英语单词结构-拉丁语部分“前缀词根”-“com”ab dis con col ex dis

1、The Latin Part. 拉丁语局部.Supplement Spelling rules for root prefixes附录“前缀词根的拼写规那么Introduction 简介It is well known that knowledge of Latin roots increases word power and expands vocabulary. This study of prefixes, which treats them as roots, aims to further improve this knowledge. Being roots with a mean

2、ing, they should really be treated as such, and not simply as prefixes. For the purposes here, I have chosen to call them root prefixes众所周知，懂得拉丁词根的知识能增强用词能力并扩大词汇量。这局部对前缀的学习把前缀作为词根来对待，旨在进一步提高对词根的知识。前缀更应被看作是有一定含义的“词根，而不应被简单地认为就是前缀。因此，我选择把它们称作“前缀词根。The rules governing the spelling of root prefixes are

3、set out in each of the studies, and are not so difficult to master. Lists of words that follow each rule are also included for easy reference. 支配拼写“前缀词根的规那么被放在每次的学习中，且不难掌握。 遵循各条规那么的单词列表也包含在内以便参考。The meanings of the root prefixes have also been given because the focus of these studies is on comprehen

4、sion, which means firstly: recognizing a root prefix, knowing its meaning, and then understanding how it combines with other roots to produce literal or figurative meanings. 因为这局部学习的重点是在理解力练习上，所以又给出了各“前缀词根的含义。理解的过程即：首先识别出一个前缀词根知道它的含义，然后又知道它是怎样与其它词根结合来构成新的字面意义或引申意义的。Once the rules are mastered, ident

5、ifying a root prefix will not be a problem, and more time can be spent on learning the meanings, which is the final stage of the comprehension process. This last stage is the subject of a separate study, which can be found in the supplement titled Root prefix meanings.一旦掌握了规律，识别一个“前缀词根就不再成问题。这样我们就可以

6、把更多的时间放在学习它们的含义上。对含义的理解是理解过程中的最后阶段，它是另外一局部学习的主题，在以“前缀词根的含义为题的附录中可以找到。The main benefits from this study are as follows: 从这局部学习中收到的效率是：1.Increased comprehension.理解力的增强2.Better understanding of grammar.对语法的更好理解3.Increased vocabulary.词汇量的扩大4.Increased background knowledge.背景知识的增长。5.More efficient use of

7、 available study time by analyzing roots and grammar together.由于把对词根的学习与对语法的学习结合在一起，更好地利用了有限的学习时间。字号：大 中 小 The Latin Part1The root prefix-dis“前缀词根“disdis is a Latin word that expresses the following ideas:“dis是一个表示以下含义的拉丁语单词： 1.Apart, or away, as for example in the word discernere, meaning literally

8、 to separate out from which we get the English word discern.“分开或“离开，例如在单词“discernere中，其字面含义为“分出来，从中我们引申出了英语单词“discern识别出、分辨出。 2.Intensive force for example: disannul, or disgruntle.“加强语气的力度，例如：“disannul取消、使无效或“disgruntle使不快乐。 3.Negation, for example: dislike, disarm, “否认，例如：“dislike不喜欢、讨厌、“disarm缴的械

9、、裁军。 The form of the root prefix dis is governed by spelling rules, which are set out below“前缀词根“dis的形态是由它的拼写规那么决定的， 其拼写规那么见下： No change rule没有变化的规那么The root prefix dis does not change form before words that begin with vowels or any of the following consonants: b, c, d, h, j, p, q, s, and t. For exa

10、mple:“前缀词根“dis在以元音字母或以以下任何一个辅音字母：b、c、d、h、j、p、q、s和t开头的单词之前不改变其形态。例如：discernere = dis + cernerefrom which we get the English word: discern从中引申出了英语单词：“discern识别出、分辨出 1.The root prefix dis never changes when used as a living prefix. For example: “前缀词根“dis在作为一个“自由前缀被使用时永远不变。例如：dislike ()For living prefix

