2012年考研英语一真题原文与答案解析完整版

1、2021年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticesh

2、avebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourtsreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymak

3、esitlesslikelythatthecourtsdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourta

4、ndpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.Constitutionallawi

5、spoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourtslegitimacybymakingthemsel

6、ves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.1.AemphasizeBmaintainCmodifyDrecognize2.AwhenBlestCbeforeDunless3.ArestoredBweakenedCestablishedDeliminated4.AchallengedBcompromisedCsuspectedDaccepted11 / 255.AadvancedBcaughtCboundDfounde

7、d6.AresistantBsubjectCimmuneDprone7.AresortsBsticksCloadsDapplies8.AevadeBraiseCdenyDsettle9.AlineBbarrierCsimilarityDconflict10.AbyBasCthoughDtowards11.AsoBsinceCprovidedDthough12.AserveBsatisfyCupsetDreplace13.AconfirmBexpressCcultivateDoffer14.AguardedBfollowedCstudiedDtied15.AconceptsBtheoriesCd

8、ivisionsDconceptions16.AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrols17.AdismissedBreleasedCrankedDdistorted18.AsuppressBexploitCaddressDignore19.AaccessibleBamiableCagreeableDaccountable20.AbyallmesnsBatallcostsCinawordDasaresultSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answertheq

9、uestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Comeon-Everybodysdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbe

10、rgcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhich21 / 25organizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,a

11、state-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaigns

12、isspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.Daredifferent,pleasedontsmoke!pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthad

13、vocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocia

14、lcureasoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.Theresnodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisis

15、asubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.Itsliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Th

16、etacticneverreallyworks.Andthatstheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesasAasupplementtothesocialcureBastimulustogroupdynamicsCanobstacletoschoolprogressDacauseofundesirablebeh

17、aviors22.RosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshouldArecruitprofessionaladvertisers31 / 25BlearnfromadvertisersexperienceCstayawayfromcommercialadvertisersDrecognizethelimitationsofadvertisements23.Intheauthorsview,RosenbergsbookfailstoAadequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactorsBeffectivelyevadetheflawso

18、fthesocialcureCillustratethefunctionsofstatefundingDproducealong-lastingsocialeffect24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviorsAisharmfultoournetworksoffriendsBwillmisleadbehavioralstudiesCoccurswithoutourrealizingitDcanproducenegativehealthhabits25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffect

19、ofpeerpressureisAharmfulBdesirableCprofoundDquestionableSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text141 / 25Comeon-Everybodysdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforc

20、ing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividual

21、simprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopleto

22、promotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.Daredifferent,pleasedontsmoke!pleadsonebillboa

23、rdcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwit

24、htoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasitspresentedhereisthatitdoesntworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesisl

25、imitedandmixed.Theresnodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscerta

26、in,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeertroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthatstheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstpara

27、graph,peerpressureoftenemergesasAasupplementtothesocialcureBastimulustogroupdynamicsCanobstacletoschoolprogress51 / 25Dacauseofundesirablebehaviors22.RosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshouldArecruitprofessionaladvertisersBlearnfromadvertisersexperienceCstayawayfromcommercialadvertisersDrecognizetheli

28、mitationsofadvertisements23.Intheauthorsview,AadequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactorsBeffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcureCillustratethefunctionsofstatefundingDproducealong-lastingsocialeffect24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviorsAisharmfultoournetworksoffriendsBwillmisleadbehavioralstud

29、iesCoccurswithoutourrealizingitDcanproducenegativehealthhabits25.TheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureisAharmfulBdesirableCprofoundDquestionableText3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethesci

30、entificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousand61 / 25complicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequent

31、actionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibili

32、typrocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcherObjectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researche

33、rsmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteract

34、ionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividualsdiscoveryclaimintothecommunityTwoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Little

35、rewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second

36、,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynov

37、eldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happenstoaorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachothersreasoningandeachothersconceptionsofreason31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryis

38、characterizedbyitsAuncertaintyandcomplexity.Bmisconceptionanddeceptiveness.Clogicalityandobjectivity.71 / 25Dsystematicnessandregularity.32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequiresAstrictinspection.Bsharedefforts.Cindividualwisdom.Dpersistentinnovation.33.Paragraph3showsthatadisco

39、veryclaimbecomescredibleafteritAhasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.Bhasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.Chasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.Dhasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.34.AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethatAscientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.Bdiscoverie

40、stodayinspirefutureresearch.Ceffortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.Dscientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?ANoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.BCollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.CEvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.DChallengetoCredibilityat

41、theGatetoScience.Text4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffasTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2021thenumberofunionistsin81 / 25spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesec

42、tor.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions downwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandnowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.BritainsLaborParty

43、,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestatesbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Tteachersuni

44、onskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backpublic-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysand

45、especiallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachersunionsfoughtagainstgettingridofbad

46、onesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvardcivilservicessuitthose

47、whowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.36.ItcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthatATeamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers

48、.BJimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.Cunionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.Dthegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.91 / 2537.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?APublic-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.BEducationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.CLaborPartyhas

49、longbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.DPublic-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectorisAillegallysecured.Bindirectlyaugmented.Cexcessivelyincreased.Dfairlyadjusted.39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunionsAoftenrunagain

50、stthecurrentpoliticalsystem.Bcanchangepeoplespoliticalattitudes.Cmaybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.Daredominantinthegovernment.Adisapproval.Bappreciation.Ctolerance.Dindifference.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-

51、Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextra101 / 25choices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryource

52、llphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrush

53、andgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcenturysculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecom

54、puter,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.Allanimalsdownload,

55、butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-music,literat

56、ure,religionandphilosophy.(43)Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentager

57、emainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.(45)Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptofstickiness-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.AOfcourse,itispr

58、eciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.111 / 25BApplicationsliketumblr,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediainc

59、reativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.CNotonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.DThisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbet

60、weendownloadinganduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.EThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.FOnereas