英美文学鉴赏-美国文学部分

1、Transcendentalismisagroupofideasinliteratureandphilosophythatdevelopedinthe1830sand1840sasaprotestagainstthegeneralstateofcultureandsociety,andinparticular,thestateofintellectualismatHarvardUniversityandthedoctrineoftheUnitarianchurch.Theybelieveinanidealspiritualitythattranscendsthephysicalandempir

2、icalandisrealizedonlythroughtheindividualsintuition,ratherthanthroughthedoctrinesofestablishedreligions.ThemajorfiguresinthemovementwereRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreauMargaretFuller.Modernismisaculturalmovementthatgenerallyincludestheprogressiveartofarchitecture,design,literature,music,dance,pai

3、ntingandothervisualartswhichemergedinthebeginningofthe20thcentury,particularlyintheyearsfollowingWorldWarI.Itwasamovementofartistsanddesignerswhorebelledagainstlate19thcenturyacademicandhistorictradition,andembracedtheneweconomic,socialandpoliticalaspectsoftheemergingmodernworld.AmongAmericanwriters

4、,thebest-knownModernistsareT.S.Eliot,EzraPound,F.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingway,WilliamFaulknerandsoon.Imagismwasamovementinearly20th-centuryAnglo-Americanpoetrythatfavoredprecisionofimagery,andclear,sharplanguage.TheImagistsrejectedthesentimentandartificetypicalofmuchRomanticandVictorianpoetry.Thi

5、swasincontrasttotheircontemporaries,theGeorgianpoets,whowerebyandlargecontenttoworkwithinthattradition.ThemostoutstandingfiguresofthemovementwereEzraPound,AmyLowellandHildaDoolittle.PuritanismreferstothemovementarisingwithintheChurchofEnglandinthelatterpartofthe16thcenturythatsoughttopurify,orreform

6、,thatchurchandestablishamiddlecoursebetweenRomanCatholicismandtheideasoftheProtestantreformers.ItremainedthedominantreligiousforceinNewEnglandthroughoutthe17thand18thcenturies.ThetermPuritanismisalsousedinabroadersensetorefertoattitudesandvaluesconsideredcharacteristicofthePuritans.Itsrepresentative

7、figuresareAnnaBradstreetFranklin,ThomasPaine.Naturalismreferstothetheorythatliterarycompositionshouldaimatadetached,scientificobjectivelyinthetreatmentofnaturalman.Themovementisanoutgrowthof19thcenturyscientificthought.Artistically,naturalisticwritingsareusuallyunpolishedinlanguage,lackinginacademic

8、skillsandunwieldyinstructure.Philosophically,thenaturalistsbelievethattherealandtrueisalwayspartiallyhiddenfromtheeyeoftheindividual.NotablewriterswereFrankNorris,SherwoodAndersonandTheodoreDreiser.Localcolorismisafictionandpoetrythatfocusesonthecharacters,dialect,customs,topography,andotherfeatures

9、particulartoaspecificregion.Itputemphasisonphysicalsettingandthosedistinctivequalitiesoflandscapewhichconditionhumanthoughtandbehavior.Itstartedfrom1860stotheendof19thcentury.BretHartesTheLuckofRoaringCampmarkedasignificantdevelopmentinthebriefhistoryoflocalcolorfiction.AnotherimportantfigurewasMark

10、Twain.TheLostGenerationreferstoagroupofthedisillusionedintellectualsandartists,wholivedinParisandotherpartsofEuropefromtheendofWorldWarItothebeginningoftheGreatDepression.Theyrebelledagainstformeridealsandvaluesbutcouldreplacethemonlybydespairoracynicalhedonism.SignificantmembersincludedErnestHeming

11、way,EzraPoundandT.S.Eliot.TheJazzAgedescribestheperiodfrom1918-1929,theyearsbetweentheendofWorldWarIandthestartoftheRoaringTwenties;endingwiththeriseoftheGreatDepression,thetraditionalvaluesofthisagesawgreatdeclinewhiletheAmericanstockmarketsoared.TheagetakesitsnamefromF.ScottFitzgeraldandjazzmusic,