11、es a hyphen can be used unless the usage is well established; in which case the solid form is more common. For more details about hyphens see the Supplement The use of hyphens.除非对于一个单词的不使用连字符的写法已广泛为人们所接受，便可以使用连字符把自由前缀与这个单词连接起来。 在为人们所广泛接受的写法中，不使用连字符的这种固定的形态更常见。关于连字符的详细用法见附录“连字符的使用。 Double consonant r

12、ule双辅音规那么The s of the dis changes in front of a word beginning with the consonant f and is replaced by the first consonant of the word. This produces a double consonant, for example: “dis中的“s在以辅音字母f开头的单词之前改变，并被那个单词的第一个辅音字母所替换。这样就产生了双辅音，例如:From dis + fere = di+f +ferefrom which we get the English wor

13、d: differ从中引申出了英语单词：“differ不同于Drop the s rule去掉“s规那么The s of the dis drops out in front of a word beginning with the consonants: g, l, m, n, and v. for example:如果“dis在以辅音：g、 l、 m、 n和v开头的单词之前， 去掉“dis中的“s。例如：dis + vertere= diverterefrom which we get the English word: divert从中引申出了英语单词：“divert使转向、使转移 Th

14、is list of words has been divided into 6 parts: Part 1 has all the words that follow the No change rule and Part 2 has those words that follow the Double consonant rule. Part 3 has all the words that follow the Drop the s rule. Part 4 contains all the words that are of a different Latin origin, and

15、Part 5 lists all the words that are from other languages. Part 6 has all the hybrid words.这个单词表分为六局部：第一局部是所有遵循“没有变化的规那么的单词；第二局部是所有遵循“双辅音规那么的单词；第三局部是所有遵循“去掉s规那么的单词；第四局部是所有源于其它拉丁词根的单词；第五局部是所有源于其它语言的单词；第六局部是所有的混合词。 Part 1No change rule第一局部没有变化的规那么Before the vowels and before the consonants: b, c, d, h,

16、 j, p, q, r, s, and t.在元音字母和辅音字母b、c、d、h、j、p 、q、r、s和t之前 Before the vowels: a, e, i, o, and u.在元音字母a、e、i、o和u之前adisable dis- “do the opposite of + pp. of ablen (v.) “to make fit. disaffected dis- “not + affected. ds- “dis-“ + agrer (see agree) disappear dis- “do the opposite of + appear. disappoint des

17、- “dis + appointer “appoint. disapprove “disprove; as the reverse of approve,. disarm des- “dis-“ + armer (see arm )disarray dis- “lack of + array. disease des- “without, away + aise “ease disembark Fr. desembarquer. disembodied dis- “not + embodied. disembowel dis- + embowel. disenchant des- “dis-“

18、 + enchanter “to enchant. disenfranchise dis- + enfranchise. disengage dis- “do the opposite of + engage (q.v.).idisillusion dis- + illusion (q.v.). disincentive dis- + incentive (q.v.). disinclined dis- + inclined (q.v.). disinfect dis- + infect (q.v.). disinformation - 1955, from Rus. dezinformats

19、iya (1949). disingenuous - dis- “opposite of + ingenuous (q.v.). disinherit dis- “not + inherit. Replaced earlier desherit (c.1290), from O.Fr. desheriter, from des- “dis-“ + L. hereditare “to inherit. disintegrate dis- “do the opposite of + integrate (q.v.). disinter ds- “dis-“ + enterrer “to inter

20、 (see inter). disinterested disinvestment - 1938, first recorded in writings of J.M. Keynes odisobey dis- from L.L. inobedire, a back-formation from inobediens “not obeying, from L. in- “not + prp. of obedire (see obey). First record of disobedience is c.1400. disorder dis- “not + the verb order. fr

21、om O.Fr. desordainer, from M.L. disordinare “throw into disorder, from L. dis- “take away + ordinare “to order, regulate. disorganize ds- “not + organiser “organize. disorient ds- “dis-“ + orienter (see orient (v.). disown dis- + own (v.).uNo examples Before the consonants: b, c, d, h, j, p, q, r, s

22、, and t.在辅音字母b、c、d、h、j、p 、q、r、s和t之前 bdisbar dis- “opposite of + bar in the legal sense. disband des- “dis-“ + band (q.v.).disburse des- “dis-“ + bourse “purse (see bursar). cdiscard dis- “away + card discern dis- “off, away + cernere “distinguish, separate, sift. discharge dis- “do the opposite of +

