2022年华科大博士入学考试英语试卷题目全

1、华科大博士入学考试试卷完型填空（20*0.5分）讲某些动物实验，对于抚养后裔，可以引起妈妈和爸爸大脑前额皮质的神经受体的升高。需要选择的空白处，均不影响文章内容的信息提取，所有集中在语法、固定搭配、介词选择、近义词比较。一般人5-6分阅读理解（20*2分）所有出自题库，请下载题库核对答案吧第一篇gmatPassage 4 (4/63)The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How

2、such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures werereptiles or birdsare among the questions scientists have puzzled over.Perhaps the least controversial

3、assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a wing-like membrane. The o

4、ther fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained statio

5、nary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V-shape along each side of the animals body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is sub

6、ject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats.

7、T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag i

8、n flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jump

9、ing from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs hind feet resembled a bats and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The

10、second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.1.It c

11、an be inferred from the passage that scientists now generally agree that the(A) enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances(B) structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats(C) fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how the

12、y solved the problem of powered flight(D) pterosaurs were reptiles(E) pterosaurs walked on all fours2.The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as(A) revolutionary(B) unlikely(C) unassailable(D) probable(E) outdated3.According to the pa

13、ssage, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the(A) size of its wingspan(B) presence of hollow spaces in its bones(C) anatomic origin of its wing strut(D) presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet(E) location of the shoulder joint joining the wing to its bod

14、y4.The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the passage suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?(A) An animals brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.(B) An animals appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements an

15、d physical capabilities.(C) Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.(D) The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.(E) The pterosaurs should be classi

16、fied as birds, not reptiles.5.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is characteristic of the pterosaurs?(A) They were unable to fold their wings when not in use.(B) They hung upside down from branches as bats do before flight.(C) They flew in order to capture prey.(D) They

17、were an early stage in the evolution of the birds.(E) They lived primarily in a forest-like habitat.6.Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage?(A) New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.(B) Three explanations for a phenome

18、non are presented, and each is disputed by means of specific information.(C) Three hypotheses are outlined, and evidence supporting each is given.(D) Recent discoveries are described, and their implications for future study are projected.(E) A summary of the material in the preceding paragraphs is p

19、resented, and conclusions are drawn.7.It can be inferred from the passage that some scientists believe that pterosaurs(A) lived near large bodies of water(B) had sharp teeth for tearing food(C) were attacked and eaten by larger reptiles(D) had longer tails than many birds(E) consumed twice their wei

20、ght daily to maintain their body temperature第二篇GRE 1991年04月 section A 第二段The recent, apparently successful, prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of El Ninothe warm ocean current that periodically develops along the Pacific coast of South Americahas excited researchers. Jacob Bjerknes p

21、ointed out over 20 years ago how winds might create either abnormally warm or abnormally cold water in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Nonetheless, until the development of the models no one could explain why conditions should regularly shift from one to the other, as happens in the periodic oscilla

22、tions between appearances of the warm El Nino and the cold so-called anti-El Nino. The answer, at least if the current model that links the behavior of the ocean to that of the atmosphere is correct, is to be found in the ocean.It has long been known that during an El Nino, two conditions exist: (1)

23、 unusually warm water extends along the eastern Pacific, principally along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and (2) winds blow from the west into the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism by driving the warmer surface water into a “pile” th

24、at blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water, thus strengthening the wind still more. The contribution of the model is to show that the winds of an El Nino, which raise sea level in the east, simultaneously send a signal to the west lowering se

25、a level. According to the model, that signal is generated as a negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative, sea level, that moves westward parallel to the equator at 25 to 85 kilometers per day. Taking months to traverse the Pacific, Rossby waves march to the western boundary of the Pacif

26、ic basin, which is modeled as a smooth wall but in reality consists of quite irregular island chains, such as the Philippines and Indonesia.When the waves meet the western boundary, they are reflected, and the model predicts that Rossby waves will be broken into numerous coastal Kelvin waves carryin

27、g the same negative sea-level signal. These eventually shoot toward the equator, and then head eastward along the equator propelled by the rotation of the Earth at a speed of about 250 kilometers per day. When enough Kelvin waves of sufficient amplitude arrive from the western Pacific, their negativ

28、e sea-level signal overcomes the feedback mechanism tending to raise the sea level, and they begin to drive the system into the opposite cold mode. This produces a gradual shift in winds, one that will eventually send positive sea-level Rossby waves westward, waves that will eventually return as col

29、d cycle-ending positive Kelvin waves, beginning another warming cycle.21.The primary function of the passage as a whole is to(A) introduce a new explanation of a physical phenomenon(B) explain the difference between two related physical phenomena(C) illustrate the limitations of applying mathematics

30、 to complicated physical phenomena(D) indicate the direction that research into a particular physical phenomenon should take(E) clarify the differences between an old explanation of a physical phenomenon and a new model of it22.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first para

31、graph?(A) A theory is presented and criticized.(B) A model is described and evaluated.(C) A result is reported and its importance explained.(D) A phenomenon is noted and its significance debated.(E) A hypothesis is introduced and contrary evidence presented.23.According to the passage, which of the

32、following features is characteristic of an El Nino?(A) Cold coastal water near Peru(B) Winds blowing from the west(C) Random occurrence(D) Worldwide effects(E) Short duration24.According to the model presented in the passage, which of the following normally signals the disappearance of an El Nino?(A

33、) The arrival in the eastern Pacific of negative sea-level Kelvin waves.(B) A shift in the direction of the winds produced by the start of an anti-El Nino elsewhere in the Pacific.(C) The reflection of Kelvin waves after they reach the eastern boundary of the Pacific, along Ecuador and Peru.(D) An i

