城市规划设计外文文献翻译

1、城市规划设计外文文献翻译 (含：英文原文及中文译文) 文献出处： Jackson L E. The relationship of urban design to human health and conditionJ. Landscape & Urban Planning, 2003, 64(4):191-200.英文原文 The relationship between urban design and human health conditionsLaura JacksonAbstractThe population of the United States of America is

2、currently experiencing increased illness from dispersed and synergistic causes. Many of the acute insults of the past have receded due to centralized health care and regulatory action. However, chronic ailments including asthma and allergies, animal-transmitted diseases, obesity, diabetes, heart dis

3、ease, and depression are on the rise. These diverse illnesses join with forest fragmentation, stream degradation, wetlands destruction, and the concomitant loss of native species to suggest detrimental contributions from the built environment. This paper surveys the state of the science on the impac

4、ts of urban design on human health and well-being. Drawing primarily on recent peer-reviewed literature in a broad array of health, planning, and environmental fields, it outlines the influence of design at three spatial scales on aspects of physical and mental health, and social and cultural vibran

5、cy. Selected ecological effects are also discussed to illustrate shared associations with urbanization. While causal chains are generally complex and not always completely understood, sufficient evidence exists to reveal urban design as a powerful tool for improving human condition. Solutions are di

6、scussed at the personal and professional level, emphasizing cross-disciplinary collaboration in urban planning and design, and the participation of residents in shaping their living environment. At the parcel scale, greenery and access to it visually and physically are the principal keys to health.

7、These elements must be incorporated into relatively high-density neighborhood designs that include public buildings, open space, mixed land use, and pedestrian walkways to increase physical exercise and enhance civic life. Finally, neighborhoods must be embedded in existing urban infrastructure to p

8、rovide larger cultural and business opportunities and reduce reliance on the automobile. Further research is recommended to strengthen the associations between design and health. Increased communication on this subject is also necessary between design and health practitioners and their clients and c

9、olleagues. Keywords: Ecological design; Public health; Social capital1 IntroductionModern society has gradually realized that people and culture are components of the natural environment, and that human health conditions are closely related to the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is useful to

10、explore methods and style corrections of human settlements and landscapes for their potential effects on human and environmental health. The site of garden ecology and landscape architecture, in particular, has produced rich literature on the environmental consequences of urban land use. By comparis

11、on, research and discussion are highly limited in the issues related to human effects. National health professionals advocate that healthy individuals are better than dedicated medical institutions relying on medical machinery. The advancement of human civilization and the step-by-step expansion of

12、the natural world, the ecologically defined health needs continue to be modified due to countless different lifestyles and more and more freelancers. It is those architectures, landscaping and urban design that are buried in the huge array of personal choices. The built environment of post-industria

13、l culture does not investigate resources to improve the health of people and the environment. This paper examines the greatest possibilities of urban design for the human condition and includes the actual physical and mental peace, environmental quality, and the overall quality of peoples lives. It

14、proves that the state of science connects urban design with the health of humans, and allows architects, designers, and citizens to improve their living environment. Now that the academic world has recognized and understood this gradually broad and surprising theory, we have achieved milestone achie

15、vements. Sources of data include literature and conferences conducted from the publics health, origin of the drugs origin, literature review, psychology, environmental studies, health studies, natural resource management, transportation and urban design, and various sources from the news media. Advo

16、cate papers on the Internet, and multimedia. The results of the survey are outlined in a section of three spatial class organizations that meet the human settlements: buildings and open spaces, neighborhood relations, and town areas. When the design issues of the city are not always singled out into

17、 one or the other of these three categories, they provide a useful way of organizing the data, and show personal and professional control over a tilt.2 Buildings and groundsIn addition to the building materials themselves, most doctors and social science research concentrate on the visual and practi

18、cal pathways in the outdoors. From a literary perspective, the healthiest architecture is to allow residents to live in natural and abundant light, and at the same time have a good ventilation environment. The view of the greenery and the end are close to the outdoor green space. Green architecture

19、seems to explain and satisfy peoples requirements for the environment and convenience of their own lives in the most accurate way without polluting the environment. Lindheim, Syme, Evans, and Wells jointly concluded that young children living on higher floors of high-rise buildings have lower physic

20、al flexibility and more activity problems and respiratory problems than ordinary children. There are more. The diseases on the nerves and the society are isolated in single-parent families. Consider the main factors that adversely affect the health of those who are restricted from going outdoors. Li

