2022年在职攻读硕士联考考试真题卷八3测

1、2022年在职攻读硕士联考考试真题卷八（本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。）单位：姓名：考号：题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）1.阅读下面的文章，完成下列各题。数理科学和中国山水画比较这两个从表面 看来好像丝亳不搭界的人类文化领域，是为了更好地把握数学的实质。中国山 水画主张画家周览四海名川大山以自广。只有先知天地之壮观，而后方 能激发志气；只有罗五岳于胸中，才能收万象于笔下；只有看尽天下山水，才 能下笔有生机。数理科学也是如此。十九世纪法国数学家傅立叶说： “数学最丰富的

2、源泉是对自然界作深入的研究。&rdqu。;以他的姓氏命名 的傅立叶级数正是他在热的分析理论一书中首先发展起来的。要知道，热 现象是自然界存在的最普遍的形式之一。有人称赞这部书是&ldqu。;一首数学诗 ”,我则把它看成是一幅中国山水画。事实上，诗、画和数理科学并无二 道。三者都是峰峦高下，烟云吞吐，万变自溢于寸心，下笔天成。数理科学和 山水画都是大自然在画家心灵深处久久孕育经过艺术加工最后所得到的产物。 对于这两类画家，大自然都是取之不尽的创作源泉。两者都强调&ldqu。;师法造 化”的现实主义传统。在数学史上，数学分析创作的源泉，几乎全来自对 自然现象的描述。在现代数学中，情形亦复如此。即使

3、是无法查明一些最美妙 的数学概念的灵感直接来源于大自然，但间接来自于她却是无疑的。因为一切 熠熠发光的数理科学和山水画均来自自然界的真实美感，所以才能把人引导到 “望秋云，神飞扬；临春风，思浩荡”的审美境界。再者，中国山 水画还强调以形写神，或遗貌取神，摄取造化神韵，主张写实和写意的统一。 作为另一种类型的艺术创作活动，数理科学也是写实和写意的绝妙统一。或者 说数理科学家既是写实画派又是写意画派，别的不讲，就说圆周这个公式吧：C =2R,它取自于大自然（写实），又高于大自然（写意）。它纯粹是数学家的 “胸中圆&rdqu。；。比起自然界所有呈圆形的物，它都更圆，更正宗，更 纯粹。C=2R是圆中之

4、圆，只要兀的值取得足够精确，它就越呈圆形，而高 于自然界。这是另一种&ldqu。;青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝；冰，水为之，而寒于 水&rdqu。;。或者说，在我们这个宇宙没有一个可感觉的对象是绝对呈圆形的， 而数学所研讨的C=2&pi ;R却是绝对意义上的圆!所以我们千万不要小看这个出 现在中学课本里的数学公式。看来，思想的对象比感官知觉的对象更真实；思 想比感官也更高贵。这便是我的科学自然观和自然哲学观。以下对文意理解正确的一项是。A.数理科学和中国山水画的创作是一样的。B.数理科学家也应该周览四海名川大山。C.数理科学和中国山水画都是对大自然经过艺术加工后得到的产物。D.圆周公式C=2R是数理

5、科学家虚构出来的。2.阅读下文，完成下列问题。伏尔泰对文意理解错误的一项是（）。A.伏尔泰出生在刚刚露出一线晨曦的革命年代。B.伏尔泰的一生都为培育良知，教化人类而奋斗。C.伏尔泰生活在一个轻薄无聊、凄惨忧郁的专制时代。D.伏尔泰开辟了一个新的时代纪元。3.阅读下面文字，完成下列问题。以下对文章理解正确的一项是O。A.科学劳动是社会劳动的一般劳动，是一定形式的知识。B.知识不会因为消费而消失。C.知识的主要属性取决于它的构成。D.知识的更新和获得都是免费的。4.阅读下面短文，完成下列问题。第二段的“三者”指代的是（）。A.战国时代的经济、政治、文化B.庄子、天问、离骚C.文学、史学、哲学D.自

6、然哲学、历史哲学、人生哲学5. Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the I960 s and 70 s,were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation w

7、orldwide has decreased significantly. A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by

8、Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic（北极的）snow were declining. In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the differen

9、t forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate（区分） the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United

10、States. In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeaster） United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline. Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors o

11、f the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expeeted. Scientists say both studies

12、demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem（生态系统）respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.The study published in the journal Nature indicates that .the Clean Ai r Act has not produced the desi red resultslead depos

13、its in arctic snow arc on the increaselead will stay in soiI and snow longer than expectedthe U. S. is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow6. Children live in a world in which science has tremendous importance. During their lifetimes it will affect them more and more. In time, many of t

14、hem will work at jobs that depend heavily on science一for example, concerning energy sources, pollution control, highway safety, wilderness conservation, and population growth, and population growth. As taxpayers they will pay for scientific research and exploration. And, as consumers, they will Be b

15、ombarded（受到轰击）by advertising, much of which is said to be based on science. Therefore, it is important that children, the citizens of the future, become functionally acquainted with science-with the process and spirit of science, as well as with its facts and principles. Fortunately, science has a n

16、atural appeal for youngsters. They can relate it to so many things that they encounter一flashlights, tools, echoes, and rainbows. Besides, science is an excellent medium for teaching far more than content. It can help pupils learn to think logically, to organize and analyse ideas. It can provide prac

17、tice in communication skills and mathematics. In fact, there is no area of the curriculum to which science cannot contribute, whether it is geography, history, language arts, music, or art! Above all, good science teaching leads to what might be called a scientific attitude. M Those who possess it s

18、eek answers through observing, experimenting, and reasoning, rather than blindly accepting the pronouncements of others. They weigh evidence carefully and reach conclusions with caution. While respecting the opinions of others, they expect honesty, accuracy, and objectivity and are on guard against