23、 carricare “load. disciple dis- “apart + capere “take. discipline (see disciple). disclaim des- “dis-“ + clamer (see claim). Disclaimer “disavowal, denial disclose des- “dis-“ + clore “to close (see close (v.).discolor des- “dis-“ + colourer “to color, from L. colorare (see color).discomfort Fr. des

24、confort (12c.)., originally “to deprive of courage. disconcert dis- “do the opposite of + concerter (see concert). disconnection dis- “not + connection. disconsolate L. dis- “away + consolatus, pp. of consolari (see console (v.). discontent dis- “not + content (adj.). discontinue.L. discontinuare, r

25、om dis- “not + continuare “to continue. discord dis- “apart + cor (gen. cordis) “heart.discount des- “away + conter “to count (see count (v.). discountenance des- “dis-“ + contenancer (see countenance). discourage des- “away + corage (see courage). discourse dis- “apart + currere “to run. discourtes

26、y dis- “opposite of + courtesy (q.v.). discover dis- “opposite of + cooperire “to cover up. discredit dis- “opposite of + credit. discreet Fr. discret, from L. discretus “separated, distinct, (see discern). discrepancy dis- “apart, off + crepare “to rattle, crack. discrete see discreet. discretion d

27、iscre- stem of discernere “to separate, distinguish (see discern).discriminate (see discern).discussion dis- “apart + quatere “to shake. ddisdain des- “do the opposite of + deignier “treat as worthy (see deign). hdishonest dis- “not + honestus “honorable (see honest). The L. form was dehonestus. dis

28、honor dis- “the opposite of + honor (q.v.).Exception例外dishevel des- “apart + chevel “hair, from L. capillus “hair.jdisjointed (see disjunctive)disjunctive dis + jungereto joinpdisparage des- “away + parage “rank, lineage (see peerage). disparate dis- “apart + parare “get ready, prepare; disparity. d

29、is- “not + L.L. paritas (gen. paritatis) “parity.dispassionate dis- “the opposite of + pasionate (q.v.). dispatch Sp. despacher “ hasten, opposite of O.Prov. empachar “impede, L. pedica “shackle (see impeach). dispel dis- “away + pellere “to drive, push. dispense dis- “out + pendere “to pay, weigh.

30、disperse dis- “apart, in every direction + spargere “to scatter. displace des- “dis-“ + placer “to place. display dis- “un-, apart + plicare “to fold. displease dis- “not + placere “to please. Displeasure first attested c.1470. disport des- “away + porter “carry. dispose from dis- “apart + ponere “t

31、o put, place. dispossess des- “dis-“ + possesser “possess. disproportionate dis- “not + proportionate. disprove des- “dis-“ + prover “to prove. dispute dis- “separately + putare “to count, consider. Used in Vulgate in sense of “to argue, contend with words.qdisqualify dis- + qualify (q.v.).rdisregar

32、d dis- + regard (q.v.). disrepair dis- + repair (n.). disrepute dis- + repute. First record of disreputable is from 1772. disrespect dis- + respect. disrobe dis- + robe. disruption dis- “apart + rumpere “to break.Exceptions例外direct dirigere “set straight, from dis- “apart + regere “to guide. dirge d

33、irigere “to direct, Transferred sense “any funeral songfrom 1500sdissatisfaction dis- + satisfaction. dissection dis- “apart + secare “to cut. dissemble (see dissimulation). disseminate (dis- “in every direction + seminare “to plant, , (see semen). dissension (see dissent). dissent dis- “differently

34、 + sentire “to feel, think. dissertation dis- “apart + serere “to arrange words. disservice dis- + service (q.v.). dissident dis- “apart + sedere “to sit. dissipate dis- “apart + supare “to throw, scatter. dissociate dis- “apart + sociare “to join, from socius “companion. dissolute (see dissolve). d