34、ncrease in the speed at which negative Rossby waves cross the Pacific.(E) The creation of a reservoir of colder, deep ocean water trapped under the pile of warmer, surface ocean water.25.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would result fairly immediately from the cessatio

35、n of the winds of an El Nino?I.Negative Rossby waves would cease to be generated in the eastern Pacific.II.The sea level in the eastern Pacific would fall.III.The surface water in the eastern Pacific would again be cooled by being mixed with deep water.(A) I only(B) II only(C) I and II only(D) I and

36、 III only(E) I, II, and III26.Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the validity of the model of El Nino that is presented in the passage?(A) During some years El Nino extends significantly farther along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru than during other years.(B) During peri

37、ods of unusually cool temperatures along the eastern Pacific, an El Nino is much colder than normal.(C) The normal upwelling of cold water in the eastern Pacific depends much more on the local characteristics of the ocean than on atmospheric conditions.(D) The variations in the time it takes Rossby

38、waves to cross the Pacific depend on the power of the winds that the waves encounter.(E) The western boundary of the Pacific basin is so irregular that it impedes most coastal Kelvin waves from heading eastward.27.The passage best supports the conclusion that during an anti-El Nino the fastest-movin

39、g signal waves are(A) negative Rossby waves moving east along the equator(B) positive Rossby waves moving west along the equator(C) negative Kelvin waves moving west along the equator(D) positive Kelvin waves moving west along the equator(E) positive Kelvin waves moving east along the equator第三篇GRE

40、1991年2月 SECTION BSome recent historians have argued that life in the British colonies in America from approximately 1763 to 1789 was marked by internal conflicts among colonists. Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these re

41、cent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation.The kind of conflict most emphasized by these historians is class conflict. Yet with the Revolutionary War dominating these years, how does one distinguish class conflict within that larger conflict? Certainly not by the side a perso

42、n supported. Although many of these historians have accepted the earlier assumption that Loyalists represented an upper class, new evidence indicates that Loyalists, like rebels, were drawn from all socioeconomic classes. (It is nonetheless probably true that a larger percentage of the well-to-do jo

43、ined the Loyalists than joined the rebels.) Looking at the rebel side, we find little evidence for the contention that lower-class rebels were in conflict with upper-class rebels. Indeed, the war effort against Britain tended to suppress class conflicts. Where it did not, the disputing rebels of one

44、 or another class usually became Loyalists. Loyalism thus operated as a safety valve to remove socioeconomic discontent that existed among the rebels. Disputes occurred, of course, among those who remained on the rebel side, but the extraordinary social mobility of eighteenth-century American societ

45、y (with the obvious exception of slaves) usually prevented such disputes from hardening along class lines. Social structure was in fact so fluidthough recent statistics suggest a narrowing of economic opportunity as the latter half of the century progressedthat to talk about social classes at all re

46、quires the use of loose economic categories such as rich, poor, and middle class, or eighteenth-century designations like “the better sort.” Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. Outside of New

47、York, however, there were very few instances of openly expressed class antagonism.Having said this, however, one must add that there is much evidence to support the further claim of recent historians that sectional conflicts were common between 1763 and 1789. The “Paxton Boys” incident and the Regul

48、ator movement are representative examples of the widespread, and justified, discontent of western settlers against colonial or state governments dominated by eastern interests. Although undertones of class conflict existed beneath such hostility, the opposition was primarily geographical. Sectional

49、conflictwhich also existed between North and Southdeserves further investigation.In summary, historians must be careful about the kind of conflict they emphasize in eighteenth-century America. Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand tha

50、t consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.17.The author considers the contentions made by the recent historians discussed in the passage to be(A) potentially verifiable(B) partially justified(C) logically contradictory(D) ingenious but

51、flawed(E) capricious and unsupported18.The author most likely refers to “historians such as Beard and Becker” (lines 5-6) in order to(A) isolate the two historians whose work is most representative of the viewpoints of Progressive historians(B) emphasize the need to find connections between recent h

52、istorical writing and the work of earlier historians(C) make a case for the importance of the views of the Progressive historians concerning eighteenth-century American life(D) suggest that Progressive historians were the first to discover the particular internal conflicts in eighteenth-century Amer

53、ican life mentioned in the passage(E) point out historians whose views of history anticipated some of the views of the recent historians mentioned in the passage19.According to the passage, Loyalism during the American Revolutionary War served the function of(A) eliminating the disputes that existed

54、 among those colonists who supported the rebel cause(B) drawing upper, as opposed to lower, socioeconomic classes away from the rebel cause(C) tolerating the kinds of socioeconomic discontent that were not allowed to exist on the rebel side(D) channeling conflict that existed within a socioeconomic

55、class into the war effort against the rebel cause(E) absorbing members of socioeconomic groups on the rebel side who felt themselves in contention with members of other socioeconomic groups20.The passage suggests that the author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements about t

56、he social structure of eighteenth-century American society?I.It allowed greater economic opportunity than it did social mobility.II.It permitted greater economic opportunity prior to 1750 than after 1750.III.It did not contain rigidly defined socioeconomic divisions.IV.It prevented economic disputes

57、 from arising among members of the society.(A) I and IV only(B) II and III only(C) III and IV only(D) I, II, and III only(E) I, II, III, and IV21.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and

58、 support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War?(A) Identifying a persons socioeconomic class is the least accurate method of ascertaining which side that person supported.(B) Identifying a person as a member of the rebel or of the Loyalist side does not necessarily

59、reveal that persons particular socioeconomic class.(C) Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although there were fewer disputes among socioeconomic classes on the Loyalist side.(D) Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeco

60、nomic classes, although the Loyalist side was made up primarily of members of the upper classes.(E) Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although many upper-class rebels eventually joined the Loyalists.22.The author suggests which of the following abo