19、hasty judgments and sweeping generalizations. All children should be developing this approach to solving problems, but it cannot be expected to appear automatically with the mere acquisition of information. Continual practice, through guided participation, is needed.One of the reasons why science is

20、 important for children is that many of them will.work in scientific research institutionswork at jobs Closely related to sciencemake the final decision in matters concerning sciencebe fund-raisers for scientific research and exploration7.Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the

21、I960 s and 70 s,were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly. A study published recently in the journ

22、al Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environme

23、nt at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic（北极的）snow were declining. In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were differe

24、nt from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate（区分） the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from theUnited States. In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead

25、levels in soil in the Northeasten United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline. Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the s

26、ame sites of30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expeeted. Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem（生态系统）respond rapidly to reducti

27、ons in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.Lead accumulation * worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the U. S.was discouragedwas enforced by lawwas prohibited by lawwas introduced8.Children live in a world in which sc

28、ience has tremendous importance. During their lifetimes it will affect them more and more. In time, many of them will work at jobs that depend heavily on science一for example, concerning energy sources, pollution control, highway safety, wilderness conservation, and population growth, and population

29、growth. As taxpayers they will pay for scientific research and exploration. And, as consumers, they will Be bombarded（受至U轰击）by advertising, much of which is said to be based on science. Therefore, it is important that children, the citizens of the future, become functionally acquainted with science-

30、with the process and spirit of science, as well as with its facts and principles. Fortunately, science has a natural appeal for youngsters. They can relate it to so many things that they encounter一flashlights, tools, echoes, and rainbows. Besides, science is an excellent medium for teaching far more

31、 than content. It can help pupils learn to think logically, to organize and analyse ideas. It can provide practice in communication skills and mathematics. In fact, there is no area of the curriculum to which science cannot contribute, whether it is geography, history, language arts, music, or art!

32、Above all, good science teaching leads to what might be called a “scientific attitude. M Those who possess it seek answers through observing, experimenting, and reasoning, rather than blindly accepting the pronouncements of others. They weigh evidence carefully and reach conclusions with caution. Wh

33、ile respecting the opinions of others, they expect honesty, accuracy, and objectivity and are on guard against hasty judgments and sweeping generalizations. All children should be developing this approach to solving problems, but it cannot be expected to appear automatically with the mere acquisitio

34、n of information. Continual practice, through guided participation, is needed.There is no doubt that children like learning science because .science is I inked with many of the things they meetscience is a very easy subject for them to learnthey encounter the facts and principles of science daily D.

35、 they are famiIiar with the process and spirit of science9.Children live in a world in which science has tremendous importance. During their lifetimes it will affect them more and more. In time, many of them will work at jobs that depend heavily on sciencefor example, concerning energy sources, poll

36、ution control, highway safety, wilderness conservation, and population growth, and population growth. As taxpayers they will pay for scientific research and exploration. And, as consumers, they will Be bombarded（受到轰击）by advertising, much of which is said to be based on science. Therefore, it is impo

37、rtant that children, the citizens of the future, become functionally acquainted with science-with the process and spirit of science, as well as with its facts and principles. Fortunately, science has a natural appeal for youngsters. They can relate it to so many things that they encounter一flashlight

38、s, tools, echoes, and rainbows. Besides, science is an excellent medium for teaching far more than content. It can help pupils learn to think logically, to organize and analyse ideas. It can provide practice in communication skills and mathematics. In fact, there is no area of the curriculum to whic

39、h science cannot contribute, whether it is geography, history, language arts, music, or art! Above all, good science teaching leads to what might be called a scientific attitude. M Those who possess it seek answers through observing, experimenting, and reasoning, rather than blindly accepting the pr

40、onouncements of others. They weigh evidence carefully and reach conclusions with caution. While respecting the opinions of others, they expect honesty, accuracy, and objectivity and are on guard against hasty judgments and sweeping generalizations. All children should be developing this approach to

41、solving problems, but it cannot be expected to appear automatically with the mere acquisition of information. Continual practice, through guided participation, is needed.Pupils can learn logical thinking while.A. practicing communication skillsB studying geographytaking art courseslearning science10

42、.Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the I960 s and 70 s,were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has de

43、creased significantly. A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Bou

44、tron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic（北极的）snow were declining. In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead

45、 in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate（区分） the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States. In a st

46、udy published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeasten United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline. Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors of the Ambio stud

47、y examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expeeted. Scientists say both studies demonstrate that

48、 certain parts of the ecosystem（生态系统）respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland A. By analyzing the data pub Iished i n journals I ike Nature.By obser

49、ving the lead accumu I at i ons in different parts of the arctic area.By studying the chemicaI elements of soiI and snow in Northeastern America.By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.11. In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, mer

50、ging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 per cent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four rail roads will control well over 90 percent of all the

51、 freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy b

52、ulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rai1 company. Railroads typically charge such capt

53、ive shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government? s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will

54、 work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long nm it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of

55、transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It% theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. Do we really want railroads

56、to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplaceM asks Mar- tin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortu

57、ning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to ac- quire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire

58、 Conrail this year. Conrail, s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who% going to pay for the rest of the bill Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.Acc

59、ording to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because .cost reduction is based on competition.services cal I for cross-trade coordination.outside competitors wiI I continue to exist.shippers wiI I have the raiI way by the throat.Recruiting（招 募）the right candidate to fill a vacancy

60、 can be a difficult and costly task. (31) the wrong person could be an expensive mistake which could cause personal problems for the whole department. And, as every HR(Human Resource) manager knows, it is much more difficult to get rid of someone than it is to (32) them. The HR manager? s first deci