSN put received message in solution processing, are converted to can be in the format of the transfer in a public data netw

30、ork (PSPDN as PDU), and eventually to a public data network users. In order to improve the transmission efficiency, and ensure the security of data transmission, can be on the air interface of data compression and encryption processing.In the second case, a public data network users to send data to

31、the mobile terminal, the first through the standard protocols to establish data network and data network routing between the GGSN. Data network user data unit (PDU) in such as PSPDN, through the establishment of good routing gave GGSN PDU data unit.The GGSN again give the PDU to mobile terminal is l

32、ocated on the SGSN, GSN PDU encapsulation into SNDC data unit, again through the LLC layer processing of the LLC frame unit, finally through the air interface for mobile terminals.The third condition is a data network users to send data to a mobile user is roaming. This case to pass belongs to the G

33、GSN of data transfer, and then sent to A user terminal.5 The application of GPRS technology fieldChatting on the net;Textual and visual information;Static and dynamic image;Web browsing;Document sharing and collaboration;Audio;Work assignment;Enterprise internal E-mail;The Internet E-mail;Vehicle po

34、sitioning;The remote LAN access;File transfer;Home automation, etc.6 The current research status of GPRS wireless transmissionBased on general packet radio service GPRS wireless data transmission is very suitable for remote data transmission means of communication. Compared with the traditional way

35、of transmission, GPRS has low running cost, is not subject to regional restriction, high real-time performance advantage. One of the most important is a GPRS network, the network operators from the daily maintenance of network and network construction investment, can be greatly reduced in order to a

36、chieve the purpose of protecting the environment, saving energy and reducing consumption, and resource sharing. Due to these advantages, construction and development of GPRS network at home and abroad soon. The technology originated in Europe, Chinas network development started relatively late compa

37、red to other countries. Can be seen through the domestic and foreign research literature, the research of GPRS network terminal application, in most cases, using the GPRS data transmission module. Module manufacturers have focused on Germanys Siemens, MOTOROLA Wavecome company in France and the Unit

38、ed States, such as domestic firms, such as ZTE, HUAWEI, also has the GPRS data transmission module products. Compared with overseas in this field of application is relatively mature, the hardware and software products are also relatively stable, and the application of GPRS services in domestic resea

39、rch is still in its infancy, the applied research in the field of space is relatively large. Believe that in the next few years, the application of GPRS technology will have great development.In recent years, research on GPRS wireless data transmission is various, some dedicated to mobile data commu

40、nication of a full range of solutions, in view of the consumer electronics, industrial control, environmental monitoring and remote telemetry, such as different industries, the development of targeted physical products, including data acquisition, data communication, data management and other functi

41、ons. Some in order to make the embedded engineer focus on application development of GPRS network communication protocol stack which research, provide transparent IP channel for upper development, thereby ignore is relatively large, complex network communication protocol. And, according to the theor

42、y of GPRS wireless data transmission performance problems, put forward a series of changes, such as reliability, security, etc for GPRS was improved, to further improve the performance of GPRS wireless transmission, so as to expand the application field of the GPRS.通用分组无线服务1 GPRS概述GPRS是General Packe

43、t Radio Service的英文简称，中文为通用无线分组业务，是一种基于GSM系统的无线分组交换技术，提供端到端的、广域的无线IP连接。相对原来GSM的拨号方式的电路交换数据传送方式，GPRS是分组交换技术，具有“实时在线”、“按量计费”、“快捷登录”、“高速传输”、“自如切换”的优点。通俗地讲，GPRS是一项高速数据处理的技术，方法是以“分组”的形式传送资料到用户手上。虽然GPRS是作为现有GSM网络向第三代移动通信过渡的技术，但是它在许多方面都具有显著的优势。由于使用了“分组”技术，用户上网相对稳定，避免了不必要的短线带来的困扰。此外，使用GPRS上网的方法与WAP不同，用WAP上网就

44、如在家中上网，先“拨号连接”，而上网后便不能同时使用该电话线，但GPRS下载资料和通话可以同时进行。从技术上说，声音的传送（即通话）继续使用GSM，而数据的传送便可使用GPRS，这样，就把移动电话的应用提升到一个更高的层次。发展GPRS技术也十分“经济”，因为只需沿用现有的GSM网络即可。GPRS的用途十分广泛，包括通过手机发送及接收电子邮件，在互联网上浏览等。GPRS和以往连续在频道传输的方式不同，是以封包（Packet）式来传输，因此使用者所负担的费用是以其传输资料单位计算，并非使用其整个频道，理论上较为便宜。GPRS的传输速率可提升至56甚至114Kbps。2 GPRS的基本组成部分分组

