2022高考英语阅读理解自然与环境含解析

1、2021高考英语阅读理解（自然与环境）（含解析）PAGE PAGE 31（自然与环境）李仕才导读：中国濒临灭绝的大熊猫如今因气候变化而陷入失去它们的主食的危险之中。赶快行动起来保护他们吧！Pandas face bamboo shortage threatAlready threatened by a slow breeding rate and rapid habitat loss, Chinas endangered giant pandas now also risk losing their main food, bamboo, to climate change, claim sci

2、entists.A study in Chinas northwestern Qinling Mountains, home to around 270 pandasabout a fifth of the worlds wild populationpredicts a big bamboo decline this century as the globe warms.The pandas may face a shortage of food unless they can find alternative food resources; the giant panda is a pic

3、ky eater. Ninety-nine per cent of its diet consists of bamboobeing destroyed up to 38 kilograms per day. Bamboo itself also has a slow reproductive rate, flowering only every 30 to 35 years, which means it would be slow to adapt to a change in local climate.Based on the data gathered for this study,

4、 researchers predict that three bamboo species which make up almost the entire diet of the Qinling pandas will all but disappear in a warmer climate.Results suggest that almost the entire panda habitat in the region may disappear because of climate change by the end of the 21st century, the studys a

5、uthors write.Already, deforestation is threatening the survival of about half of all bamboo species worldwide.The researchers say bamboo distribution has historically changed in response to changes in the climate. In the modern era, though, even if other areas were to become climatically more suited

6、 for bamboo growth, these would be far away.The findings should be used for planning ahead to protect areas that have a better climatic chance of providing enough food sources or begin creating natural bridges to allow pandas an escape from bamboo famine.大熊猫面临着食物短缺的威胁科学家们声称，由于一直以来受到低繁殖率和栖息地快速流失的威胁，中

7、国濒临灭绝的大熊猫如今又因气候变化而陷入失去它们的主食竹子的危险之中。 大约270只大熊猫栖息于中国西北部的秦岭山脉地区，这占世界野生大熊猫总数的五分之一。据这一地区的调查研究推测，随着全球变暖本世纪竹子的产量将平稳下滑。 “除非大熊猫能够找到另外一种食物资源来代替竹子，否则它们将很可能面临食物短缺的困境。大熊猫可是个挑剔的食客。” 大熊猫的食物中99%都是竹子，它们平均每天吃掉的竹子达到38千克。竹子本身再生率低，每30年至35年为一个生长周期，这也就意味着竹子适应当地气候变化的过程很慢。 根据这个调查得出的数据，调查者预测随着气候越来越暖，三种竹子将濒临灭绝。而这三种竹子正是几乎秦岭地区的

8、大熊猫的全部食物源。 调查研究的发起者们写道：调查结果表明到21世纪末秦岭地区基本上所有大熊猫的栖息地将很可能消失。 滥伐森林正在在并且已经威胁着世界上将近一半种类的竹子的生存。 调查者说到自古以来竹子的分布状况都随着气候的变化而波动。不过在现代，即使其他地区从气候因素上来讲更适合竹子的生长，但是这些地区与目前大熊猫保护区相隔太远，没有重合区。 这些调查结果应该用于主动保护计划中，保护那些有更好的气候条件提供充足的食物资源的地区，或者为大熊猫搭建起快速摆脱饥荒的自然通道。 重点单词:1. breeding brid n. 繁殖，饲养2. picky pk adj. 挑剔的；吹毛求疵的3. de

9、forestation ,di,frsten n. 采伐森林；森林开伐4. famine fmn n. 饥荒；饥饿，奇缺重点短语 / 亮点句式：threatened by a slow breeding rate and rapid habitat loss为过去分词短语作原因状语。bamboo作their main food的同位语。如：Inspired by what he said, we are determined to study harder.在他的话的鼓舞下，我们决心更加努力学习。Tom, my uncle, will come here tomorrow.我的叔叔汤姆明天来这