21、ndheim and Syme emphasize that mothers under 5 years of age, and these children, are the most easily affected groups in the life of such high-rise buildings, when young and old people may find it better. In much of todays research it is seen that maintaining the patency of the outside world with dom

22、estic settings for natural experience involves few opportunities for the captured population. When the designer proposes to use a wider study, it appears that all the buildings that are more importantly designed as the urban residents of the individual project incorporate greenery and methods to vis

23、ually and physically access it. Most researchers advocate using a good environment to improve peoples health and social welfare rather than choosing between landscaping and human health. They generally report the beneficial effects of green plants. However, when people choose to use lawns for paving

24、 at homes, schools, commercial parks, and vacant lots in plazas and improper use of some tall trees, this leads to a result that people cannot imagine - dryness and ecological resources of water sources. The rapid reduction, the spread of toxic gases, and the increasingly harsh living environment of

25、 wildlife. Ecologists and cancer survivors Sandra reported that lawn care insecticides can increase the incidence of cancer in wildlife and humans, long-term exposure to outdoor family members than the long-term cycle of indoor members in the family long. Lyman found that the total launches from the

26、 lawnmower had already exceeded the amount of pollutants that caused fresh air to come from the car. These and other negative survey results have led many people to claim that tall plants are planted on the land rather than on the lawn. The wise choice is to let the plants on this land absorb rainwa

27、ter and filter the citys surface water, provide food and shelter for small wild plants, and enjoy visually for residents of the city. If the design of buildings and open spaces is competing to attract peoples attention (Nassauer, 1997), natural planting can certainly succeed in surpassing artificial

28、 turf for health benefits.3 NeighborhoodsOur social relations consist of one by one neighborhood relationship. According to Putnam, one of the earliest uses this term in Jane Jacobs book Death and Life in American Cities. Jacobs (1961) stated that the optimization of this neighborhood relationship w

29、ill result in a lower crime rate in the nearby residential areas. The children will be better taught and have a good environment for growth. People will be more willing to express their Joy because of their physical and mental comfort. Kuo et al. (1998) demonstrated that green space is a way to incr

30、ease informal contact. Once again studying low-income residents, the researchers found that the emergence of trees and grasses in other public housing units was formed in conjunction with strong social relationships among neighbors. This demonstration of accessible green space is important to human

31、well-being at nearby scales and individual packages. Within the neighborhood of the neighborhood in a single structure, Lyle (1994), a resident of a Berlin apartment complex, showed a social binding report because of a sewer waste treatment plant compared to other apartment dwellers. This is an exam

32、ple of the fratricides of the design society that also provide environmental benefits.3.1 High densities and mixed useAdvocates of traditional and new traditional urban design advocate high residential density, mixed land use and gridded street models to maximize not only social contact but also phy

33、sical exercise and open space (eg Kunstler, 1996). However, many of these claims have not been confirmed by formal studies. Studies by Berman (1996) and Cervero (1996) found that high density and mixed use increased pedestrian and bicycle activities. Obviously, this gives participants a health benef

34、it, while at the same time retaining open space through concentrated development. In addition, the mixed use achieved shared parking between drivers during the day and night, resulting in a smaller paved area, but the evidence is unclear. The benefits of these design functions in driving non-motoriz

35、ed vehicles are appropriate in car travel. Questions about cars and impervious surfaces will be discussed in detail in the next section.On the negative side, Berman pointed out that the style of street housing sacrifices privacy. On the seaside in Florida, the original new tradition of development,

36、residents have allowed shrubs to cover windows and porches to block views from the streets. He also provided the results of a survey that showed that people like to design the loop and the end of the road as a grid, although grid residents report the highest sense of community, neighborhood friendly

37、, and shopping and school convenience. However, the grid was rated lowest near the park, and the highest mortality rate was when visiting with outside neighbors. Both Berman and Serveiro believe that the social and environmental goals of the new traditional design are more likely to be satisfied by

38、filling and redeveloping the existing urban areas rather than forcing a mixed use in another isolated new community. Some studies existed against the demands of the critics of typical inner city and new traditional designs. Lindheim and Syme (1983) cited a number of studies and pointed out that ther

39、e is little evidence that high-density housing (outside of prisons) can cause mental or physical illness.Adams (1992) reported that both congestion and population heterogeneity are often the result of high urban density and the consequences of new traditional design goals. In contrast, Putnam (2000)

40、 found that the integrated cultural environment increased participation in the political process, which is an indicator of social capital. However, Lindheim and Syme did notice that national enclaves promote family relationships and neighbor reciprocity, which is another form of valuable social capi

