特殊的普通合伙企业合伙协议参考格

1、Large Scale Wind Hydrogen SystemsSept, 2003Ellen LiuGE Global ResearchWind Power and Large Scale Hydrogen ProductionWind Power for Renewable Hydrogen Production Has Great Potential The Opportunity: Renewable routes to Hydrogen-required to reduce oil dependency and green house gas emissions and impro

2、ve urban air quality The Competition: Gasoline-inexpensive at $1.50/Gal: $14/MBTU or 5 /kWh. The Goal: US DOE Hydrogen cost target-$2/kg or 6 /kWh. The Candidate: Wind power is commercially viable - COE reduced to 4 /kWh 1.2 B$ Freedom CAR (Cooperative Automotive Research) Initiative will create lar

3、ge demand for low cost/high volume Hydrogen fuel supply Fossil fuel replacement will require industrial scale hydrogen production, storage and delivery systemsUS Today: 84% of hydrogen produced via natural gas reforming w/o carbon sequestrationGM Hy-Wire Fuel Cell CarElectrolyzer Water purification

4、Regulators- Gas dryer Shutdown Switch etc.HydrogenStorageGridH2 Gas+-VWater SupplyH2 TruckingH2 PipelineO2 GasPeak ShavingICE/Fuel CellPower Conditioner-Grid Interconnector-Max Power Tracker-AC/DC converter-Power Supply Switch -etc.Control SystemsLocal H2 UseWind-Hydrogen System ConceptWind-Hydrogen

5、 Forms a Green Energy Cycle and is Technically FeasibleOpportunity Assessment: NY State Wind-H2New York Petroleum Usage (310 MM Barrels/year)FEASIBLE: Replace 50% of NY Oil use with Hydrogen from renewable energy sources-Wind Power is VitalNY Wind Potentials: 4GW onshore 8GW offshoreNY Wind MapPoten

6、tial Wind FarmsTug Hill PlateauLong IslandHydrogenBuffer StorageO2 Gas200 MW4500 kg/hr, 25 bar3 gal/kg H2350 barPlateau-Syracuse: 30 milesHydrogen pipeline10 Diameter, 25 bar$1MM /mileh 99% (30 miles)200 MW$1000/kWh 75% 4500kg (150 MWh)$100/kWhh 99%H2 Production - Pipeline Delivery (Tug Hill -Syracu

7、se)500 MW$1000/kW h 40%Water Consumption324,000 gal/dayH2 production:107,000 kg/day $3.5/kg6 MW$1000/kWh 80%H2 production:108,000 kg/day $3.4/kg Offshore Wind - Onshore H2 Production (Long Island)HydrogenBuffer StorageO2 Gas220 MW4950kg/hr, 25 bar220 MW $1000/kWh 75% 4950kg (150 MWh) $100/kWhh 99%50

8、0 MW $1200/kWh 45%Water Consumption356,400 gal/day150 kV AC sub-sea cable $1.2 MM/mileh 98%8 milesGH2 98 trucks (180kg/truck) 60,000/truckh 85% (40miles)H2 production:100,980 kg/day $4.15/kgH2 production:118,000 kg/day $3.5/kg3 gal/kg H26 MWh 80%350 barNOTE: Assuming trucks are powered by H2 North D

9、akota: The “Saudi Arabia of Wind Enough wind potential to supply 1/3 of the electricity consumption of the lower 48 states. No major load centers need to transmit power to remote locations Potential to become an clean fuel supplier to Minneapolis & Chicago:Electricity (through power transmission lin

10、es)Hydrogen (through pipelines) Opportunity Assessment: ND Wind-H2Wind Resources & Infrastructure ChallengesHydrogenBuffer StorageO2 Gas200 MW4500 kg/hr, 25 bar350 bar10 Diameter, 25 bar$1MM /mileh 85% (1000 miles)200 MW$1000/kWh 75% 4500 kg (150 MWh)$100/kWhH2 Production with Pipeline Delivery (ND-

11、Chicago)North Dakota - Chicago1000 miles500 MW$1000/kWutil. 40%Water Consumption324,000 gal/dayH2 production:91,809 kg/day $8.9/kg100 miles1 MW1 MW6 MW$1000/kWh 80%North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 milesHydrogen pipeline3 gal/kg H2NOTE: Assuming pumps along pipeline are powered by H2HydrogenBuffer StorageO