10、里。2. consists of 包含，包括。如：The course consists of ten core modules and five optional modules. 这门课程包括十个必修单元和五个选修单元。3. up to多达；该由决定；胜任；直到。如：The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests. 这家旅馆可供500位旅客住宿。Her clothes are always right up to the minute. 她的衣服总是式样最新的。Its up to you to decide whether to go or to st

11、ay.是去是留该由你决定。He is not up to this work.他不胜任这项工作。4. make up 弥补；和解；编造；整理；化妆；拼凑成。如：I tried to make up for my loss.我力图补偿我的损失。 Lets make up.让我们言归于好吧。 The boy made up a story, it is not true.这个故事不是真的,是那个男孩编造出来的。 Leave this notice hanging on your door, asking the servant to make up your room.留张便条挂在你房门上, 请服

12、务员把你的房间整理一下。 I dont like to see women making up in public.我不喜欢看见女人在公开场合化妆打扮。 Farm workers make up only a small section of the population.农民只占人口的一小部分。5. by the end of 到为止。如：All reports must be sent in by the end of this week. 所有的报告必须在本星期以前交齐。6. in response to 回应。如：In response to their hospitality, we

13、 wrote a thank-you note.为回报他们的热情，我们写了一封感谢信。7. far away 遥远。如：We can talk to those who live far away by telephone.我们可以用电话和住在远处的人说话。名句背诵：A man can fail many times, but he isnt a failure until he begins to blame somebody else. (J. Burroughs)一个人可以失败很多次，但是只要他没有开始责怪旁人，他还不是一个失败者。(巴勒斯) 【话题解读】 “自然与环境”是高中新课程标准

14、话题之一，亦是高考英语常考话题。本话题包括动植物保护、生态保护、环境污染和保护等方面。这些话题与学生的生活 息息相关，联系密切。通过对这些话题的学习以及高考英语对这些话题的考查，可以让学生 多注意身边的人和事、关注社会环境、树立环保意识、学会与大自然和谐相处。 是高考英语热点话题，通常以阅读理解、完形填空和书面表达 的形式考查。【关键词汇、短语、句式】1.全球的关注 global concern 2.越来越糟get worse and worse/ get from bad to worse/ get more and more serious 3.环境的破坏the destruction o

15、f our environment 4.改善环境刻不容缓Its high time that we did sth to improve the environment5.提高.的意识raise awareness that /of sth 6.承担保护环境的责任bear the responsibility to protect our environment 7.呼吁某人做某事call on / call for/ appeal to sb to do sth8.时间不等人the clock is ticking9.努力做某事make all efforts/ endeavor /make

16、 ones utmost effort / go all out/try all means to do sth 10.采取行动/措施去take action /take measures to do 11.改善目前的状况improve the present situation12.关注pay attention to doing/show concern for sth13.伤害/损害. cause harm/damage to14.不惜任何代价at all cost15.只要so/as long as16.承担做某事的责任take the responsibility of doing

17、sth17.以牺牲.作为代价at the cost/ expense of our environment18.保护环境Protect the environment19.环境污染Environmental pollution20.释放有毒气体Give off/release poisonous gas21.受到严重污染Be seriously polluted22.对有害Do harm to / be harmful to23.(不)注意环保Pay (no) attention to24.灭绝die out25.多植树Plant more trees26.把垃圾分类Sort the rubb

18、ish27.回收垃圾Recycle the rubbish28.受益良多Benefit a lot29.保持生态平衡Keep the balance of nature30.防止人们污染河流Prevent people from polluting the rivers31.为了提高生活质量，环境保护变得越来越重要In order to improve the quality of our life, it becomes more and more important to32.随着科技的进步，环境污染越来越严重With the development of science and tech

19、nology, more and more pollution is produced33. 我们应该立刻采取措施与污染作斗争We should take immediate action / steps to fight against34.唯有这种方式我们才能享受新鲜空气，活得健康Only in this way can we enjoy fresh air and live a healthy life.【写作必备句型】1.To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.爱护环境就是爱护我们自己2.I make an urgent appea