12、whichsawatremendoussurgeinpopularityamongmanysegmentsofsociety.ThedominantfigureofthisperiodwasF.ScottFitzgerald.TheAmericanDreamistheconceptwidelyheldintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,thatthroughhardwork,courageanddeterminationonecanachieveprosperity(oftenassociatedwiththeprotestantworkethic).Today,inAmer

13、icaitgenerallyreferstotheideathatonesprosperitydependsupononesownabilitiesandhardwork,notonarigidclassstructure,thoughthemeaningofthephrasehaschangedoverAmericashistory.ThecourseofClintonwastheclassicexampleofTheAmericanDream.Psychologicalrealismisakindofideologicaltrendofliteraturewhichappearsinthe

14、traditionalliteratureinthecoursefromrealismtomodernism.Itrecognizesthatwhatisrealtotheindividualisthatwhichheorsheperceives.Itisthegroundfortheuseofthecenteredconsciousness,orthefirst-personnarrator,sincebothofthesepresentrealityonlyassomethingperceivedbythefocalcharacter.HenryJameswasthefounderwhos

15、eworksareTheAmerican,ThePortraitofaLady.诗歌欣赏I.TheWildHoneySuckle(开头：Fairflower,thatdostsocomelygrow,hidinthissilent,dullretreat)Writer:PhilipFreneauTheme:1.Inthispoemthepoetexpressedakeenawarenessofthelovelinessandtransienceofnature.Itimpliesthatlifeanddeathareinevitablelawofnature.ntheauthorsopinio

16、n,theoriginlandinAmericawasfilledwithbeautyandmyth.Techniqueofthispoem:Thecentralimageisanativewildflower,whichmakesadrasticdifferencefromeliteflowerimagestypicaloftraditionEnglishpoems.ExaggerationpersonificationAlliteration,assonance,masculinerhymeusedinthepoemalsoproducemusicalormelodiousandharmo

17、nious,whichmatchesthebeautyoftheflower.Thepoemcontainsiambicstrochaicsandspondee.II.AnnabelLee(开头：Itwasmanyandmanyyearsago,inakingdombytheseaAnnabelLee)Writer:AllenPoeTheme:Eternallove.ThelovebetweenthenarratorandAnnabelLeeissostrongandbeautifulandpurethateventheseraphs,thehighestorderofangelsinheav

18、en,envyit.Theloveremainsaliveeternalbecausethesoulsoftheloversremainunited.Techiquesofthepoem:1)Melancholyisthemostlegitimateofallthepoetictones.2)UseofAlliterationtocreatepleasingsoundpatterns.3)Imageryandfigurativelanguage:ImageryDarknessandLightImpliedandexplicitimagesofdarknessandlightoccurthrou

19、ghoutthepoem.Poeimpliesthatthekingdombytheseaisabright,cheerfulplacewherethesunshinesontwoyounglovers,thenarratorandAnnabelLee.III.BecauseIcouldnotstopfordeath(开头：BecauseIcouldnotstopfordeath,hekindlystoppedforme.结尾weretowardeternity)1.WriterEmilyDickinsonTheme：Religion&FaithLife&DeathBeauty&TruthLo

20、ve&MarriageNatureFriendshipTime&Eternity.Techniquesofthepoem:AlliterationAnaphora首语重复,Personification,Metaphor,ParadoxImageryandFigurativelanguageIV.InaStationoftheMetro(全诗：Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowded;petalsonawet,blackbough)1.Writer:EzraPound.Theme:Althoughthesocietyisdepressedandhelpless

21、,thereisstillhopeineverybodysheart.Thelovelyfacemeantapromisingfuture.Thepoemisjustlikeamirrorwhichreflectsthehopefulsonginthesoulofhumanbeings.Techniquesofthepoem:Metaphor:thepetalsobviouslyindicatethelovelyfacesContrast:thefirstlineandthesecondlineareusingthecontrast.V.StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEveni

22、ng(开头whosewoodstheseareIthinkIknow,hishouseisinthevillagethough结尾andmilestogobeforeIsleep)Writer:RobertFrostTheme:thispoemstressesacentralconflictbetweenmansenjoymentofnaturalbeautyandhisresponsibilityinsociety.Thisshowsamansdespairingcouragetoseekoutthemeaningoflife.WritingSkillsRhythmandRhyme(2)Rh

