汉英话语组织法对比课件

1、汉英话语组织法对比课件汉英话语组织法对比课件第一节意合与形合一、什么是“意合”与“形合”？意合(parataxis)：不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现词语或句子的连接；形合(hypotaxis)：借助语言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）来实现词语或句子的连接。第一节意合与形合一、什么是“意合”与“形合”？二、英语的形合法。关系词和连接词：All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the

2、little copper ball fell.过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。不入虎穴，焉得虎子。If one does not enter the tigers den, how can he get a tigers cub?二、英语的形合法。2.介词：Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.本书内容如有更改，均见本书末附录

3、。2.介词：其它连接手段，如形态变化形式，广泛使用代词以保持前后呼应的关系，以及使用it和there作替补词其连接作用等等。综合使用形合手段：There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee,

4、the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.其它连接手段，如形态变化形式，广泛使用代词以保持前后呼应的关三、汉语的意合法。语序。人不犯我，我不犯人。We will not attack unless we are attacked.（因为）他不老实，我不能信任他。Because hes not honest, I cant trust him.I cant trust him, because hes not honest.我不能

5、信任他，因为他不老实。三、汉语的意合法。用反复、排比、对偶等词句整齐匀称的句式。聪明一世，糊涂一时。Smart as a rule, but this time a fool.他不来，我不去。If he wont come here, Ill not go there.用反复、排比、对偶等词句整齐匀称的句式。紧缩句。上梁不正下梁歪。If the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslant./When those above behave unworthily, those below will do the same.有饭

6、大家吃。Let everybody share the food if there is any.紧缩句。四字格。物极必反Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.欲盖弥彰The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed.四字格。“西洋语的结构好像连环，虽则环环都联络起来，毕竟有联络的痕迹；中国语的结构好像无缝天衣，只是一块一块的硬凑，凑起来还不让他有痕迹。西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性的；中国语法是软的，富于弹性的。惟其是硬

7、的，所以西洋语法有许多呆板的要求，如每一个clause里必须有一个主语；惟其是软的，所以中国语法只以达意为主，相关的两家是可以硬凑在一起，不用任何的connective word.”“西洋语的结构好像连环，虽则环环都联络起来，“如果说西方语言的句子脉络是一种以动词为中心的空间结构体，那么汉语句子的脉络是一种具有逻辑天籁的心理时间流，它不像西方语言的句子那样以动词为中心搭起固定框架，以形役意，而是以意义的完整为目的，用一个个语言板块（句读段）按逻辑事理的流动、铺排的局势来完成内容表达的要求”“如果说西方语言的句子脉络是一种以动词为中心一日，正当嗟悼之际，俄见一僧一道远远而来，生得骨格不凡，丰神迥

8、异，来到这青埂峰下，席地座谈。一日，正当嗟悼之际，俄见一僧一道远远而来，校长召开大会动员全体教师教育好学生遵守一切规章制度。The school master held a meeting, demanding that all the teachers should guide their students to follow the schools disciplines.校长召开大会动员全体教师教育好学生遵守一切“有人来了”：有Verb有人来了有人人来了有a, some有人来了A man is coming“有人来了”：三、意合形合对翻译的影响。英译汉（隐含某些形式链接成分）：And w

9、ith this and a proud bow to his patrons, the manager retires, and the curtain rises.领班的说到这里向各位主顾深鞠一躬退到后台，现在开幕了。三、意合形合对翻译的影响。汉译英：知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if y

10、ou know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.汉译英：行宫元稹寥落古行宫，宫花寂寞红。白头宫女在，闲坐说玄宗。At an Old PalaceDeserted now the Imperial bowersSave by some few poor lonely flowersOne white-haired dame,An Emperors flame

11、,Sits down and tells of bygone hours.行宫元稹The Ancient PalaceThe ancient Palace lies in desolation spread.The very garden flowers in solitude grow red.Only some withered dames with whitened hair remain,Who sit there idly talking of mystic monarchs dead.The Ancient Palace四、辩证地看待两种语言中的意合与形合。英语也有意合：Man p

12、roposes, God disposes.Out of blows friendship grows.句子及句子以下层面：英语以形合为主，汉语主要靠意合；句以上的层面：英语采用意合手段造成变化，汉语采用形合手段增加凝聚力。四、辩证地看待两种语言中的意合与形合。第二节重复与替代一、英语尽量避免重复。1)音节重复Close examination of the results of the investigation led to a reorganization of the department.Close study of the results of the inquiry led to