45、控制单元（PCU）：主要用于完成RLC/MAC功能和与Gb接口的转换。PCU在物理实现上可以有三种方式：PCU设置在BTS中；PCU设置在BTS中；PCU独立设置，一个物理实体(包含多个PCU单元)有可能和多个BSC相连， 配备了PCU的基站子系统把分组业务经Gb接口送往SGSN，把话音业务经A接口送往MSC。服务GPRS支持节点（SGSN）：执行移动性管理、安全功能和接入控制和路由选择等功能。SGSN与HLR之间的Gr接口用于SGSN与HLR之间传送移动性管理的相关信令。SGSN与SMS-GMSC/SMS-IWMSC之间的Gd接口用于经GPRS传送短消息业务。SGSN与MSC/VLR之间的

46、Gs 接口用于SGSN与MSC/VLR配合实现诸如联合位置更新、经由GPRS进行CS寻呼等功能。网关GPRS支持节点（GGSN）：负责提供GPRS PLMN与外部分组数据网的接口，并提供必要的网间安全机制（如防火墙）。GGSN与HLR之间的Gc接口为可选接口，用于GGSN向HLR查询MS的路由信息。SGSN和GGSN可以独立设置，也以合设。同一PLMN中的GSN之间通过Gn接口进行通信，不同PLMN中的GSN之间通过 Gp 接口进行通信。边界网关（BG）：边界网关用于PLMN间GPRS骨干网的互连，它应具有基本的安全功能，此外还可以根据运营商之间的漫游协定增加相关功能。边界网关可以是独立的物理

47、实体，也可以与GGSN合设。计费网关（CG）：计费网关通过Ga接口与GPRS网络中的计费实体如GSN等通信，用于收集各GSN发送的计费数据记录并进行计费。域名服务器（DNS）：负责提供GPRS网内部SGSN、GGSN等网络节点的域名解析以及APN的解析。移动台（MS）：用户使用的设备，按功能可分为A、B、C三类，由移动终端（MT）和终端设备（TE）构成。LIG：合法监听网关，收集GPRS用户的相关信息，传送给监听机构。其他设备：BTS、BSC、HLR、MSC/VLR、SMS-GMSC/SMS-IWMSC等GSM原有设备应扩展以支持相应的与GPRS有关的功能。具体定义及功能参考“900/1800

48、MHz TDMA数字公用陆地蜂窝移动通信网技术体制”。在一个GPRS基本网络中，基站子系统可以通过帧中继网、E1专线等方式与SGSN相连。SGSN、GGSN、BG、CG、DNS等核心网实体是通过IP传输网进行信令与数据传输的。此外，在核心网中，SGSN与HLR、MSC/VLR、短消息中心以及GGSN与HLR之间通过7号信令网进行通信。3 GPRS的服务类型按所提供的服务种类来说，现在有的GPRS的Class类型有A、B、C三种：（1）Class A可以在上网的同时接听电话，其技术含义是同时支持包交换（数据）和电路交换（语音）。（2）Class B可以上网和接电话，但不能同时进行，其技术含义是虽

49、然也支持包交换和电路交换，但不可在同一时刻支持包交换和电路交换，状态可以切换。（3）Class C则只能上网，什么时候都不能打电话，其技术含义是它只支持包交换。到目前为止，我所知道的手机只有Class B类型，也就是说，它既可以GPRS上网，也能打电话，但不能同时进行。不过我的推论是，GPRS的服务类型Class并不完全由手机决定，而是需要GPRS网络运营商提供相应服务才能进行。两者是互相配合和依存的关系。4 GPRS的工作原理GPRS的英文全称是：“General Packet Radio Service”（译作“通用分组无线服务”），它是利用“包交换”（PacketSwitched）的概念

50、发展起来的一套无线传输方式。所谓“包交换”就是将Data封装成许多独立的封包，再将这些封包一一传送出去，形式上有点类似邮局中的寄包裹。其作用在于只有当有资料需要传送时才会占用频宽，而且可以以传输的资料量计价，这对广大用户来说是较合理的计费方式，因为像Internet这类的数据传输大多数的时间频宽是闲置的。GPRS网络是基于现有的GSM网络来实现的。在现有的GSM网络中需增加一些节点，如GGSN（Gateway GPRS Supporting Node，GPRS网关支持节点）和SGSN（Serving GSN，GPRS服务支持节点），GSN是GPRS网络中最重要的网络节点。GSN具有移动路由管理