23、etoricalDevice:Alliteration(头韵sound&sleep;dark&deep头韵)Personification(拟人hehorseMylittlehorsemustthinkitqueer.Repetition(重复andmilestogobeforeIsleep,)andmilestogobeforeIsleep.ImagesSymbolism(意象象征)VI.AnecdoteoftheJar(开头IplacedajarinTennessee,andarounditwas,uponahill结尾likenothingelseinTennessee)Writer:W

24、allaceStevensTheme:Itisonlyaboutajarliterally,butfigurativelyreflectmoreabouttherelationshipbetweennatureandhumans.Thejarmeanshumanity,culture,artandartisticimaginations.Thenatureisadesultoryworldandonlyideascanmakeitunitedasawhole.Artismagic.Itfantasizethenature.Withoutart,wearenothinganddead.Techn

25、iqueofthispoem,themostimportantoneissymbolismandsurrealism.Forexample,theIinthepoemmaybenotreferstothewriterWallaceStevenshimself,itcanbeanyone.Andthejarsymbolizeart,whilethewildernessinTennesseeisthesymbolofnature.WhatarethestylisticfeaturesofHemingwaysnovels?海明威小说的主要特色是什么？Hemingwaysnovelsaremainly

26、concernedwithtoughpeople,knownforHemingwayheroofathleticprowessandmasculinityandunyieldingheroism,whoseessentialcourageandhonestyareimplicitlycontrastedwiththebrutalityofcivilizedsociety.Hedealswithalimitedrangeofcharactersinquitesimilarcircumstancesandmeasuresthemagainstanunvaryingcode,knownasgrace

27、underpressure,whichisactuallyanattitudetowardslifethatHemingwayhadbeentryingtodemonstrateinhisworks.Inthegeneralsituationofhisnovels,lifeisbutalosingbattle;howeveritisalsoastrugglemancandemonstrateinsuchawaythatlossbecomesdignity;mancanbephysicallydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspiritually.Hemingwayoncesa

28、id,Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eightyofitbeingabovewater.TypicalofthisiceberganalogyisHemingwaysstyle:Hemingwayseconomicalwritingstyleoftenseemssimple,buthismethodiscalculated.Inhiswriting,Hemingwayprovideddetacheddescriptionsofaction,usingsimplenounsandverbstocapturescenesprecisel

29、y.Bydoingsoheavoideddescribinghischaractersemotionsandthoughtsdirectly.Hemingwaywasdeeplyconcernedwithauthenticityinwriting.Besides,HemingwaydevelopsthestyleofcolloquialisminitiatedbyMarkTwain.Theaccentsandmannerismsofhumanspeecharewellpresented,andtheuseofshort,simplewordsandsentenceshasaneffectofc

30、learness,tersenessandgreatcare.DiscussthesymbolisminMelvillesnovelMoby-Dick.简述麦尔维尔长篇小说白鲸的象Publishedin1851,Moby-DickisconsideredamasterpiecebyMelville.HoldingthethesisthatAllvisibleobjectsarebutaspasteboardmask,Melvillestrikesthroughthesurfaceofhisadventurousnarrativetoformulateconceptsofgoodandevili

31、mbeddedasallegoryinitsevents.UnderMelvillespen,Moby-Dickturnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestofthetruthandknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintomansdeeprealityandpsychology.Melvilleusessymbolsasrepresentationsofdifferentideas,andthroughfactsandincidentstoacquireuniversalmeanings:theP

32、equodisthemicrocosmofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruths.Thewhitewhale,MobyDick,symbolizednature,foritiscomplex,unfathomable,malignant,andbeautifulaswell.ForthecharacterAhab,however,thewhalerepresentsonlyevil;fortheauthor,aswellasforthereaderandIshmael,thenarrator,MobyDickisanultimatemys