20、l that measures should be taken to cope with the situation我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状3.We are sure that well win the battle.我们坚信我们能赢得战斗4. Keep our mountains green,the wate clean,and the sky blue.使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝5.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help.没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了.6.（Sth.）are bound to generate sev

21、ere consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，一定会有恶劣的后果 7.近来环保已经引起了全球的关注。Environmental protection has caused global concern recently.8.我们应该马上采取措施来保护我们的环境免受污染。Its high time we took immediate measures to protect our earth from being polluted.9.每个人都应该提高保护地球的意识。Everybody shoul

22、d raise the awareness that its our duty to protect our mother earth.10.你不难发现每个人都在伤害地球，然而他们可能自己都没有意识到这一点。You cannot difficultly see that everybody actually is causing damage to the mother earth, which , however, they may not be realizing. I阅读理解阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 A（2018北京）Plastic-Eating

23、 WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. R

24、esearchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or alm

25、ost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms stomachs

26、. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017. Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms ability to break down their everyday food beeswax also allows them to break down plastic. Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is

27、there as well, she explains, The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, sh

28、e finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(Bertocchini agrees and hopes her teams findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down

29、plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. 1. What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food. B. They are newly evolved creatures. C. They can con

30、sume plastics. D. They wind up in landfills. 2. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to . A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find out the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research findingsD. increase the breakdown speed3. It can be inferred from the last paragraph t

31、hat the chemical might . A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future4. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain a study method on worms. B. To introduce the diet of a special worm. C. To present a way to break down p

32、lastics. D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance. BTheir cheery song brightens many a winters day. But robins are in danger of wearing themselves out by singing too much. Robins are singing all night as well as during the day, British-based researchers say.David Dominoni, of Glasgow University,

33、said that light from street lamps, takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds biological clocks, leading to them being wide awake when they should be asleep.Dr Dominoni, who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns, said lack of sleep could put the birds health at risk

34、. His study shows that when robins are exposed to light at night in the lab, it leads to some genes being active at the wrong time of day. And the more birds are exposed to light, the more active they are at night.He told people at a conference, There have been a couple of studies suggesting they ar

35、e increasing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing. Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy. So by increasing their song output, there might be some costs of energy.And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagul

36、ls are also being more nocturnal. Dr Dominoni said, In Glasgow where I live, gulls are a serious problem. I have people coming to me saying You are the bird expert. Can you help us kill these gulls?. During the breeding (繁殖) season, between April and June, they are very active at night and very nois

37、y and people cant sleep.Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution, other research concluded that robins living in noisy cities have started to sing at night to make themselves heard over loud noise.However, some birds thrive (兴旺) in noisy environments. A study from California Polytechnic

38、 1.According to Dr Dominonis study, what causes robins to sing so much?A. The breeding season.B. The light in modern life.C. The dangerous environment.D. The noise from heavy machinery.2.What is the researchers concern over the increase of birds song output?A. The environment might be polluted.B. Th

39、e birds health might be damaged.C. The industry cost might be increased.D. The peoples hearing might be affected.3.What does the underlined word nocturnal in Paragraph 5 mean?A. Active at night. B. Inactive at night.C. Active during the day. D. Inactive during the day.4.Why do some birds thrive in n

40、oisy environments?A. Because there are fewer dangers.B. Because there is more food to eat.C. Because there is less light pollution.D. Because there are more places to take shelter.CMore than one in 10 of the UKs wildlife species is threatened with extinction (灭绝) and the number of the nations most e

41、ndangered creatures has fallen by two-thirds since 1970. The abundance of all wildlife has also fallen, with one in six animals, birds, fish and plants having been lost, a State of Nature report found.Together with historical deforestation (毁林) and industrialization, these trends have left the UK am

42、ong the most nature-exhausted countries in the world, with most of the country having gone past the stage at which ecosystems may no longer reliably meet societys needs.The comprehensive scientific report, gathered by more than 50 conservation organizations, spells out the destructive impact of mode

