翻译英语阅读理解基础讲义

1、211英语阅读理解基网络课堂211英语阅读理解基网络课堂主讲：屠皓欢迎使0PassageSustainable development is d to just about everything from energy to clean water economic growth, and as a result se difficult to question either the basic behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is lly true in agriculture, sustainable develop

2、ment is often taken as the sole measure of progressPassageSustainable development is d to just about everything from energy to clean water economic growth, and as a result se difficult to question either the basic behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is lly true in agriculture, susta

3、inable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a tionofhistoricalandTo start with, it is important to t the nature of agriculture has markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly

4、 rural society with a much lower population density n it is today. Id minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution.

5、Competition overseas led farmers to lize and increase yields. Throughout this period food r, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to loss and diminishingWhats more, demand for animal products in countries is growing so tmeeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of gra

6、in a year by 2050. Yet the growth of andindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforanyAll this t he 21stcentury will have to be very different from how he 20th.thiswill require radical thinking. For le, we need to move away from t traditional are inevitably more n new ones. We also need abandon t

7、he t agriculture can be “zero impact”. The key will be to abandon the simple and ic measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to ain withoutincreasingInsteadweneedamoreion,tlooksattheprosandcons（方面）of all the various way land is used. There are many different ways to measure performance b

8、esides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, urity, carbon and biodiversity. It is clear, for t the carbon of transporting tomatoes from othe UK is ntof producing he UK dditionalheating and lighting. But donotknowwhetherlowercarbonswillalwaysbebetterforWhatis l is tsustainableagricultureisnot

9、justaboutsustainableHowdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinByitsC)Byitsimpacton theB)ByD)Byitscontributiontoeconomic2. lisationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedA)LocalisedC)competitionfromB)theshrinkingD)thedecreaseof3.Whatwillagriculturebehe21stItwillgothroughradicalItwillsupplymoreanimal1Itwillab

10、andontraditionalfarmingItwillcausezerodamagetotheWhatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfarmingTheyhaveremainedthesameovertheTheyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulation?C)TheyarenotsarilyD)Theyareenvironmentally5.WhatistheauthorseinItwillabandontraditionalfarmingItwillcausezerodamagetotheWhatdoestheauthorthinkoft

11、raditionalfarmingTheyhaveremainedthesameovertheTheyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulation?C)TheyarenotsarilyD)Theyareenvironmentally5.WhatistheauthorseinwritingthisToremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainableTosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodToadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingTourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustain

12、ableagriculturePassageThe percentage of immigrants (including those unlawfully he United es been ng upward for years. At 12.6 percent, it is now n at any since Weare not about to go back to the days when Congress openlyworried about inferior pollutingAmericasbloodstream.Butonce againwearewonderingwh

13、etherwehavetoomanythe wrong ers. Their loudest critics t the new wave of immigrants donotwantto,fitinaspreviousgenerationsWe now t these racist views were wrong. In time, Italians, Romanians membersofotherso-calledinferiorbecameexemplaryAmericansandcontributedways too numerous to detail, to the buil

14、ding of this magnificent nation. There is no reason thesenewimmigrantsshouldvethesameAlthough of Mexican immigrants do better, in terms of educational al n their parents, UCLA sociologist les has t gains dont , the fourth generation is marginally worse n the third. Jackson, of the University of Mich

15、igan, has found a similar trend among black ls t Mexican-Americans may be fated to follow in the footsteps Americanblacks tlargepartsofthecommunitypermanent e of poverty and underachievement. Like African-Americans, Mexican-are increasingly relegated to (降入) segregated, substandard schools, and thei

16、r dropout rate is highestforanyethniche Wehave learnedmuchaboutthe foolishidea of excludingpeople on thepresumption of l inferiority. But what we have not yet learned is how to make the s Americanization work for all. I am not talking about requiring people to learn English or to American ways; thos

17、e things happen pretty much on their own. But as arguments immigration heat up assimilation, about how to n trail, we also ought to ask some broader question t people , once outsiders , dont forever heset is a much larger n what should happen with ed workers, how best to secure the border, and it is