33、teryoftheuniverse,andthevoyageofthemindwillforeverremainasearchofthetruth.WhatisthethemeandthemajorcharacterinF.S.FitzgeraldTheGreatGatsby?菲兹杰拉德的小说伟大的盖茨比的主题和主要人物是什么？ConsideredasFitzgeraldsfinestwork,TheGreatGatsby,writtenincrisp,conciseproseandtoldbyNickCarraway,asatiricyetsympathericnarrator,itisth

34、estoryofJayGatsby,ayoungAmericanfromtheMidwest,GatsbybecomesabootleggerinordertoattainthewealthandlavishwayoflifehefeelsarenecessarytowintheloveofDaisyBuchanan,amarriedupper-classwomanwhohadoncerejectedhim.ThestoryendstragicallywithGatsbysdestruction.Thebookdealsthebankruptcyoftheprotagonistspersona

35、ldreamsduetotheclashesbetweentheirromanticvisionoflifeandthesordidreality.Theheroofthenovel,Gatsby,isthelastofromanticheroes,whoseenergyandsenseofcommitmenttakeshiminsearchofhispersonalgrail.GatsbysfailuremagnifiestoagreatextenttheendoftheAmericandream.Theprotagonistspursuitofhisdreamonlyprovestoben

36、othingbutanillusion.Nevertheless,theaffirmationofhopeandexpectationisself-assertedinthecharacters.Whatisthetheme,stylisticfeaturesandthemajorcharacterinDreisersSisterCarrie?德来塞的嘉丽妹妹的主要人物主题结构，语言风格和艺术特点。Publishedin1900,SisterCarrieisoneofthemasterpiecesbyDreiser.Thenoveltellsthestoryofasmall-towngirlw

37、homovestoChicagoandeventuallybecomesaBroadwaystarinNewYorkCity.Italsotracesthedeclineandeventualsuicideofherlover.ThenovelbestembodiesDreisersnaturalisticbeliefthatwhilemenarecontrolledandconditionedbyheredity,instinct,andchance,afewextraordinaryandunsophisticatedhumanbeingsrefusetoaccepttheirfatean

38、dinstead,striveunsuccessfully,tofindmeaningandpurposeintheirexistence.SomecriticsregardedDreisersstyleasclumsyandplodding,lackofconcision.Thoughthetimesequenceisclearandtheplotstraightforward,hehasbeenalwaysaccusedofbeingawkwardinsentencestructure,mixedanddisorganizedinvoiceandwellcalculatedtoachiev

39、ethethematicendshesought.Forhim,languageisameansofcommunicationratherthanartform.Hebrokeawayfromthegeneraltraditionofliteratureanddramatizedthelifeinaveryrealisticway.Thereisnocomment,nojudgmentbutfactsoflifeinthestories.WhatisRobertFrostsnaturepoem?什么是罗伯特弗洛斯特的自然诗RobertFrost,Americanpoet,knownforhis

40、verseconcerningNewEnglandlife.Helearnedthefamiliarconventionsofnaturepoetryfromhispredecessors,andmadethecolloquialNewEnglandspeechintoapoeticexpression.Apoemsoconceivedthusbecomesasymbolormetaphor,acareful,lovingexplorationofreality.Imagesandmetaphorsinhispoemsaredrawnfromthesimplecountrylife.Howev

41、er,profoundideasaredeliveredunderthedisguiseoftheplainlanguageandthesimpleform,forwhatFrostdidistotakesymbolsfromthelimitedhumanworldbeyondtherusticscene.Thesethematicconcernsincludetheterrorandtragedyinnature,aswellasitsbeauty,andthelonelinessandpovertyoftheisolatedhumanbeing.Inshort,thenaturepoems

42、demonstrateFrostsloveoflifeandhisbeliefinaserenitythatcomesfromthecommonexperience.WhatarethethematicconcernsandtheartisticcharacteristicsofEmilyDickinsonspoetry?艾米丽狄金森诗歌的艺术特色和主题是什么EmilyDickinson,isAmericansbestknownfemalepoet.Herpoetrycoverstheissuesvitaltohumanity,whichincludereligion,death,immort

43、ality,love,andnature.Herpoemhavenotitles,hencearealwaysquotedbytheirfirstlines.Inherpoetry,thereisaparticularstresspattern,inwhichdashesareusedasamusicaldevicetocreatecadenceandcapitallettersasameansofemphasis.Mostofherpoemsborrowtherepeatedfour-line,rhymedstanzasoftraditionalChristianhymns,withtwol