35、issolve dis- “apart + solvere “to loose, loosen. dissonant dis- “apart + sonare “to sound. dissuade dis- “off, against + suadere “to urge. Exceptions例外distaff dis- “bunch of flax + stf “stick, staff. distance dis- “apart, off + stare “to stand.distill dis- “apart + stillare “to drip, drop, from stil

36、la “drop. distinction (see distinguish). distinguish dis- “apart + -stinguere “to prick. The suffix -ish is due to the influence of many verbs in which it is the equivalent of O.Fr. -iss, ultimately from L. inchoative suffix -iscere (this is also the case in extinguish, admonish, and astonish).distr

37、ess dis- “apart + stringere “draw tight, press together.tdistaste dis- + taste (q.v.). distort dis- “completely + torquere “to twist. distract dis- “away + trahere “to draw. distraught distract (perhaps by association with other pp. forms in -ght, such as caught, bought, brought), (see distract). di

38、stribution dis- “individually + tribuere “assign, allot. district L. distringere “hinder, detain (see distress). distrust dis- + trust (v.). disturb dis- “completely + turbare “to disorder. des- “not + user “use. Part 2第二局部Double consonant rule双辅音规那么Before the consonant f. 在辅音字母f之前fdiffer dis- “away

39、 from + ferre “carry. Two senses that were present in L. have gone separate ways in Eng. since c.1500 with defer (transitive) and differ (intransitive). difference (see differ). Sense of “a quarrel first attested 1387. difficulty dis- “not, away from + facilis “easy (see facile). diffidence dis- “aw

40、ay + fidere “to trust. diffraction dis- “apart + frangere “to break. diffusion dif- “apart, in every direction + fundere “pour.Exceptions例外disfavor dis- “the opposite of + favor (q.v.). disfigure dis- + figura “figure, from figurare “to figure. Part 3第三局部 Drop the s rule去掉“s规那么Before the consonants:

41、 g, l, m, n, and v.在辅音字母g、l、m、n和v之前gdigest dis- “apart + gerere “to carry. digest (see digestdigression dis- “apart, aside + gradi “to step, go. Exceptions例外disgorge des- “dis-“ + gorge “throat. disguise des- “away, off + guise “style, appearance. disgust des- “opposite of + gouster “taste.disgrace

42、dis- “opposite of + grazia “grace.ldilapidation dis- “asunder + lapidare “throw stones from lapidis) “stone. dilate dis- “apart + latus “wide. diligence - 1340, from O.Fr. diligence “attention, care, from L. diligentia “attentiveness, carefulness, from diligentem (nom. diligens) “attentive, assiduou

43、s, careful, originally prp. of diligere “value highly, love, choose, from dis- “apart + legere “choose, gather. Sense evolved from “love through “attentiveness to “carefulness to “steady effort. dilute dis- “apart + -luere, comb. form of lavere “to wash.Exceptions例外dislodge des- “do the opposite of

44、+ loger (see lodge). dislocate. dis- “away + locare “to place (see locate).disloyalty des- “not + loial “loyal.mdimension dimetri “to measure out, from dis- + metri “to measure.diminish L. de- “completely + minuere “make small. diminutive (see diminish).Exceptions例外dismantle des- “off, away + mantel

45、er “to cloak (see mantle). dismember de- “take away + membrum “limb (see member). dismiss from dis- “apart, away + mittere “send, let go. Prefix altered by analogy with many dis- verbs. dismount dis- + mount (v.).ndine L. dis- “undo + L.L. jejunare “to fast, L. jejunus “fasting, hungry. dinner (see

46、dine).vdiverge dis- “apart + vergere “to bend, turn. divers divertere (see divert). diverse spelling variant of divers diversion (see divert). divert dis- “aside and de- “from + vertere “to turn. divest des- “away + vestir “to clothe. divide dis- “apart + -videre “to separate, dividend (see divide).