18、 t affects not ers but 2been here enerations. It will have more impact on our n where we decide to set s bar for the latest wave of would-be Americans. And it would be nice if we finally theanswer1.Howwereimmigrantsviewedbeen here enerations. It will have more impact on our n where we decide to set

19、s bar for the latest wave of would-be Americans. And it would be nice if we finally theanswer1.HowwereimmigrantsviewedbyU.S.CongressinearlyA)Theywereofinferior.TheywereaSourceofpoliticalTheywereathreattothenationsTheywerepartofthenations2.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofthenewTheywillbeadynamicworkTheycando

20、justaswellastheirheC)Theywillbeveryedon thenewD)Theymayfindrdtoothe3.WhatdoeslesresearchsayaboutMexican-A)TheymayslowlyimprovefromgenerationtoB)Theywilldo ermsofeducationalC)Theywill otheAfrican-AmericanD)Theymayforeverremainpoorand4.WhatshouldbedonetohelpthenewRidthemoftheirinferiorityUrgethemtoado

21、ptAmericanPreventthemfrombeing TeachthemstandardAmerican5.Accordingtotheauthor,theburningeconcerningimmigrationA)HowtodealwithpeopleenteringtheU.S.sB)HowtohelpimmigrantstobetteroAmericanHowtostopillegalimmigrantsfromcrossingtheHowtolimitthenumberofimmigrantstoenterthePassageBillGates,thechairmanwith

22、outasingleearneduniversitydegree,iscsraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthof thebusinessworldsfavorite academic title: MBA(MasterofBusinessThe MBA, a 20th-centuryproduct, always has borne the mark of lowly commerce and onthetree-linedusesruledbypurerchasphilosophyando the hiring of business school But even

23、with the apparently about79,000people areexpected to receive MBAs in1993.Thisis nearly16 times the number business graduates in 1960, a testimony to the wide spread youngmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomet the MBA is vital “If you are o the corporate world it is still a disadvantage not to have on

24、e,” Donald Morrison, professor of marketing and management science. he last five years so,whensomeonesays,ShouldIattempttogetanMBA,theansweralotmoreis:ItThe s of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs, such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-3Stores Inc., has helped inspire self-conscious debates onbusiness schoo

25、l ofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbeusesover the The Harvard Business Review pred a lively, fictional exchange of letters to dramatize s about business degree holders.The article called MBA hires “extremely disappoing” and said “MBAs want to move up too fast, they dont understand polit

26、icsStores Inc., has helped inspire self-conscious debates onbusiness school ofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbeusesover the The Harvard Business Review pred a lively, fictional exchange of letters to dramatize s about business degree holders.The article called MBA hires “extremely disap

27、poing” and said “MBAs want to move up too fast, they dont understand politics and people, and they arent able to function as part of teamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythen,theyreoutlookingforotherThe problem, most aura(光环offuturericheshe debate acknowledge, t the MBAhas acquired erualimportanceandEnrollm

28、ent in business schools he 1970s and 1980s and created the t no one who pursued a business career could do without one. The growth was fueled by backlash(反冲againsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewomensBusiness people who have hired or worked with MBAs say those with the degrees often know ho

29、w yzesystems butare notso skillfulat motivating people. “Theydontgeta lot he people side of the business”, said James Shaffer, and principal anagementconsultingAccording to Paragraph 2, what is the general attitude towards business on c dominated by purer disciplines?A)D)It t the controversy over th

30、e value of MBA degrees had been fueled mainly A)thesfromvariousB)thesofmanynon-thecriticismfromthescientistsofpurerthepoorperformanceofMBAsatWhatisthemajorweaknessofMBAholdersaccordingtotheHarvardBusinessTheyareusuallyself-TheyareaggressiveandTheykeepcomplainingabouttheirTheyarenotgoodatdealingwithF

31、romthepassagewet most MBAs A)canclimbtheadderfairlyB)quittheirjobsoncetheyarefamiliarwiththeirC)receivetdonotmatchtheiralD)realisticionsabouttheirWhatisthepassagemainlyA)WhythereisanincreasedBAB)ThesityofreformingMBAprogramsinbusinessC)DoubtsabouttheworthofholdinganMBAD)Adebateheldrecentlyonuniversi