44、inesoffour-beatmetersalternatingwithtwolinesofthree-beatmeter.Amasterofimagerythatmakesthespiritualmaterializeinsurprisingways,Dicksonmanagedmanifoldvariationswithinhersimpleform;Sheusedimperfectrhymes,subtlebreaksofrhythm,andidiosyncraticsyntaxandpunctuationtocreatefascinatingwordpuzzles,whichhavep

45、roducedgreatlydivergentinterpretationsovertheyears.Duetoherdeliberateseclusion,herpoemstendtobeverypersonalandmeditative.Shefrequentlypersonificationtovivifysomeabstractideas.Dickinsonspoetry,despiteitsostensibleformalsimplicity,isremarkableforitsvariety,subtletyandrichness;andherlimitedprivateworld

46、haveneverconfinedthelimitlesspowerofhercreativityandimagination.二、理性和革命时期文学TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution1。BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)“TheAutobiography”“PoorRichardsAlmanac”2。ThomasPaine(1737-1809)“TheAmericanCrisis”“CommonSense”“GreatCommonerofMankindpamphleteer3。ThomasJefferson(1743-1826)“TheD

47、eclarationofIndependence”4。PhilipFreneau(1752-1832)“TheWildHoneySuckle”“TheIndianBuryingGround”“ToaCaty-DidthepoetoftheRevolutionFatherofAmericanPoetrythefirstdistinctlyromanticnoteheardinAmericanandthebeautiesof_SantaCruz三、浪漫主义文学TheLiteratureofRomanticism1。WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)thefirstromanti

48、cismfamiliarstylewriterfatherofAmericanliterature(“TheAuthorsAccountofHimself”TheLegendofSleepyHollow”“SketchBook”)2.JamesFenimoreCooper(17891851)“TheLastoftheMohicans”“LeatherStockingTales”(TheDeerslayer”,”ThePathfinder”“TheLastoftheMohicans”“ThePioneers”,“ThePraire”)twokindsofimmenselypopularstori

49、es:theseaadventuretale,andthefrontiersaga3。WilliamCullenBrvant(1794-1878)“Thanatopsis”“Ton於1十)*1”美国的华兹华斯致水鸟是用美国英语写作的最美的短诗4。EdzarAllanPoe(1809-1849)侦探小说鼻祖“ToHelen”“TheRaven”“AnnabelLee”“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”5。RalphWaldoEmerson(“Nature”“Self-Reliance”“TheAmericanScholar”“ourintellectualDeclaration

50、ofIndependence6。HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)“WaldenWhereILived,andWhatILivedFor”“CivilDisobedience”NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)TheHouseoftheSevenGables“TheScarletLetter”第一个象征主义小说“TheHouseoftheSevenGables”HermanMelville(1819-1891)“MobyDick”象征主义高峰9。HenryWadsworthLongfellow(18071882)“APsalmofLife”“The

51、SlavesDream”“MyLostYouth”“TheSongofHiawathaHiawathasFasting”PoetscornerofWestminsterAbbey四、现实主义文学TheLiteratureofRealism1。WaltWhitman(1819-1892)“SongofMyself”“ISitandLookOut”“DRUM-TAPSBeat!Beat!Drums”“LeavesofGrass”freeverse2。EmilvDickinson(1830-1886)Itastealiquorneverbrewed”“IfeltaFuneral,inmyBrain”

52、“ABirdcamedowntheWalk“IdiedforBeauty-butwasscarce”“IheardaFlybuzzwhenIdied“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath-“3。HarrietBeecherStowe(1811-1896)废奴主义者“UncleTomsCabin”(南北战争导火索)“Dred:ATaleoftheGreatDismalSwamp”themothersstruggle4。MarkTwain(1835-1910)TheAdventuresofTomSawyer”“TheGildedAge”theTrueFatherofAmericanliteratureAdventuresofHucklebrryFinn现代美国文学之源5。OHenrv(1862-1910“TheCopandtheAnthem”“TheGiftoftheMagi”fatherofMode