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1、Brake systemsWe all know that pushing down on the brake pedal slows a car to a stop. But how does this happen? How does your car transmit the force from your leg to its wheels? How does it multiply the force so that it is enough to stop something as big as a car? HYPERLINK /enlarge-image.htm?terms=b

2、rakes&page=0 Brake Image GalleryLayout of typical brake system. See more HYPERLINK /enlarge-image.htm?terms=brakes&page=0 brake images.When you depress your brake pedal, your car transmits the force from your foot to its brakes through a fluid. Since the actual brakes require a much greater force th

3、an you could apply with your leg, your car must also multiply the force of your foot. It does this in two ways: Mechanical advantage (leverage) Hydraulic force multiplication The brakes transmit the force to the tires using friction, and the tires transmit that force to the road using friction also.

4、 Before we begin our discussion on the components of the brake system, well cover these three principles: Leverage Hydraulics Friction Leverage and HydraulicsIn the figure below, a force F is being applied to the left end of the lever. The left end of the lever is twice as long (2X) as the right end

5、 (X). Therefore, on the right end of the lever a force of 2F is available, but it acts through half of the distance (Y) that the left end moves (2Y). Changing the relative lengths of the left and right ends of the lever changes the multipliers. The pedal is designed in such a way that it can multipl

6、y the force from your leg several times before any force is even transmitted to the brake fluid. The basic idea behind any hydraulic system is very simple: Force applied at one point is transmitted to another point using an incompressible fluid, almost always an oil of some sort. Most brake systems

7、also multiply the force in the process. Here you can see the simplest possible hydraulic system: Your browser does not support JavaScript or it is disabled. Simple hydraulic system In the figure above, two pistons (shown in red) are fit into two glass cylinders filled with oil (shown in light blue)

8、and connected to one another with an oil-filled pipe. If you apply a downward force to one piston (the left one, in this drawing), then the force is transmitted to the second piston through the oil in the pipe. Since oil is incompressible, the efficiency is very good - almost all of the applied forc

9、e appears at the second piston. The great thing about hydraulic systems is that the pipe connecting the two cylinders can be any length and shape, allowing it to snake through all sorts of things separating the two pistons. The pipe can also fork, so that one HYPERLINK /master-brake.htm master cylin

10、der can drive more than one slave cylinder if desired, as shown in here: Your browser does not support JavaScript or it is disabled. Master cylinder with two slaves The other neat thing about a hydraulic system is that it makes force multiplication (or division) fairly easy. If you have read HYPERLI

11、NK /pulley.htm How a Block and Tackle Works or HYPERLINK /gears.htm How Gear Ratios Work, then you know that trading force for distance is very common in mechanical systems. In a hydraulic system, all you have to do is change the size of one piston and cylinder relative to the other, as shown here:

12、Your browser does not support JavaScript or it is disabled. Hydraulic multiplication To determine the multiplication factor in the figure above, start by looking at the size of the pistons. Assume that the piston on the left is 2 inches (5.08 cm) in diameter (1-inch / 2.54 cm radius), while the pist

13、on on the right is 6 inches (15.24 cm) in diameter (3-inch / 7.62 cm radius). The area of the two pistons is Pi * r2. The area of the left piston is therefore 3.14, while the area of the piston on the right is 28.26. The piston on the right is nine times larger than the piston on the left. This mean

14、s that any force applied to the left-hand piston will come out nine times greater on the right-hand piston. So, if you apply a 100-pound downward force to the left piston, a 900-pound upward force will appear on the right. The only catch is that you will have to depress the left piston 9 inches (22.

15、86 cm) to raise the right piston 1 inch (2.54 cm).A Simple Brake SystemBefore we get into all the parts of an actual car brake system, lets look at a simplified system:Your browser does not support JavaScript or it is disabled. A simple brake system You can see that the distance from the pedal to th

16、e pivot is four times the distance from the cylinder to the pivot, so the force at the pedal will be increased by a factor of four before it is transmitted to the cylinder. You can also see that the diameter of the brake cylinder is three times the diameter of the pedal cylinder. This further multip

17、lies the force by nine. All together, this system increases the force of your foot by a factor of 36. If you put 10 pounds of force on the pedal, 360 pounds (162 kg) will be generated at the wheel squeezing the brake pads. There are a couple of problems with this simple system. What if we have a lea

18、k? If it is a slow leak, eventually there will not be enough fluid left to fill the brake cylinder, and the brakes will not function. If it is a major leak, then the first time you apply the brakes all of the fluid will squirt out the leak and you will have complete brake failure. Drum brakes work o

19、n the same principle as disc brakes: Shoes press against a spinning surface. In this system, that surface is called a drum.Figure 1. Location of drum brakes. See more HYPERLINK /enlarge-image.htm?terms=Drum+Brakes&page=0 drum brake pictures.Many cars have drum brakes on the rear wheels and disc brak

20、es on the front. Drum brakes have more parts than disc brakes and are harder to service, but they are less expensive to manufacture, and they easily incorporate an emergency brake mechanism. In this edition of HYPERLINK /index.htm HowStuffWorks, we will learn exactly how a drum brake system works, e

21、xamine the emergency brake setup and find out what kind of servicing drum brakes need. Figure 2. Drum brake with drum in placeFigure 3. Drum brake without drum in placeLets start with the basics. The Drum BrakeThe drum brake may look complicated, and it can be pretty intimidating when you open one u

22、p. Lets break it down and explain what each piece does. Figure 4. Parts of a drum brakeLike the HYPERLINK /disc-brake.htm disc brake, the drum brake has two brake shoes and a piston. But the drum brake also has an adjuster mechanism, an emergency brake mechanism and lots of springs. First, the basic

23、s: Figure 5 shows only the parts that provide stopping power. Your browser does not support JavaScript or it is disabled. Figure 5. Drum brake in operation When you hit the brake pedal, the piston pushes the brake shoes against the drum. Thats pretty straightforward, but why do we need all of those

24、springs? This is where it gets a little more complicated. Many drum brakes are self-actuating. Figure 5 shows that as the brake shoes contact the drum, there is a kind of wedging action, which has the effect of pressing the shoes into the drum with more force. The extra braking force provided by the

25、 wedging action allows drum brakes to use a smaller piston than disc brakes. But, because of the wedging action, the shoes must be pulled away from the drum when the brakes are released. This is the reason for some of the springs. Other springs help hold the brake shoes in place and return the adjus

26、ter arm after it actuates. Brake AdjusterFor the drum brakes to function correctly, the brake shoes must remain close to the drum without touching it. If they get too far away from the drum (as the shoes wear down, for instance), the piston will require more fluid to travel that distance, and your b

27、rake pedal will sink closer to the floor when you apply the brakes. This is why most drum brakes have an automatic adjuster. Figure 6. Adjuster mechanismNow lets add in the parts of the adjuster mechanism. The adjuster uses the self-actuation principle we discussed above. Your browser does not suppo

28、rt JavaScript or it is disabled. Figure 7. Drum brake adjuster in operation In Figure 7, you can see that as the pad wears down, more space will form between the shoe and the drum. Each time the car stops while in reverse, the shoe is pulled tight against the drum. When the gap gets big enough, the

29、adjusting lever rocks enough to advance the adjuster HYPERLINK /gear.htm gear by one tooth. The adjuster has threads on it, like a bolt, so that it unscrews a little bit when it turns, lengthening to fill in the gap. When the brake shoes wear a little more, the adjuster can advance again, so it alwa

30、ys keeps the shoes close to the drum. Some cars have an adjuster that is actuated when the emergency brake is applied. This type of adjuster can come out of adjustment if the emergency brake is not used for long periods of time. So if you have this type of adjuster, you should apply your emergency b

31、rake at least once a week. ServicingThe most common service required for drum brakes is changing the brake shoes. Some drum brakes provide an inspection hole on the back side, where you can see how much material is left on the shoe. Brake shoes should be replaced when the friction material has worn

32、down to within 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) of the rivets. If the friction material is bonded to the backing plate (no rivets), then the shoes should be replaced when they have only 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) of material left. Photo courtesy of a local HYPERLINK /framed.htm?parent=drum-brake.htm&url= AutoZone storeFi

33、gure 9. Brake shoeJust as in disc brakes, deep scores sometimes get worn into brake drums. If a worn-out brake shoe is used for too long, the rivets that hold the friction material to the backing can wear grooves into the drum. A badly scored drum can sometimes be repaired by refinishing. Where disc

34、 brakes have a minimum allowable thickness, drum brakes have a maximum allowable diameter. Since the contact surface is the inside of the drum, as you remove material from the drum brake the diameter gets bigger. Figure 10. Brake drum 制动系统众所周知,踩下制动踏板可以使汽车减速至停止。但这是如何产生的呢?汽车是如何将力从你的腿传递到车轮的呢?汽车是如何将力放大到

35、足够大以致可以将像汽车一样大的东西制动的呢? 制动系统组件当你踩下制动踏板的时候,汽车通过液体把力从脚传递到制动器。因为制动器需要的真正力量比你的腿能提供的要大的多,所以汽车必须放大脚产生的力 有两种方式:机械杠杆作用液力放大 制动器通过摩擦把力传递给轮胎,并且轮胎也是通过摩擦把力传递给路面的。 在我们讨论制动系统的组成之前,先来介绍以下三条原则:杠杆液力摩擦力杠杆和液力在下面的图中,一个力F加在杠杆的左端。左端的杠杆长度(2X)是右端(X)的两倍。因此杠杆右端可施加的力为2F ,但是右端移动的距离(Y)是左端距离(2Y)的一半。改变杠杆的左端和右端的长度可以改变放大系数。 任何液压系统背后的

36、基本原理都是非常简单的:作用在某一点力通过通常是油一类的不可压缩的液体传递到另一点。大多数的制动系统也在这个过程中放大力。下面的是最简单的液压系统: 简单液压系统在上图中,两个活塞放在两个充满油的玻璃液压缸中并且由充满油的管道相连。如果在一个活塞上施加一个向下的力,那么力将通过管道中的油传递到第二个活塞。因为油液是不可压缩的,所以传递效率很好,大部分的作用力都传递到了另一个活塞。液压系统的好处连接两液压缸的管道可以是任何长度和形状,这样就可以使管道弯曲的通过两活塞之间的各种部件。管道也可以是分叉的,如果有需要的话,这样一个主缸可以驱动数个副缸。如下图所示: 带有两个副缸的主缸 液压系统的另一个

37、好处是产生放大(或者缩小) 力相当地容易。如果你一读过滑车设备工作原理或者齿轮齿数比原理,那么你就会知道在机械系统中把力转化为距离处理是很常见的。在液压系统中,我们所要做的就是相对地改变一组活塞和液压缸的尺寸。如下图所示: 液压增力原理为了确定上图中的放大因子,先由观察活塞的尺寸开始。假设左边活塞的直径为2英尺(5.08cm而右边的直径为6英尺(15.24cm)。两个活塞的面积是Pi * r2 。因此左面活塞的面积是3.14,而右面的面积是28.26。右面活塞的面积是左边的九倍大。这就意味着无论在左面的活塞上施加多大的力,在右面的活塞上就会输出九倍于左面的力。所以,如果在左边活塞上施加100磅

38、向下的力,那么在右面活塞上将产生900磅向上的力。唯一的补偿是左面的活塞要移动9英尺(22.86cm)来使右面提升1英尺(2.54cm)一个简单的制动系统在我们深入了解一个真实的制动系统的各部分之前,让我们先来看一个简化的系统: 我们可以看到踏板到枢轴的距离是液压缸到枢轴距离的4倍,所以施加在踏板上的力在传递到液压缸之前将被增加4倍。我们还可以看到制动缸的直径是踏板缸直径的3倍。这就将力进一步放大了九倍。最终这个系统将腿上的力增加了36倍。所以,如果在踏板上施加10磅的力,将在挤压制动带的轮上产生369磅(162kg)的力。下面是这种简单系统所存在的问题。要是系统有泄漏该怎么办呢?如果是轻微泄

39、漏,最终将会没有足够的油使制动缸充满,并且制动器将停止工作。如果是严重泄漏,那么在你制动的第一时间,所有的油液将从泄露处喷射而出,并且制动系统将彻底地不起作用。鼓式制动器的工作原理和盘式制动器是一样的:制动面接触一个磨砂的表面。在这个系统中,那个表面称作制动鼓 图1.制动鼓的位置许多汽车的后轮安装鼓式制动器,而盘式制动器安装在前面。鼓式制动器比盘式制动器有更多的零件并且更难检修。 但是制造成本相对便宜,还有鼓式制动器容易组装一个紧急使用的制动装置。在本版本的How StuffWorks中,我们将详尽了解鼓式制动系统是如何工作的。考察紧急制动系统的组成,并且找到鼓式制动器需要何种检修工作。图2.

40、 有鼓的鼓式制动器 图3.未安装鼓的鼓式制动器让我们基础开始:鼓式制动器鼓式制动器可能看起来比较复杂,它可以是很复杂的,当你打开一个的时候。让我们拆开它,并解释每一块的作用。 图4. 鼓式制动器的组成如盘式制动器,鼓式制动器有两个制动蹄和一个活塞。 But the drum brake also has an adjuster mechanism, an emergency brake mechanism and lots of springs .但是鼓式制动器也有一个调节机制,紧急刹车机制和大量的弹簧 。首先,基础知识: 图5显示只有部分提供的制动力。 图5.工作状态下的鼓式制动器当你踩下刹

41、车踏板时,活塞推动紧靠着鼓的制动蹄。 Thats pretty straightforward, but why do we need all of those springs?这是很简单的,但为什么我们需要所有这些弹簧呢?这使它变的有点复杂许多鼓式制动器是自增力式的。图5表明,当制动蹄与鼓相接触的时候,两者间有一个楔入运动,这起到了产生更多的力量将制动蹄向鼓挤压。由楔入运动提供的额外制动力使得鼓式制动器可以使用比盘式制动器更小的活塞。但是由于这种楔入运动,在制动释放的时候制动蹄必须从鼓拉离开。这是使用其中部分弹簧的原因。其它弹簧的作用是将制动蹄固定并且驱动调节臂返回。制动调节器为了使鼓式制动

42、器正确的工作,制动蹄必须紧贴着鼓但是不碰到它。如果离鼓太远的话,活塞将需要更多的油液以通过那段距离,并且当你制动时,制动踏板将下行而离地板更近。这就是为什么大多数的鼓式制动器有一个自动调节装置的原因。 图6.调节机构现在让我们在把调节机构也加进来,这个调节器使用的是上面讨论过的自增力原理。图7.工作状态下的鼓式制动调节器在图7中,我们可以看到由于摩擦片的磨损,这使得制动蹄和鼓之间形成更大的空间。每次车停下的时候,相反的是制动蹄被拉的和鼓更紧。当间隙变的足够大时,调节杠杆足够摆动推进调节齿轮先前转动一个齿。调节装置有一个行程,就像一个螺栓,以便当它转动时旋开一点点,延长以填补间隙。当制动蹄进一步

43、磨损,调节器又可以再向前。所以它总是保持制动蹄紧靠着鼓。有些汽车紧急刹车时有一个被驱动的调节器。如果紧急制动很长一段时间没有使用,这种类型的调节器可以产生调节作用。所以如果你有这种类型的调节器,你应该每周至少使用一次紧急制动装置。检修鼓式制动器最常见的检修是更换制动蹄。一些鼓式制动器在背面设置了一个检查孔,通过这个孔,你可以看到制动蹄上还剩余多少摩擦材料。当摩擦材料磨损到铆钉内1/32英寸(0.8mm)时,必须更换制动蹄。如果摩擦材料和垫板直接连接(无铆钉),那么当摩擦材料只剩下1/16英寸(1.6mm)时,就该换制动蹄了。 图9.制动蹄正如在盘式制动器中,深的刻痕可能会磨穿到制动鼓。如果一个

44、磨损的制动蹄使用过长的时间,把摩擦片固定到垫板上铆钉可以将制动鼓摸出一条凹槽。一个严重磨损的制动鼓有时可以被修补修复。盘式制动器有最小允许厚度,鼓式制动器有一个最大允许直径。因为接触表面是鼓的内侧。当你将材料从制动器中取出时,制动鼓的直径变大了。 图10.制动鼓 附录资料:不需要的可以自行删除超宽超深地下连续墙施工工艺一、概述武林广场站位于杭州市中心广场武林广场东北角,是地铁1号线与3号线的换乘车站,车站长161.75m,标准段宽36.6 m,底板埋深约26.4m, 车站为地下三层四柱五跨三层结构,采用盖挖逆作法施工。车站围护结构采用1200mm厚地下连续墙,墙幅宽度为6.0m,深度为48m左

45、右,十字钢板接头形式,单幅钢筋笼重约70t,设计要求进入中风化岩0.5m。二、工法特点地下连续墙工法问世以来,迅速的占有了广阔的市场,地下连续墙工法主要有以下几方面的优点。1、施工时振动小,噪声低,非常适于在城市施工;2、墙体刚度大,用于基坑开挖时,极少发生地基沉降或塌方事故;3、防渗性能好;4、可以贴近施工,由于上述几项优点,我们可以紧贴原有建筑物施工;5、可用于逆作法施工;6、适用于多种地基条件;7、可用作刚性基础;8、占地少,可以充分利用建筑红线以内有限的地面和空间,充分发挥投资效益;9、功效高、工期短,质量可靠。当然,所有的事物都有两面性,地连墙工法也存在以下缺点:1、在一些特殊的地质

46、条件下(如很软的淤泥质土,含漂石的冲积层和超硬岩石等),施工难度很大;2、如果施工方法不当或地质条件特殊,可能出现相邻槽段不能对齐和漏水的问题。3、地下连续墙如果用作临时的挡土结构,比其他方法的费用高;4、在城市施工时,废弃泥浆的处理比较麻烦。三、施工方法及操作控制要点1、施工优化控制的要点1.1 地下连续墙一般宽为6m,墙厚1.2m属于超宽地连墙,在施工技术方面还不是很成熟,机械方面相应的成槽机、反力箱、大型起重设备等的应用都是经过反复计算在经济安全的前提下确定的。1.2 在成槽过程中机械自身的垂直控制系统1.3 由于采用十字钢板对刷壁造成一定难度,在经过研究后采用在成槽机抓斗上安装侧铲进行

47、刷壁然后再用钢刷刷壁器进行刷壁。1.4 在地连墙施作过程中要穿越承压水层,为防止开挖过程中承压水绕流,在地连墙内预埋注浆管,在地连墙全部达到强度后进行墙趾注浆1.5 本工程反力箱放置深度达到4352m,混凝土浇筑时间也长达8小时左右,反力箱自重、混凝土的握裹力和土体的摩擦力极大,为顺利拔出反力箱在混凝土浇筑完34小时后,先用液压油顶对其进行松动,在混凝土初凝后在进行起拔。2、关键工序施工方法及控制要点2.1 道路硬化因地下连续墙施工过程中,成槽机械及吊运钢筋笼的大型履带式起重机需要在场地内来回行走,我单位根据以往的经验并结合本工程的实际情况,对结构内侧及导墙外侧1m的范围内浇筑30cm厚C20

48、钢筋混凝土路面,配筋采用16的螺纹钢横向间距200 mm、纵向200mm,双层双向布置,并与导墙筑成一体。2.2 导墙的施工导墙采用钢筋混凝土结构,壁厚20cm,配筋为单层双向14200mm,导墙净宽1250mm,导墙应和附近路面一体浇捣.导墙沟(放坡比为1:0.5)采用挖掘机开挖,人工配合修整清底,导墙开挖好一段后,在沟槽底按地连墙尺寸制作木模,架立模板,经测量检查位置符合规范偏差要求后,进行C20混凝土灌筑,泵送入仓。如果导墙施作过程中遇到障碍物、软弱地层或其它废弃管线导致开挖深度过大,则可把导墙加深以满足施工要求。导墙施工工艺流程图见下图。平整场地测量定位挖 槽绑扎钢筋浇 灌 砼支立模板

49、拆 模设横支撑 导墙施工工艺流程图导墙施工注意要点A. 在导墙施工全过程中,保持导墙沟内不积水。B. 横贯或靠近导墙沟的废弃管道需封堵密实,以免成为漏浆通道。C. 导墙沟侧壁土体是导墙浇捣混凝土时的外侧土模,防止导墙沟宽度超挖或土壁坍塌。D. 现浇导墙分段施工,水平钢筋应预留连接钢筋与邻接段导墙的水平钢筋相连接。E. 必须保证导墙的内净宽度尺寸与内壁面的垂直精度达。F. 导墙立模结束之后,应对导墙放样成果进行最终复核。G. 导墙混凝土强度达到50时,方可进行成槽作业,在此之前禁止车辆和起重机等重型机械靠近导墙。2.3泥浆制备与管理泥浆在地下连续墙成槽过程中起到护壁作用,泥浆护壁是地下连续墙施工

50、的基础,其质量好坏直接影响到地下连续墙的质量与施工安全,泥浆系统工艺流程见下图。新鲜泥浆贮存施 工 槽 段新鲜泥浆配制加料拌制再生泥浆回收槽内泥浆净化泥浆劣化泥浆再生泥浆贮存振动筛分离泥浆沉淀池分离泥浆旋流器分离泥浆粗筛分离泥浆劣化泥浆废弃处理净化泥浆性能测试泥浆系统工艺流程图A. 泥浆配合比根据地质条件,泥浆采用膨润土制备,泥浆配合比如下:(每立方米泥浆材料用量Kg)膨润土:80 纯碱:4 水:950 CMC:5上述配合比在施工中根据试验槽段及实际情况可进行适当调整。泥浆制备的性能指标如下泥浆性能新配制循环泥浆废弃泥浆检验方法比重(g/cm3)1.06-1.081.151.35比重法粘度(s

51、)25-303560漏斗法含砂率(%)4711洗砂瓶PH值8-9814PH试纸泥浆配制的方法见下图“泥浆配制流程图”。原 料 试 验称 量 投 料CMC和纯碱加水搅拌5分钟膨润土加水冲拌5分钟混合搅拌3分钟泥浆性能指标测定溶胀24小时后备用泥浆配制流程图B. 泥浆储存泥浆储存采用半埋式砖砌泥浆池储存。C. 泥浆循环泥浆循环采用3LM型泥浆泵输送,4PL型泥浆泵回收,由泥浆泵和软管组成泥浆循环管路。D. 泥浆的分离净化在地下墙施工过程中,因为泥浆要与地下水、泥土、砂石、混凝土接触,其中难免会混入细微的泥沙颗粒、水泥成分与有害离子,必然会使泥浆受到污染而变质。因此,泥浆使用一个循环之后,要对泥浆进

52、行分离净化,提高泥浆的重复使用率。槽内回收泥浆的分离净化过程是:先经过土碴分离筛,把粒径大于10mm的泥土颗粒分出来,防止其堵塞旋流除碴器下泄口,然后依次经过沉淀池、旋流除碴器、双层振动筛多级分离净化,使泥浆的比重与含砂量减小,如经第一循环分离后的泥浆比重仍大于1.15,含砂量仍大于4%,则用旋流除碴器和双层振动筛作第二、第三循规蹈矩环分离,直至泥浆比重小于1.15,含砂量小于4%为止。E. 泥浆池设计泥浆池容量设计(以成槽开挖宽度6m计)地下墙的标准槽段挖土量:V1=长6m深47m厚1.2m=339m3新浆储备量:V2=V180%=271m3泥浆循环再生处理池容量:V3=V11.5=509m

53、3砼灌筑产生废浆量:V4=6m4m1.2m =29m3泥浆池总容量:VV3+V4=538m32.3 连续墙成槽施工成槽是地连续墙施工的关键工序,成槽约占地下连续墙工期的一半,因此提高成槽的效率是缩短工期的关键。同时,槽壁形状决定墙体的外形,所以成槽的精度和质量是保证地下连续墙质量的关键,单元槽段之间的接头尽量避免设在转角处。A. 成槽施工连续墙施工采用跳槽法,施工根据槽段长度与成槽机的开口宽度,确定出首开幅和闭合幅,保证成槽机挖土时两侧邻界条件的均衡性,以确保槽壁垂直,部分槽段采取两钻一抓。成槽后用超声波检测仪检查成槽质量。在成槽过程中,严格控制抓斗的垂直度和平面位置,在开挖槽段时,操作手要仔

54、细观察成槽机的监测系统,当X,Y轴任一方向偏差超过允许值时,立即进行纠偏,抓斗贴基坑侧导墙入槽,机械操作要平稳,抓斗出入导墙口时要轻放慢提,防止泥浆掀起波浪,影响导墙下面和后面的土层稳定,并及时补入泥浆,维持槽段中泥浆液面稳定。成槽施工见下图“成槽施工图”。成槽施工图: B. 成槽注意事项及操作要领a根据设计图纸确定的地连墙位置,在导墙顶面上测量放线并按编号分段。b将抓斗就位,就位前要求场地平整坚实,以满足施工垂直度要求,吊车履带与导墙垂直,抓斗要对准导墙中心线,为减少抓斗施工的循环时间,提高功效,每台成槽机配置2台短驳车,将泥渣运至堆料场暂存。c成槽垂直度控制是关键,成槽施工中注意观察车载测

55、斜仪器图形,发现偏斜随时采用纠偏导板来纠偏,遇到严重不均匀的地层,或纠偏困难的地层时,回填槽孔,重新挖掘。d边开挖边向导墙内泵送泥浆,保持液面在导墙顶面下30cm-50cm,挖槽过程中随着孔深的向下延伸,要随时向槽内补浆,使泥浆面始终位于泥浆面标高,直至成槽完成。e灌筑砼前,要测定泥浆面下1m及槽底以上1m处泥浆比重和含砂量,若比重大于1.20,则采取置换泥浆清孔,成槽后沉淀30分钟,然后用抓斗直接捞渣清淤。f为避免对新浇槽段的混凝土产生扰动,开挖采取跳槽施工。g成槽过程中,导杆应垂直槽段,抓斗张开,照准标志徐徐入槽抓土,严禁迅速下斗,快速提升,以防破坏槽壁和坍塌,垂直度应控制在设计要求之内,

56、抓斗挖出土直接卸到自卸车上,转运到堆土场。随着开挖深度增加,连续不断向槽内供给新鲜泥浆,保证泥浆高度,各项泥浆指标要符合技术要求,使泥浆起到良好的护壁作用,防止槽壁坍塌,在遇到含砂量较大的土层,槽壁易塌时,注意加大泥浆比重,适当加入加重剂,当接近槽底时,放慢开挖速度,仔细测量槽深,防止超挖和欠挖。h挖槽机操作要领抓斗出入导墙口时要轻放慢提,防止泥浆掀起波浪,影响导墙下面、后面的土层稳定。不论使用何种机具挖槽,在挖槽机具挖土时,悬吊机具的钢索不能松驰,定要使钢索呈垂直张紧状态,这是保证挖槽垂直精度必需做好的关键动作。挖槽作业中,要时刻关注测斜仪器的动向,及时纠正垂直偏差。单元槽段成槽完毕或暂停作

57、业时,即令挖槽机离开作业槽段。C. 成槽开挖精度槽段开挖精度表项目允许偏差检验方法槽段厚度10mm5m精密钢尺墙体垂直度L/300超声波测斜仪槽段长度50mm超声波测斜仪墙顶中心线允许偏差30mm全站仪2.5 刷壁施工成槽完成后在相邻一幅已经完成地下墙的接头上必然有黏附的淤泥,如不及时清除会产生夹泥现象,造成基坑开挖过程中地下墙渗水,为此必须采取刷壁措施,首先采用成槽机上的侧铲进行清除,然后采用刷壁器,用吊车吊入槽内紧贴接头混凝土面上下刷2-3遍,认真仔细地清刷干净,清刷应在清槽换浆前进行,使新老混凝土接合处干净,确保砼密实。成槽完成后利用履带吊,起吊专用的刷壁器,在接头上上下反复清刷,确保接头干净,防止渗漏水现象的发生。十字钢板接头刷壁器及施工2.4 清底换浆清槽先采用泵吸反循环法清底,而后采用导管吸泥浆,循环清底,确保清槽质量,清底后槽底泥浆比重小应于1.20,沉渣厚度不大于100mm。 清槽结束后1h,测定槽底沉淀物淤积厚度不大于10cm,槽底0.5-

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