美国文学史通论课件

1、A General Introduction to American Literature（17th.C.-19th.C.）The Literature of Colonial America 殖民主义时期文学 17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。17th世纪早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞

2、)开始了美国历史First colonies: named after English monarchs and English lands: Georgia, Carolina, Maryland, New York, New Hampshire, and New England美国最早殖民者Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese First writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settle

3、ments. ，about the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。船长约翰史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration) In the early 1600s,have been described as the

4、first distinctly American literature written in English.早期新英格兰文学主要是theological, moral, historical and political.the Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harsh church. They want to found a theocracy. They had toughness, purpose and character, and they grappled

5、 strongly with challenges they set themselves. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety成了早期美国作品主导思想。The Literature of Reason And Revolution 理性和革命时期文学 在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices hi

6、gher than the cost of making them in this country.在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence. Ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democr

7、atic republic 联邦资产阶级民主共和国- the United States of America，begin with Lexington. 托马斯佩因 Thomas Paine one of the founding fathers : 1)Common Sense 2)the American Crisis 3) the Age of Reason 托马斯杰弗逊 Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”, main drafter诺亚韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。The represen

8、tatives of the Enlightenment set themselves the task of disseminating knowledge among the people and advocating revolutionary ideas. Enlightenment启蒙时期: reason, order logic.代表美国文学独立的作品： 1785年杰弗逊：弗吉尼亚洲的声明Jeffersons “Notes on the State of Virginia”;1791年巴特姆：旅行笔记 “Travels” by BartramThe Literature of Ro

9、manticism 浪漫主义文学 Background: 1) French Revolution: Bastille in 1789. 2) Industrial Revolution: Invention of steam engine 3) Urbanization and shift from agriculture to industrial economy 4) Development of Industrial capitalism General features: 1) stressing emotion rather than reason 2) stressing fre

10、edom and individuality 3) stressing idealism rather than materialism 4) writing about nature, medieval legends and with supernatural, elements.1828年安德鲁杰克逊当选7th 总统，标志着“美国总统中，弗吉尼亚王朝的结束” the frontier hero Andrew Jackson as the 7th President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virg

11、inia Dynasty” of American Presidents. New York became Americas largest city, supplanting Boston and Philadelphia as the economic and cultural capital of the nation. Romantics shared certain general characteristics:moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a

12、presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies a source of corruption.The first half of the century pursuit simplicity, utility and perfection. Transcendental club超验主义俱乐部 was the group of New England intellectuals of the early-to mid-19th C. which gave rise to Transce

13、ndentalism. Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americas principal literary forms.美国是一个充满矛盾的国家，人们既有各种精神上的幻想，又有日益强烈的物质主义的现实需求。a land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing materialism.美国人生生活上、艺术上开始努力寻找新的自由及理念，社会的冲突及极端想

14、法在血腥的国内战争中达到了顶峰 Americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody civil war. The Literature Of Realism 现实主义文学In 1865 the first step toward racial equality was made when the 13th Amendment to the Constitution was adopted, aboli

15、shing slavery within the U.S. Soon the U.S had the most extensive railroad system in the world, which in turn generated enormous commercial expansion.By 1890 the frontier, the western moving line of settlement begun three hundred years before on the Atlantic Coast, ceased to exist.From 1870 to 1890

16、the total population of the U.S doubled. New York City is the largest in population. Chicago is the second largest.The rich came to such industrial and banking magnatesIncreased wealth, and the desire for its conspicuous display, gave rise to a gingerbread era美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote.现实主义一词来源于法 realisme, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。Realism had originated in Fr