13、 a reorganization of the department.第二节重复与替代一、英语尽量避免重复。2)词语重复We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village.We Listened to an account of the villagers customs.2)词语重复句式重复Now is the time for everyone to come out to vote, for everything depends upon this election. All are ag

14、ainst corruption, and so they should vote the Reform ticket.This is not a foolish thing, for the voters can elect anyone they want. But the people must turn out heavily, for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want.句式重复意义重复He asked the divisions to give their mutual co

15、operation to the project.He asked the divisions to cooperate on the project.assemble together;repeat again; still remain意义重复二、英语避免重复的方法。替代。(substitution)1)名词性替代：用代词(第三人称代词、指示代词、关系代词、不定代词)或某些名词(half, the same, the kind, the sort, the former, the latter)来替代。A chemical change is one in which the struct

16、ure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。二、英语避免重复的方法。2)动词性替代：用代动词do，复合代动词do so, do this/that, do the same, 以及替代句型so+do+主语等取代谓语动词。You should help him since you have promised to do so.你答应了要帮他就应该帮他。Mary speaks Chinese, and that very well.玛丽会讲汉语，而且讲得很好。2)动词性替代：用代动

17、词do，复合代动词do so, do3)分句性替代：用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语的that从句，用if so或if not来取代条件从句，用as来取代分句的一部分等等。People believe that the American team will win the football game. But I believe not.一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分错误，还是七分成绩三分错误，必须有个根本的估价。We must have a fundamental evaluation of a persons work and establish whether his achieve

18、ments amount to 30 percent and his mistakes to 70 percent, or vice versa.3)分句性替代：用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语的tha变换(variation)1)同名异称法：Mrs. Thatcher, she, the Prime Minister, the Iron Lady, the leader of the Conservative Party, the first woman Prime Minister.近义词复现：上位词和统称词。Johns bought himself a new Ford. He pra

19、ctically lives in the car.I dont know where to stay when I arrive in New York. I have never been to that place.变换(variation)变换的滥用Shakespeares plays are notable for their moral neutrality. For example, in Julius Caesar, the playwright is not wholly sympathetic to Caesar. The great bard does not sympa

20、thize with Brutus, Antony, or Octavius. Caesar is killed in the middle of the play. Then the “swan of Avon” directs the audiences attention to the other main characters. A a result, the master of dramatic poetry gives Julius Caesar no single hero.变换的滥用3. 省略零位替代(omission)在并列结构中，英语常常省略前面出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重

21、复这些词语：Reading exercises one eyes; speaking, ones tongue; while writing, ones mind.阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。英语常常承前省略相同的谓语动词，而汉语则较常承前省略相同的主语。3. 省略零位替代(omission)三、汉语倾向于重复。修辞上的重复：反复，英汉都有。语法上的重复：1)词复：我还是我；一是一，二是二；他说他的，我干我的；看书的看书，聊天的聊天；大家庭有大家庭的难处；这东西旧是旧，可还能用；连想也没想过；想吃就吃；这病是洗冷水澡洗出来的；写信也好，打电话也好，发电报也好，反正你得

22、通知到他；各唱各的调；我不会游泳，也不会溜冰三、汉语倾向于重复。2)意复：称心如意；发号施令；穷凶极恶；惊天动地；唉声叹气；胡言乱语；奇装异服；日新月异；深仇大恨；千方百计单丝不成线，独木不成林。人以类聚，物以群分。问题虽然小，但很典型。除了水稻以外，我们还种棉花和小麦。2)意复：汉语中的赘余现象：他所担任的工作：his work另外还有：in addition不切实际的幻想：illusion; fancy毫无根据的诽谤：slander心里想的，眼里看得，嘴上说的，手上干的，要结合起来。汉语中的赘余现象：第三节骈偶与散行对偶是把结构相似、字数相等、意义相类、相对或相反的两个语句对称地排在一起，使之互相补充、互相映衬、互相对照，以提高表达效果。对偶是综合了汉语语音、文字、词汇和语法诸因素所形成的特点，是富有中国特色的一种修辞方式。同时，骈偶中的互文见义，对把握汉语的语义