51、功能，它可以连接各种类型的数据网络，并可以连到GPRS寄存器。GSN可完成移动终端和各种数据网络之间的数据传送和格式转换。GSN可以是一种类似于路由器的独立设备，也可以与GSM中的MSC集成在一起。GSN有两种类型：一种为SGSN（Serving GSN，服务GSN），另一种为GGSN（Gateway GSN，网关GSN），SGSN的主要作用是记录移动终端的当前位置信息，并且在移动终端和GGSN之间完成移动分组数据的发送和接收。GGSN主要是起网关作用，它可以和多种不同的数据网络连接，如ISDN、PSPDN和LAN等。国外有些资料甚至将GGSN称为GPRS路由器。GGSN可以把GSM网中的GP

52、RS 分组数据包进行协议转换，从而可以把这些分组数据包传送到远端的TCPIP或X.25网络。GPRS工作时，通过路由管理来进行寻址和建立数据连接，而GPRS的路由管理表现在以下三方面：移动终端发送数据的路由建立；移动终端接收数据的路由建立；以及移动终端处于漫游时数据路由的建立。对于第一种情况，当移动终端产生了一个PDU分组数据单元)，这个PDU经过SNDC层处理，称为SNDC数据单元。然后经过LLC层处理为LLC帧通过空中接口送到GSM网络中移动终端所处的SGSN。SGSN把数据送到GGSN。GGSN把收到的消息进行解装处理，转换为可在公用数据网中传送的格式（如PSPDN的PDU），最终送给公

53、用数据网的用户。为了提高传输效率，并保证数据传输的安全，可以对空中接口上的数据做压缩和加密处理。在第二种情况中，一个公用数据网用户传送数据到移动终端时，首先通过数据网的标准协议建立数据网和GGSN之间的路由。数据网用户发出的数据单元（如 PSPDN中的PDU），通过建立好的路由把数据单元PDU送给GGSN。 而GGSN再把PDU送给移动终端所在的SGSN上,GSN把PDU封装成SNDC数据单元，再经过LLC层处理为LLC帧单元，最终通过空中接口送给移动终端。 第三种情况是一个数据网用户传送数据给一个正在漫游的移动用户。这种情况下的数据传送必须要经过归属地的GGSN，然后送到用户A端。5 GPR

54、S技术的应用领域网上聊天；文本和可视信息；静态和动态图像；网页浏览；文档共享和协同工作；音频；工作分派；企业内部电子邮件；因特网电子邮件；车辆定位；远程局域网接入；文件传输；家庭自动化等。6 GPRS无线传输的研究现状基于通用分组无线业务的GPRS无线数据传输是非常合适的远程数据传输的通信手段。与传统的传输方式相比，GPRS具有运行成本低，不受地域限制，实时性高等优势。最重要的是由网络运营商投资的GPRS网络，免除了网络的日常维护，可以大大降低网络建设投资，以达到保护环境的目的，节能降耗，资源共享。由于这些优势，国内外的GPRS网络的建设和发展很快。这项技术起源于欧洲，中国的网络建设相比其他国

55、家起步较晚。通过国内外的研究文献可以看出，目前的GPRS网络终端应用研究，在大多数情况下，采用了GPRS数据传输模块。模块制造商主要集中在德国的西门子，法国的Wavecome公司和美国的摩托罗拉公司等，国内企业，如中兴、华为，也有GPRS数据传输模块产品。相比之下，国外在这一领域的应用是比较成熟的，硬件和软件产品也相对稳定，而GPRS服务在国内的应用研究尚处于起步阶段，这一领域应用研究的空间还比较大。相信在未来几年内，GPRS技术的应用会有长足的发展。近年来关于GPRS无线数据传输的研究也是多方面的，有的致力于移动数据通信的全套解决方案，针对消费电子、工业控制、环境监控和遥控遥测等不同行业，开

56、发了具有针对性的实体产品，包括数据采集、数据通信、数据管理等各种功能。有的为了让嵌入式工程师专注于应用开发而进行GPRS的网络的通信协议栈的研究，为上层开发提供透明的IP通道，从而不用理会相对庞大、复杂的网络通信协议。还有的针对GPRS无线数据传输中的性能问题，提出了一系列改进的方案，如针对GPRS的可靠性、安全性等方面进行改进，进一步提高了GPRS无线传输的性能，从而拓展了GPRS的应用领域。五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文翻译，你想要的工具都在这里!在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手。具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能