47、 division (see divide). divorce divertere “to separate, leave ones husband, turn aside (see divert). divulge dis- “apart + vulgare “make common property, from vulgus “common people.Part 4 第四局部 Words with a different Latin origin源于其它拉丁语词根的单词dial L. dialis “daily, L. dies “day. earliest sense was “a s

48、undial diary diarium, “daily allowance, later “a journal, daily, from dies “day. dictate (v.) L. dictatus, pp. of dictare “say often, prescribe, freq. of dicere “tell, say. diction L. “saying, , dicere “speak, , related to dicare “proclaim, dedicate, dictionary dictio “word. dictum L. dictum “thing

49、said, dicere “say. die (nFr. de, of uncertain origin, perhaps from L. datum “given, pp. of dare, which, in addition to “give, had a secondary sense of “to play digit L. digitus “finger or toe, related to dicere “tell, say, point out, digitalis Mod.L. translation fingerhut( Ger “foxglove, lit. “thimb

50、le. dignity L. dignitatem “worthiness, decere “be proper or decent. dilatory (see defer). dilettante It. dilettante “lover of music or painting, from dilettare “to delight, from L. delectare (see delight). dime 1786 U.S. 10 cent coin, from dime “a tenth, tithe L. from decem “ten. dire L. dirus “fear

51、ful, awful, boding ill, disco shortening of discotheque (1954); discotheque Fr. discothque “nightclub with recorded music for dancing, also “record library, borrowed 1932 from It. discoteca “record collection, record library, coined 1927 from disco “phonograph record + -teca “collection, probably on

52、 model of biblioteca “library. dismal Fr. (li) dis mals “(the) bad days, from M.L. dies mali “evil or unlucky days (L. dies “days + mali, pl. of mauls “bad. ditto It. detto, dire “to say, L. dicere. Originally used in It. to avoid repetition of month names in a series of dates; generalized meaning o

53、f “same as above first recorded in Eng. 1678. ditty L. dictatum “thing dictated, diurnal L. diurnus “daily, from dies “day + -urnus, an adj. suffix denoting time (cf. hibernus “wintery). diva L. diva “goddess, fem. of divus “divine (one). divine L. divinus “of a god, from divus “a god, related to de

54、us “god, divine “to make out by supernatural insight, L. divinus (see divine), Part 5第五局部 Words with a non-Latin origin并非源于拉丁语的单词diabetes Gk. diabetes “excessive discharge of urine, lit. “a passer-through, siphon, from diabainein “to pass through, from dia- “through + bainein “to go. diabolic Gk. di

55、abolikos “devilish, from diabolos (see devil). diacritic Gk. diakritikos “that separates or distinguishes, from diakrinein “to separate. diadem Gk. diadema, from diadein “to bind across, from dia- “across + dein “to bind, diresis “sign marking the division of a diphthong into two simple sounds, Gk.

56、diairesis, noun of action from diairein “to divide, separate. diagnosis Gk. diagnosis “a discerning, distinguishing dia- “apart + gignoskein “to learn (see know). diagonal Gk. diagonios “from angle to angle, from dia- “across + gonia “angle, related to gony “knee.diagram Gk. diagramma (dia- “across,

57、 out + graphein “write, mark, draw.dialect Gk. dialektos, from dialegesthai “converse with each other, from dia- “across, between + legein “speak. dialectic (see dialect). dialogue Gk. dialogos, “converse, from dia- “across + legein “speak. dialysis Gk. dialysis “dissolution, dia- “apart + lyein “lo

58、osen. diameter Gk. diametros “diagonal of a circle, from dia- “across, through + metron “a measure. diamond Gk. words in dia-), from L. adamantem (nom. adamans) “the hardest metal, later, “diamond. Diana It. goddess, patroness of virginity and hunting, later identified with Gk. Artemis, and through

59、her with eastern goddesses such as Diana of Ephesus. dianetics Gk. dianoetikos, from dianoetos, verbal adj. from dianoe-esthai “to think, from dia- “through + noe-ein “to think, suppose. diaper Gk. diaspros, from dia- “entirely, very + aspros “white. diaphragm Gk. diaphragma (gen. diaphragmatos) “pa

60、rtition, barrier, dia- “across + phrassein “to fence or hedge in. diarrhea Gk. diarrhoia “diarrhea (dia- “through + rhein “to flow.diaspora Gk. diaspora, from diaspeirein “to scatter about, disperse, from dia- “about, across + speirein “to scatter. diatribe Gk. diatribe “discourse, study, lit. “a we