41、tal. Steingraber (2002) focused on the topics of neighboring industries such as car repair shops and dry cleaners. These measures encourage people to carry out pedestrian activities in residential areas and increase the local economic vitality. However, Steingraber warns them of toxic emissions. Som

42、e may think that such small enterprises are not suitable for mixed land use design, or should be completely eliminated and replaced by new technologies.3.2 Pattern, landmarks, public buildingsThe design of residential areas involves human health and well-being. There are many reasons for its impact,

43、 including the establishment of public buildings and the establishment of landmarks. Kaplan and Kaplan have written about the importance of directional orientation of environmental structures a long time ago (eg, Kaplan et al., 1998). Visual landmarks and logical design ideas assist people in reachi

44、ng their destination. Spiritually, these design elements provide a sense of comfort and comfort. Kaplan et al. (1998) and Berleant (1992) also discussed the importance of intellectual secrets and exploration of humans. In order to explore unfamiliar settings, it is necessary that people feel safe. S

45、miths (1977) report that the mental health patient who appeared in the East Landmark was organized in conjunction with reduced habitual criminal activity. Reducing habitual criminal activity is also observed before the patient has access to public buildings such as libraries, churches and community

46、centers. Appropriateness of these cities is seen as noise from city and port of traffic, When it is sense of feeling in society. Therefore, they are designed around the benefit of their psychology, the human scale, and the emergence of public buildings is an important component of the sg.3.3 Conduci

47、ve walkwaysResidents of the city (Federal Center for Disease Control, 1998) and low-income women generally have little physical activity in their spare time. Therefore, Jackson and Kochtitzky advocated providing opportunities for people to exercise in the vicinity and this idea can be achieved when

48、people walk. In everyday life, it is like going shopping and going to work. Andersen (1999) stated that these lifestyles and life activities are equally effective when you are doing aerobic exercise to lose weight. The views of all walks of life of this method are that it is beneficial to the design

49、 of the neighborhood living area.The proportion of urban residents (CDC, 1998) and general low-income women (Brownson et al., 2001) who participated in leisure time exercise was lower. Therefore, Jackson and Kochtitzky advocated providing neighborhood opportunities to complete routine activities suc

50、h as routine shopping and work. Andersen et al. (1999) reported that these lifestyle activities are as effective as organized aerobic exercise in weight loss. The key to this strategy is to facilitate neighborhood design.中文译文城市设计和人类健康条件的关系劳拉杰克森摘要美利坚合众国的人口目前由于分散和协同的原因正在经历疾病增加。由于集中的医疗保健和监管行动，许多过去的急性侮辱

51、已经消退。然而，慢性疾病包括哮喘和过敏，动物传播疾病，肥胖，糖尿病，心脏病和抑郁症正在上升。这些不同的疾病伴随着森林破碎化，水流退化，湿地破坏以及伴随而来的本地物种丧失，表明建筑环境的不利贡献。本文调查了城市设计对人类健康和幸福影响的科学状况。主要从最近同行评审的文献中广泛介绍健康，规划和环境领域，概述了三个空间尺度上的设计对身体和心理健康以及社会和文化活力的影响。还讨论了选定的生态效应，以说明与城市化的共同关联。虽然因果链通常很复杂，并不总是完全理解，但充分的证据表明城市设计是改善人类状况的有力工具。解决方案在个人和专业层面进行讨论，强调城市规划和设计方面的跨学科合作，以及居民参与塑造他们的

52、生活环境。在包裹的范围内，绿化和视觉和身体上的访问是健康的主要关键。这些要素必须纳入相对高密度的邻里设计中，包括公共建筑，开放空间，混合土地利用和人行道，以增加体育锻炼并增加公民生活。最后，社区必须嵌入现有的城市基础设施中，以提供更大的文化和商业机会，并减少对汽车的依赖。建议进一步研究加强设计与健康之间的关联。设计和健康从业者及其客户和同事之间就这个问题进行交流也是必要的。关键词：生态设计;公共卫生;社会资本1 引言现代的社会逐渐认识到人和文化是组成自然环境的组成部分,而且人类的健康条件和周围的环境情况有着密切的关系的。因此,为他们的潜在性在人和环境的健康方面的不利效果探究人类的居民点和风景的