32、ty4PassageYouheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodistically,butitdoesntgood.Whydoesnt ever-greater wealth promote ever-greater happiness? It is a t east to the appearance in 1958 of The Affluent (富裕的) Society by John Kenneth Galbraith, who died recently at 97.TheAffluentSociety isamodernc

33、lassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewhe condition.For most of history, ger, sickness, and cold” threatened nearlyeveryone, wrote. “Poverty was found hat world. ObviouslyPassageYouheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodistically,butitdoesntgood.Whydoesnt ever-greater wealth promote ever-greater ha

34、ppiness? It is a t east to the appearance in 1958 of The Affluent (富裕的) Society by John Kenneth Galbraith, who died recently at 97.TheAffluentSociety isamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewhe condition.For most of history, ger, sickness, and cold” threatened nearlyeveryone, wrote. “Poverty was fou

35、nd hat world. Obviously it is not of ours.” After War II, the dread of another Great gave way to an economic boom. In the daveraged18.2he1950sitwas4.5To Galbraith, materialism had gone mad and would breed discontent. Through companiesconditionedconsumers tobuythingstheydidntreallywantorneed. Because

36、so spending was l, it would be unfulfilling. ernment t make everyone better off was being cut down because people instinctively and wrongly ernmentonlyas “asaryItsoftent only the rich are getting ahead; everyone else standing still or behind. Well, there are many undeserving richaid chief executives

37、, for instance. But any meaningful period, most es are increasing. From 1995 to inflation-adjusted average e rose 14.3 percent, to $43,200. People feel because their esoften dont satisfytheir rising wantsforbiggerhomes, more care,moreeducation,ernetThe other great frustration t s iminated insecurity

38、. People regard job as part of their standard of living. As corporate layoffs t part has eroded. workers fear thesamee “the ableAmerican,” as Louis le puts it in his book Because so much ffering and widespread affluence suggested utopian ( succeeds. There is much less physical miseryl式的stemmed fromp

39、overty, the arrival sibilities. Up to a , n before. People are better off. affluencealsocreatesnewsand Advanced societies need economic growth to satisfy the multiplying wants of their But the quest rowth lets loose new anxieties and st disturb the order. Affluence liberates the individual, t everyo

40、ne can choose a unique way self-fulfillment. But the promise is so t it predestines many ments sometimes inspires ve anti-l , including family breakdown obesity(肥胖症).isticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenShould we be surprised? Not really. Weve simply reaffirmed an old truth: the pursuit affluence

41、doesnotalwaysendwith1.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentA)Whyisticslthe bouttheWhyaffluencedoesntguaranteeHowhappinesscanbepromotedD)iesbehindaneconomic52.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecauseA)publicspendinghasntbeencutdownasB)sprovedtobeasaryC)theyareinfearo

42、fanotherGreatD)materialismhasrunodern3.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhen2.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecauseA)publicspendinghasntbeencutdownasB)sprovedtobeasaryC)theyareinfearofanotherGreatD)materialismhasrunodern3.WhydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheirerisesA)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefarahe

43、adoftheirB)TheirerhasdroppedmarkedlywithC)ThedistributionofwealthisunevenntherichandtheD)Healthcareandeducationalvesomehowgoneoutof4.WhatdoesLouislemeanby“theableAmerican”(Line3,Para.ThosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingPeoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromPeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanWorker

44、swhonolongerhavesecure5. saffluencebroughttoAmericanRenewedeconomicAsenseofself-C)sand D)Miseryandanti-lPassageFor years, doctors advised their t the onlything taking multivitamins does is them expensive urine (尿). After all, true vitamin deficiencies are practically unheard of in industrialized cou

45、ntries. Now it seems those doctors may have been wrong. The results of growing number of t even a modest vitamin shortfall can be harmful to health.Althoughproofofthebenefitsofmultivitaminsisstillfarfromcertain,thefewdollars spendonthemisprobablyagoodtstheargumentputhe New England Journal of Medicin

46、e. say Dr. Walter Willett and Dr. Meir fer of Harvard, all vitamin supplements would evaluated in scientifically rigorous clinical trials. But those studies can take a long time and raise more n they answer. At some , while researchers work on figuring wherethes,itjustmakessensetosaythepotentialbene