12、2 Gas200 MW3825 kg/hr, 25 bar350 barNorth Dakota-Chicago: 1000 miles170 MW$1000/kWh 75%3060 kg (102 MWh)$100/kWh HVDC Transmission (ND-Chicago) H2 Production 500 MW$1000/kWutil. 40%Water275,427 gal/dayH2 Production91,810 kg/day $8.85/kgHVDC Electricity Transmission Cable2/3 Overhead: $0.8 MM/mile1/3

13、 Underground cable: $1.2 MM/mile 85% (1000 miles)5 MWNorth Dakota - Chicago1000 miles3 gal/kg H2Hydrogen Delivery AlternativesWind-Hydrogen System EconomicsCOE, Electrolyzer Cost and Efficiency are the Major Cost Factors for HydrogenH2 at gateSystem Sensibility AnalysisNOTE: no energy delivery consi

14、dered0100Percent0100Percent0100Percent0:0006:0012:0018:0024:0075Time of DayH2ProductionElectricityProductionDedicated Hydrogen ProductionHydrogen Off-Peak, Electricity On-PeakHydrogen Off-Peak, Hydrogen+Electricity On-PeakH2ProductionH2ProductionElectricityProduction Grid-connected Wind-Hydrogen Sys

15、tem Dedicated hydrogen production Off-peak hydrogen production H2 production only during off-peak electrical demand hours when low-cost electricity is available Full off-peak H2 production 24h/day, but lower during on-peak electricity demand times Stand-alone Wind-Hydrogen System H2 refueling statio

16、n at remote, isolated area: island, rural area, Alaska, etc. Wind-electrolysis-fuel cell/H2 ICE (m-turbine) system, wind-reversible electrolysis Wind hybrid system with H2 productionViable Wind-Hydrogen System OptionsCurrent Technology: State of the Art Alkaline Electrolyzer, Efficiency: 60-70% (LHV

17、) Operating temperature: up to 80oC Operating pressure: 1 atm 25 atm Cost: $1000/kW - $2500/kWElectrolyzer TechnologiesFuture Technology: increase capacity, efficiency and reduce cost System efficiency should reach 70-80% (LHV) by advanced electrolyzer technology Industrial size electrolyzer (MW lev

18、el) Cost should be reduced to $300/kW - $500/kW (COH at $2/kg) Integration with renewables (wind, PV, geothermal, etc.) New Technology Development Required for Megawatt Scale ElectrolyzerStuart ElectrolyzerCurrent Technologies Compression Processes High energy consumption: losses 15-30% High capital

19、 cost for large quantity storage: $1000-2000/kW Pressure to 200 - 350 bar Liquefaction Processes High energy consumption: losses 40-50% High capital cost: $1500-2500/kW Compressed Storage Large space required for large quantity storage: limited by pressure (5000 psi now) Liquid Storage Boil-off: 0.1

20、-0.3%/dayAdvanced Storage Technologies: Low pressure “solid state : Metal Hydrides, Chemical Hydrides Large capacity : underground tankage Low cost: storage material systems design, compression & liquefaction processesCurrently: Intense Focus on On-Board Vehicle StorageFuture: Effort Required for In

21、dustrial Scale StorageIndustrial Scale H2 Stationary Storage ChallengeHydrogen Delivery: PipelinesCurrent Status:Hydrogen PipelineOil & Natural Gas Pipeline450 miles in USOil: 200,000 milesNatural Gas: 1.3 million miles$500K - $1.5 million /mile$200K- $800K/mileH2 pipeline efficiency is comparable w

22、ith Natural Gas PipelineFuture Needs: Reduce pipeline cost: increase system life, solve embrittlement Explore the options: modify NG or oil pipelines to carry H2 High pressure H2: new pipe materials & systems H2 pipeline safety managementHydrogen Pipeline Practical but ExpensivePraxairs Gulf Coast Hydrogen Pipeline System Technical Feasibility: Hydrogen production and distribution are feasible Commercial Viability: Current technologies are immature or high cost System Optimization Required: Integrating electricity-Hydrogen energy carriers into the current and fu