53、方法和式样修正是有用的。园林生态和风景建筑学的场地,尤其是,已经产生在城市用地使用的环境结果上的富有文学。 藉着比拟，研究和讨论高度地在人类的效果相关的议题上被限制。 全民健康的专业人员主张健康的个人胜过送进专门的治疗机构依靠医疗机械。人类文明的进步和对自然领域的一步步地扩张，生态学上所定义的健康需要不断地修改，由于数不尽的不同的生活方式和越来越多的自由职业者。在个人的选择巨大的排列中埋入是那所影响的那些建筑学，景观美化和都市的设计。后工业文化的被建造的环境为改良人和环境的健康表现巨大的不调查资源。 这篇论文研究城市设计对人类的情况有益的最大可能性和包含实际的身体和心智的安宁,环境质量和人们生

54、活的总的质量。它证明科学的状态把城市设计和人类的健康情况相连, 和让建筑师，设计者和市民改良生活环境的方法。现在的学界认识和理解到这个逐渐广泛和让人惊讶的理论时我们就取得了里程碑式的成就。 数据来源包括了从公众的健康，药的源产地来的 同期检讨的文学和会议进行,心理学，环境学，健康学，自然资源管理，交通运输和城市设计和来自新闻媒体的各种资料, 拥护在英特网上的文献和多媒体。 调查结果在三个符合人类的居民点的一个空间的阶级组织的区段中被概述: 建筑物和空地，邻里关系，和城镇区域。当城市的设计议题没有总是单独地说划入这三类的一种或另外一种之内的时候,他们提供组织数据的有用方法, 而且表现个人的和专业

55、的控制一个倾斜度。2 建筑和空地 除了建筑材料本身,多数的医生和社会科学研究在这一个尺度把重心集中在到了户外的视觉和实际的通路。由文学看来,最有益健康的建筑学是让居民居住在天然和充足的光照下，同时又有很好的通风环境。绿叶的视野和结束对户外的绿地接近。 绿色建筑学似乎在最精确的解释了和满足了人们对环境的要求和自身生活上的方便程度却又不污染环境。 Lindheim、Syme、Evans、Wells共同研究得出一个结论：居住在高楼大厦较高层上的小孩子们有着比平常小孩较低的身体灵活性和更多的活动上的问题和呼吸疾病，有更多的神经上的疾病和社会孤立在单亲家庭。深思那些受到限制不能到户外的活动的不利的健康效

56、果的主要因素。 Lindheim 和 Syme 强调在5岁以下的孩子母亲们，和这些孩子,是最容易被影响的人群在这种高层建筑的生活中，当年轻人和老年人可能找它较好的时候。在现今的许多研究看，和户外的保持通畅在国内的设定外面为自然经验用很少的机会包括被俘的人口。当设计人员建议用比较宽的书房时候, 它出现所有的更重要被设计，作为个别项目的都市居民的建筑物合并绿叶和方法视觉上而且身体上地存取它。 大多数的研究员主张用好的环境去改良人们的健康和社会福利而不是说在景观美化和人类健康中二选一。 他们一般都会报导绿色植物的有益效果。 然而，当人们在家、学校、商业区空地、广场的空地上都选择用草坪去铺，而不适当的

57、使用一些高大的乔木，从而导致了一个人们难以想象的后果水源的干枯、生态资源的急剧减少、有毒气体的扩散、野生动植物生存环境的越来越恶劣。生态学者和癌症生还者桑德拉报导说草坪的照料杀虫剂能增加野生动植物和人类的癌症的发病率,长期数暴露在室外的家庭成员的发病周期比长期在户内的成员的周期长。 Lyman发现来自剪草机的总发射已经超越引起新鲜的空气形成的一些污染物质的来自轿车。 这些和其他的否定调查结果已经引起很多人主张在旷地上种高大的植物而不是铺上草坪。聪明地选择,是让这片土地上的植物吸收雨水而且过滤城市的表面流水，提供食物而且给小的野生植物庇护，而且为前往城市的居民视觉上的享受。 如果建筑和空地的设计是为吸引人们的眼球而竞争的话 (Nassauer,1997), 自然的种植在有益健康肯定能成功地胜过人工的草坪。 3 邻里关系 我们的社会关系是由一个个的邻里关系组成的。 依照 Putnam ，期中一个最早使用这个术语在简.雅各布的书“美国城市的死亡和生命”。雅各布 (1961) 说,这种邻里关系达到最佳化就会使得附近居住区的犯罪率降低，小孩子们受到更好的教导有很好的成长环境，人们也会更乐于表达他们的喜悦因为他们身体和精神上的舒适。Kuo et al.(1998) 证明绿地是能够增加非正