43、rn farming and climate change on habitats from farmland and hills to rivers and the coast. The fall in wildlife wasnt just all back in 70s and 80s, its still happening now, said Mark Eaton, at RSPB and the lead author of the report. Were getting more efficient in our farming. In a way its something

44、to be celebrated how good our farming science and technology is, but it does squeeze nature out.Eaton said there were good examples of wildlife and habitat recovery, but such projects were too few to turn the tide, with public funding for natures diversity having fallen by 32% from 2008 to 2015. The

45、 ability to do it is within our grasp; its just about resources and the willingness. The natural world is in serious trouble and it needs our help as never before. We continue to lose the precious wildlife that enriches our lives and is essential to the health and well-being of those who live in the

46、 UK. But the State of Nature 2016 report gives us cause for hope too. Landscapes are being restored, special places defended, struggling species being saved and brought back. But we need to build significantly on this progress if were to provide a bright future for nature and for people.Overall, the

47、 new report found that 56% of species declined between 1970 and 2013, and 53% between 2002 and 2013. While the rest of the species were increasing, were seeing a lot of disorder, some species going up really fast and some going down equally fast. It doesnt look like a healthy, natural situation. If

48、that carries on, you end up with just 50% left.1.How is Paragraph 1 mainly developed?A. By listing figures.B. By giving examples.C. By analyzing causes.D. By making comparisons.2.What does the underlined part mean?A. Modern farming must return to nature.B. Modern farming makes full use of nature.C.

49、Modern farming can enrich natures diversity.D. Modern farming may disturb natures balance.3.What does the last but one paragraph mainly suggest?A. Endangered wildlife must be well protected.B. People should unite to fight for a bright future.C. The situation is still severe despite some progress.D.

50、More money is needed for environmental protection.4.What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?A. To tell the British how to save wildlife species.B. To explain why more wildlife species face extinction.C. To stress the importance of protecting wildlife species.D. To introduce the current si

51、tuation of Britains wildlife species.DFor centuries people have hunted animals for food and pleasure. The invention of the gun made it so easy for humans to hunt that some animals were lolled by the thousands and even became extinct(绝种的).This brings up some serious problems since breaks in the food

52、chain upset the balance of nature.Large animals like tigers are being killed by the hundreds every year in India. The Royal Bengal tiger is the only type that exists in India and their number is greatly reduced every year because of poaching(偷猎).The present number is about 2,000,all of which live in

53、 tiger reserves. Two hundred years ago the population was 23,000 or more.During the British rule of India, many of the so-called English gentlemen killed tigers for pleasure and to show their bravery. This seems stupid because killing an innocent(无辜的)creature with a gun is not a brave deed.Today the

54、 tiger skin is very popular. Rich people and fashion designers have no idea what they are doing. Competition between the rich to show off makes them blind to the serious effects. People persuade villagers to kill tigers to get money, and they do it because they are poor and need to feed their famili

55、es. We must educate them, and the government should give them proper jobs to help solve this problem.The people to blame are those who buy animal products like ivories, furs, tiger bones for medicine and handbags made of animal skins. They must be put behind bars to stop this kind of trade. The eart

56、h is home for everyone on it. The trees, animals, birds, and fish of all kinds belong here as much as we do. Only we have the power to change their fate.1.What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?A. The balance of nature has long been broken by human beings.B. It is a tradition for people to hunt animal

57、s for food and fun.C. The gun is the leading cause of the extinction of many animals.D. Overhunting can lead to a series of problems in nature.2.According to the writer, the English gentlemen who played hunting games were .A. braveB. cruelC. confidentD. careless3.What does the underlined word them i

58、n Paragraph 4 refer to?A. Rich people.B. Fashion designers.C. Poor villagers.D. Government officials.4.What is the writers opinion on poaching?A. No buying, no lolling.B. Keep wildlife in the wild.C. Cage the cruelty, not animals.D. Shoot animals with cameras rather than guns. A 【文章大意】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种

59、吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。1.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms ability to break down their everyday food beeswax also allows them to break down plastic. 可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。 3.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段But she expects usi

60、ng the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. 可以推断出，Bertocchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。4.C 【解析】写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs