研究生英语综合教程

1、研究生英语综合教程Integrated Course for GraduatesUnit 4 Literature and ArtsPart I Suggested Teaching PlanObjectivesStudents will be able to:1. understand the cultural background related to the content.2. grasp the main idea of the text.3. master the key language points, especially the usage of the key words

2、and phrases, and learn how to use them in contexts.4. express themselves more freely on the theme of Literature and Arts after doing a series of theme-related reading, listening, speaking activities.5. Study “Writing Skills: Expository Essays (1)” carefully and then write an expository essay.Unit 4

3、Literature and ArtsPart I Suggested Teaching PlanUnit 1 Animals and PlantsTime Allotment1st period2nd period3rd period4th period5th periodStep 1Warming upStep 2Global analysis of Text AStep 3Language/culture study and practiceStep 3Language/culture study and practiceCheck on homeworkStep 4Discussion

4、 based on the video clipFurther reading: Text BStep 5Study the writing skills and write an essayUnit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom ActivitiesUnit 1 Animals and Plants Language Study 1.ask of 向要求, 要求 1)Its not too much to ask of you to clean your own shoes.让你刷

5、自己的鞋, 这要求并不过分。 2)Most commonly, we ask of fiction that it shall be true.我们常常期望小说情节真实。2.in reply (=in answer) 回答，作为答复1）He said nothing in reply to my inquires.他没有答复我的询问. 2）What did you say in reply to her request?在答复她的请求时你是怎么说的?Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classro

6、om Unit 1 Animals and Plants3.assume vt.假定,以为; 具有1)It is a misconception to assume that the two continents are similar.关于这两块大陆相似的假设是一种误解。2)In his dreams, the mountains assumed enormous importance.在他的梦中，山有着至关重要的作用。4.engross vt.全神贯注，独占1）Gentlemen pay her attention , and engross her all to themselves.先

7、生们对她百般奉承,把她弄得神魂颠倒。2）Id go into bookshops and engross myself in diet books and cookbooks.我走进书店,聚精会神地读关于饮食的书 以及食谱。Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants5.want n.缺乏，想要的东西1）The men were daily becoming weaker from want of rest.由于缺乏休息，这些男人日渐虚弱

8、。2）Supermarkets often claim that they are responding to the wants of consumers by providing packaged foods.超市经常声称他们根据消费者的需要提供包装食品。for want of 由于缺少;由于没有 1)Many of them had gone into teaching for want of anything better to do.因为没有更好的工作，他们当中很多人做了教师。2)There was another emotion, and for want of a better

9、word he called it grief.还有一种情感，由于找不到更好的字眼来描绘，他称它为悲痛。Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants6.duly ad.及时，适当地；正如期望的1）Westcott appealed to Waite for an apology, which he duly received.韦斯科特要求韦特道歉，且如愿以偿。 2）It was the beginning of the end and W

10、atson duly went on to win his fourth Open Golf Championship. 这是一场胜负已定的比赛，沃森不负众望赢得了他第四次高尔夫公开赛的冠军。7.in proportion to 相对于某事物来说，与某事物成比例1）His expenditure on pleasure and luxuries is rather high in proportion to his income.同他的收入相比较,他在享受行乐方面的花费太高了。2）Do you think we are paid in proportion to the hours we wo

11、rk?你认为我们的薪水与工作时间相称吗? Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants8.exploit n.功绩，功劳His wartime exploits were later made into a film.他在战争中的英勇行为后来被改编成一部电影。9.avail v.有益于，使对某人有利1）I am afraid my eloquence did not avail against the facts. 恐怕我的雄辩也无补于事

12、实了。2）Im afraid my help didnt avail you much.恐怕我的帮助对你用处不大。10.in the light of truth鉴于, 由于, 按照 In the light of these changes, we must revise our plan. 鉴于这些变化, 我们必须重新修订我们的计划。Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants11.draw off (使)撤离，脱掉1)When th

13、e enemy saw how strong our forces were, they draw off.敌人发现我们兵力是多么强大时, 他们就撤退了。2）Please help me to draw off these muddy boots.请帮我脱掉这满是泥浆的靴子。12.consist in 存在于中，以为主要部分1）The spirit consists in whole-hearted devotion to public interests. 这种精神就是一心为公。2）These charming members consist in a very charming Fanta

14、il family.这些各具魅力的成员,构成了一个极具魅力的文鱼大家族。 Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants13.reconcile vt.调停，使和好Negotiators must now work out how to reconcile these demands with American demands for access. 谈判人员现在必须想办法调和这些要求和美国人想要参与的要求。14.in verse 用诗写的

15、，韵文的Most of the play is written in verse, but some of it is in prose.这剧本大部分是用韵文写的，不过有一些是用散文。 Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants15.assent n./vt.同意，赞同1)Without their assent a political settlement cannot be reached.没有他们的同意，不可能达成政治上的和解。2

16、)I assented to the request of the American publishers to write this book.我同意了美国出版商的要求，答应写这本书。16.render vt.使成为These tests were so seriously flawed as to render the results meaningless.这些测试存在严重错误，致使结果变得毫无意义。 Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and

17、 Pfess vt.声称，公开表明1）Bacher professed himself pleased with the Indian tour.巴奇尔表示对印度之行很满意。2）Why do organizations profess that they care?为什么机构都谎称自己对此很关心？18.sheer a.完全的Sheer chance quite often plays an important part in sparking off an idea.灵感的激发通常纯粹是靠运气。Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detai

18、led Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants19.account for （在数量、比例上）占；说明（原因、理由等）1）Computers account for 5% of the countrys commercial electricity consumption.计算机占去该国商业用电的5%。2）How do you account for the companys alarmingly high staff turnover?你怎么解释这家公司高得令人忧虑的人员流动率？Unit 4 Literature

19、and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsKey to the Exercises of Text A. Reading Comprehension1.Poetry has four ages, and in a different order: the first age of poetry being the age of iron; the second, of gold; the third, of silver; and the fourth, of brass

20、.2.The origin of poetry is to celebrate the power and strength of the king, the final successor, to satisfy their demand.3.Yes, there is. The golden age of poetry finds its materials in the age of iron.Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Pla

21、nts4.In the golden age, Men have more chances to search the truth and make the full use of the observation. Hence, they perceive that the agency of gods and genii is not so frequent among themselves. 5.This poetry is of two kinds, imitative and original. The imitative consists in recasting, and givi

22、ng an exquisite polish to, the poetry of the age of gold: of this Virgil is the most obvious and striking example. The original is chiefly comic, didactic, or satiric: as in Menander, Aristophanes, Horace, and Juvenal. Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit

23、1 Animals and Plants6.Poetry consists in passion and language. It is impossible to express the reason and truth by the way of poetry.7.The brass age, by rejecting the polish and the learning of the age of silver, returns to nature and revive the age of gold. This is the second childhood of poetry.8.

24、The iron age of poetry.Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants9.The silver age of poetry.10.The modern poetry has free lyric formats, diverse motif, and more emphasis on the application of the rhetoric. More poets investigate the human co

25、ndition, and writes poems that are deeply moving and at the same time readily accessible.Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsII. Verpretations9. criti

26、que10.globalizedUnit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsIII. Translation (E-C)每个人的自然欲望，是把他所能获得的权势和财产，尽量独占为己有，不择手段，强权就是公理；加上一个同样自然的欲望，那就是让尽可能多的人知道，他在这个普遍追求中夺得多少东西。成功的武士变成魁酋，成功的魁酋转成王者：他接着便需要一个工具来宣扬他的功业的名声和财富的多寡。这个工具他在歌人身上找到了，歌人事前在他的美力充分感发之下，

27、是随时准备歌颂他的武力的。这就是诗的起源：诗，正如其他职业那样，是因有这种商品的需求而兴起，按照市场范围的扩大而繁荣的。Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsIV. Translation (C-E)Tang Poetry and Song CiTang Poetry represents the highest achievement of Chinese poetry. There were many distinguished

28、 poets in the Tang Dynasty, including Li Bai, and Bai Juyi, who are world-famous. There are various forms of Tang Poetry, such as pre-Tang poetry, regular poems, and short poems. There is an enormous collection of Tang Poetry, with a wide range of subjects, styles, and schools. Its artistic charm to

29、uches everyone deeply. Song Ci is anther summit in the history of classical Chinese literature. Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsTang Poetry and Song Ci have consistently been called the two literary giants. The main form of Song Ci

30、 is a king of poetry that chiefly consists of seven-character lines interspersed with shorter and longer ones. The writers poetize according to particular tunes. There are two major styles of Song Ci, called the Powerful and Free School, and the Soft and Tuneful School. Xin Qiji, Su Shi, Liu Yong an

31、d Li Qingzhao are the representatives of the two schools. Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom V. DiscussionTranscript of the video clipThe Homer EpicMany believe these remains are those of the legendary city of Troy. Today its just a pile of old stones. But 30

32、00 year ago, it would have looked very different. The Troy described by the poet Homer was a powerful city state. But then the Greeks came here to fight a famous war. For ten years they tried to smash through its impregnable walls. And for ten years, they failed. Its a bloody and grinding conflict f

33、inally brought to an end not by brawn but by brains, and in one of the best-known of all myths the Greeks finally infiltrate the city by hiding inside wooden horse apparently left as a gift. Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Its a moment of tactical genius d

34、reamed up by someone renowned for their cunning and their guile. And that man is Odysseus. Odysseus was a king of a small island in Greece called Ithaca. And his idea to attack Troy from the inside using the horse as a hiding place was the turning point in the war. Well, Im inside a horse which isnt

35、 a line that I ever thought Id end up saying. I probable dont need to explain this isnt the original wooden horse built by the Greek army but the fact that tourist authorities or whoever would go to the trouble of assembling this is a testament to the enduring nature of the myth.Unit 4 Literature an

36、d ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom According to another myth, Odysseus started the war as a reluctant conscript, who didnt even want to come here. But with the Trojan Horse, he reinvented himself as a superhero. Yes, it was a brilliant plan. But it was our first great insight in

37、to his personality. There are moments with Odysseus where genius seems to tip over in deviousness and where self-preservation wavers into self-interest and its on those occasions where we start to think of Odysseus as a more complicated and perhaps more questionable character. Questionable his chara

38、cter maybe, but after success at Troy, no one cares. Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Its that very deviousness which has made him invincible. Arrogant and of course, heroic. All he has to do now is to get home Ithaca to become reunite with his wife, Penelo

39、pe, and take his place in the Greek hall of the fame. The trouble is, its not going to be that simple. Preparing to leave Troy Odysseus is about to have the arrogance beaten out of him, piece by piece. Before he can find out who he really is. He must first be broken. The Greeks came here on a missio

40、n and theyd been successful. Theyd defeated the Trojans. It had taken them ten years but the hard part was over. It was just a question of getting home now, 300 or 400 miles that way, west. Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Theyd have come down here to this

41、beach to get on the ships. I imagine the mood would have been one of the jubilation and triumph and excitement at the idea of returning back to their homeland. Getting home to Ithaca should only take ten weeks. But in fact, it takes ten years, as Odysseus suffers a spectacular fall from grace. For h

42、im, it will be the journey from Hell. And Im going with him.Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Key to the Exercises of Text BReading Comprehension1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.TII. Use of English (omitted)Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Stu

43、dy of the Texts and Classroom Text A参考译文诗歌的四个时代Thomas Peacock诗，如同这世界，可以说是有四个时代的，不过程度不同罢了；诗的第一个时代是铁器时代、第二个是黄金时代；第三个是白银时代；第四个是黄铜时代。Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 在诗的第一个时代，铁器时代，粗野的歌人，用悦耳的旋律，歌颂更粗野的魁酋们的丰功伟业，当时，人人都是战士，各式社会的最高实践箴言是：“保持我们所有的东西，夺取我们所能夺取。”，这箴言尚未以正义

44、的名义和法律的形式装扮起来，而是刀光剑影的一句露骨格言，白刃相向就是meum et meum(而我之间)一切问题的裁判和公断。在那些日子，只有三种职业兴隆（除了时时都兴隆的祭司职业以外），那就是王者、盗贼、乞丐的职业： 乞丐多半是穷途落魄的王者，盗贼则多半是前途似锦的王者。向一个陌生者询问的第一个问题是：“你是乞丐还是盗贼?”陌生人回答，往往先冒充乞丐，等到方便时机，便证明他堪称为盗贼。Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 每个人的自然欲望，是把他所能获得的权势和财产，尽量独占为己

45、有，不择手段，强权就是公理；加上一个同样自然的欲望，那就是让尽可能多的人知道，他在这个普遍追求中夺得多少东西。成功的武士变成魁酋，成功的魁酋转成王者：他接着便需要一个工具来宣扬他的功业的名声和财富的多寡。这个工具他在歌人身上找到了，歌人事前在他的美力充分感发之下，是随时准备歌颂他的武力的。这就是诗的起源：诗，正如其他职业那样，是因有这种商品的需求而兴起，按照市场范围的扩大而繁荣的。 Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 所以，诗在起源时是歌功颂德的。各民族最早的粗野诗歌，好像是一种

46、简要的历史介绍，用臃肿浮夸的调子，颂扬一些杰出人物的功绩和财产。 诗的黄金时代取材于铁器时代。这个时代开始之时，诗便开始回顾往事，一种类似扩大的国家行政体系的制度已经建立起来，个人的力量和勇敢已经不足以扩张武人勇士的势力，不足以使帝王废立和国家兴亡了，有组织的人群，社会的制度，世袭的继承等等，将予以抑制。人们也更多生活在真理光辉之中，交换着观察成果，从而看出了鬼神的作用不是那么经常在他们之间发生，从古代诗歌和传说看来好像经常在他们祖先之间发生似的。 Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classro

47、om 由于个人权利的真正消弱和对于鬼神的明显疏远这两种情况，他们便很容易自然而然的推出两个结论：第一，人类堕落了；第二，人们失宠于神灵。小城池和移民地，现在已经巩固而形成，它们的起源和早期繁荣是归功于某一个领袖的才能和勇武的，当地的居民便在遥远创说的云雾中夸大了它们的创立者，设想他之所以创造奇迹是有神灵或女神常在他左右。他们在唯一可纪念的传统诗歌中，看到他的名声和功绩就是这样被夸张和渲染的。关于人性和人心、道德义务和善恶问题，现实世界的有生和无生成分等等的思辨和争论，也开始与勒达的卵和伊俄的角一起引人注意，而且从诗方面吸引了它昔日所独占的听众的一部分。 Unit 4 Literature an

48、d ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 关于人性和人心、道德义务和善恶问题，现实世界的有生和无生成分等等的思辨和争论，也开始与勒达的卵和伊俄的角一起引人注意，而且从诗方面吸引了它昔日所独占的听众的一部分。于是白银时代，或者说，文明生活的诗，到来了。这种诗有两类：摹仿的和独创的。摹仿对的诗把黄金时代的诗改制，而予以细意琢磨：维吉尔是这类诗最显著最触目的例子，独创的诗是戏剧诗、教诲诗或讽刺诗，例如米南德、阿里斯托芬、贺拉斯、朱文纳尔等人的诗。这个时代的诗的特点是：词句上的精挑细选，表达上的苦心推敲而多少单调的谐韵。但是它之所以

49、单调，是因为经验已经把各式各样的音韵抑扬搜罗殆尽，文明的诗就挑选最美的韵律，宁可重踏旧路，而不愿跋涉长途去探索种种新声。然而，最佳的表达乃是词义自然合韵的表达，这就需要刻苦用功，务使舒卷自如的优雅语言和细意琢磨的押韵方法，同有意表达的意义，彼此调和，庶不至于因韵而害意。所以有过无数尝试，而甚少成功。Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 然而，诗达到这情况，已经向它的灭亡迈进一步了。感触和激情最好是用富丽堂皇的修辞来刻画和唤起；但是理性和悟性却最好是用最简单最朴素的词句来表达。用诗表

50、达纯粹的理性和冷静的真理是十分可笑的，试把欧几里得的一个几何论证写成诗章，就不难看出了。这道理适用于任何冷静的推理，适用于一切需要有广阔视野和扩大综合力的推理。只有道德方面较为实在的观点这些观点可以立刻博得赞同，这些观点在每个人心中宛若明镜，其中因严格的理性掺杂了感情和想象而富有生气和趣味，只有这些观点才会连所谓道德诗都适用；但是当道德和人心的科学已经向完美之境迈进，当这些学术的视野日益扩大而广泛，当在这些学术上理性已经占了上风，压倒想象和感情之时，诗再也不能伴同它们前进，不知不觉落到后方，而让它们独自前往。 Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed

51、 Study of the Texts and Classroom 于是，思想的王国退出了诗的范畴，正如事实的王国曾退出过那样。就事实而论，铁器时代的诗人歌颂他同代人的丰功伟绩，黄金时代的诗人歌颂铁器时代的英雄；而白银时代的诗人则改制黄金时代的诗章：在这里，我们可以看到，史实的一缕及其微弱的光辉便足以驱散诗的一切幻影。于是黄铜时代到来了，它丢弃了白银时代的雕琢和学识，采取了倒退的步伐，回到铁器时代的蛮风顽俗和粗犷传统，自称为“回返自热”和复兴黄金时代。这是诗的第二度童年。荷马诗神的广博的魄力，能绘出事物的壮丽的轮廓，同时用一两句诗把一幅生动的画景呈现在心灵之前，其朴素和瑰丽是不可摹仿的，现在却

52、代之以思想、感情、行为、人物、景色等等的夸夸奇谈和精确详细的描写，诗的风格散漫杂乱，任何人都能够在一小时之内写出两百行。所有在罗马帝国末叶盛极一时的诗人们，都可以归入这个时代。农诺斯的酒神颂，就是这种诗的最好范本，虽然不是最知名的，它在许多铺张重叠的描写中间还有不少极美妙的章节。Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 古典诗歌的铁器时代可以被称为歌人时代；它的黄金时代可以称为荷马时代；它的白银时代可以称为维吉尔时代；它的黄铜时代可以称为农诺斯时代。现代诗歌也有它的四个时代，不过“其缠

53、绵悱恻却有所不同”。(缪灵珠译)Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Text B参考译文本杰明富兰克林当了印刷工Benjamin Franklin我从小就爱好读书，我一直把我手上的全部零用钱都花在书上。因为我喜爱天路历程，所以我一开始就收集了约翰班扬文集的单独发行的小册子。以后我把它们卖了，用这笔钱我买了柏顿的历史文集。这些是开本很小的由小贩们贩卖的书籍，价格便宜，全集共有四五十册，我父亲的小图书馆收藏的主要是一些有关神学论辩的书籍，其中大多数我都念了，但是既然当时业已决定我不做

54、牧师了，正当我的求知欲那样旺盛的时候，我没有机会阅读更适当的书籍，迄今常使我感到遗憾，在那里有一本普鲁泰克的英雄传，我读了不少，我还认为读这本书所花的时间是非常值得的。那里也有笛福的一本名为论计划的书，另一本是马太博士的书，名为论行善。这本书可能在我思想上形成了一种对于我以后一生中的某些重大事件都有影响的倾向。Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 这种对书籍的爱好最后使我父亲决定叫我学印刷业，虽然他已经有了一个儿子(詹姆士)学了这种行业。一七一七年我哥哥詹姆士从英国回来，带来了一架

55、印刷机和铅字，准备在波士顿开业。我对印刷业的爱好远胜过我父亲的行业，但是尽管如此，我对于航海仍不能忘怀。为了预防这种渴望产生忧惧的后果，我父亲急欲叫我跟我哥哥学徒。我反对了一些时候，但是最后我同意了，签订了师徒合同，当时我只有十二岁。按照合同，我将充当学徒直到我二十一岁时为止，但在最后一年中我将按照合同获得出师职工的工资。在很短的时期内，我熟悉了印刷业，成为我哥哥的得力助手。这时我有机会阅读较好的书籍了。我跟一些书铺的学徒们打交道，这种相识有时使我能够从他们那里借到一本小书，但是我很小心，很快地交还给他们，并且保持书本的整洁。有时候在晚间借到一本书，为了怕被人发现缺书或是怕有人要买这本书，第二天一清早即须归还，因此我常常坐在房间阅读到深夜。Unit 4 Literature and ArtsPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 大约在这时候，我偶然看到了一本旁观者的零本，是第三册，在这以前，我从未曾看见过