47、fitoutweighstheThebestevidencetodateconcernsfolate,oneoftheBvitamins.Itsbeenprovedtolimitnumber of defects in embryos (胚胎), and a recent trial t folate in combination vitaminB12andaformofB6alsodecreasesthere-blockageofarteriesaftersurgicalThe news on vitamin E has been more mixed. Healthyfolks who t

48、ake dailyeasttwoyearsappearesslikelytodevelopheartdisease.Butwhen give vitamin E to patients who already have heart disease, the vitamin doesnt seem to help. mayturntvitaminEplaysaroleinpreventionannotundoserious6Despite vitamin Cs great popularity, consuming large amounts of it still has not itivel

49、y linked to any great benefit. The body es saturated with C and excretes(排泄anyThe multivitamins question boils down to this: Do youDespite vitamin Cs great popularity, consuming large amounts of it still has not itively linked to any great benefit. The body es saturated with C and excretes(排泄anyThe

50、multivitamins question boils down to this: Do you need to wait until all the evidence in before you take them, or are you willing to hurtandcouldttheresenought they If the latter, theres no need to go to extremes and buy the biggest lls or the expensive bottles. Large doses can cause trouble, includ

51、ing systemsive bleeding and Multivitamins are no substitute for exercise and a balanced diet, of course. As long as t any potential benefit is modest and subject to further refinement, taking a akesa lotofAt time doctors discouraged taking multivitamins because tmultivitamins couldnoteasilybeabsorbe

52、dbythehumanwerepotentiallyharmfultopeoplesweretooexpensivefordailycouldnotprovideanycureforvitaminAccordingtotheauthor,clinicaltrialsofvitaminsupplementsA)oftenstaketimeandwillnotproduceconclusiveshouldbeconductedbyscientistsonalargerappeartobeasheerwasteoftimeandIsbeen t vitamin E shouldbetakenbypa

53、tientsregularlyandcaneffectivelyreducetherecurrenceofhearthasapreventivebutnotcurativeeffectonheartshouldbegiventopatientswithheartdiseaseasearlyItcanbetlarge doses ofmultivitamins maybringaboutmayhelpprevente sivearelikelytoinducetheblockageofareadvisableforthosewithvitamindeficiencies The author c

54、oncludes the passage with the advicet A)thebenefitofdailyake tofexerciseandabalanceditsriskytotakemultivitaminswithoutknowingtheirspecificthepotentialbenefitofmultivitaminscanneverbeitsreasonabletotakearationaldoseofmultivitaminsPassageOnly two he advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave f

55、rom work 7carefor a newborn child. Lastspring one of the two,Australia, gave up the dubious distinction establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasnt surprised when this didnt make the heUnitedeswerenowtheonlywealthycountrywithoutsuchaThe United es does have one explicit family policy, th

56、e Family and Medical Leave passed in 1993. carefor a newborn child. Lastspring one of the two,Australia, gave up the dubious distinction establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasnt surprised when this didnt make the heUnitedeswerenowtheonlywealthycountrywithoutsuchaThe United es does ha

57、ve one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much as ks unpaid leave for care of a newborn dealing with a family medical problem. Despite the modesty of the benefit, the Chamber Commerceandotherbusinessgroupsfoughtitbitterly,describingitasmana

58、gementandadangerousprecedent.Infact,everystepof theway, as(usually)leaders have tried roduce work-family balance o the law, business groups beenstronglyAs Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues, justifying parental support depends on the family as a l t, in some sense, society must pay for. In her b

59、ook No Exit: ParentsOweTheirChildrenandWhatSocietyOwesParents,shetparents are any heir lives: there is no exit when it comes to children. Society expectsneedsparents to provide their children with continuity of care, meaning t human beings need to develop ellectual, emotional and moral capabilities.

60、 societyexpectsandneedsparentstoheirrolesfor18years,orlongerifWhilemostparentsdothisoutoflove,therearepublicpenaltiesfornotprovidingcare.parents do, in other words, is of deep concern to the e, for the obvious t caring children is notonly morally urgent butessentialfor the future of society. The e r