神经解剖学课件：cerebral hemisphere

1、Cerebral Hemispheres Falx cerebri Tentorium cerebelli Supratentorial & infratentorial compartmetnspositionExternal features: lateral view3 sulcus & 5 lobesFrontalParietalOccipitaltemporal lobesinsular lobeFrontal lobeanterior central gyrussuperior, middle, inferior frontal gyrus Parietal lobeposteri

2、or central gyrusintraparietal sulcus: superior & inferior parietal lobule (supramarginal gyrus & angular gyrus )Temporal lobe Superior, middle, inferior temporal gyrustransverse temporal gyrus important sulcus and lobes: medial view medial aspect of the hemisphere corpus callosum rostrum嘴 genu膝 body

3、体 splenium压 fornix callosomarginal胼胝体缘的/ cingulatus sulcusLimbic边缘的system is used include the limbic lobe as well as associated subcortical structure including anterior nucleus of the thalamus垂体, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb and so on.The cortex of the limbic system is the cortical visceral areaInfe

4、rior viewolfactory bulb & olfactory tractgyrus rectus orbital gyriCerebral cortex Histological organizationFunctional areasthe molecular external granular outer pyramidal internal granular internal pyramidal polymorphic laminaHistological structureCerebral CortexBrodmanns map consists of approximate

5、ly 52 area.primary somatosensory areaprimary somatomotor areaacoustic areavisual areaFunctional location of the cerebral cortexPrimary somatic motor and sensory cortex The precentral gyrus (+anterior portion of paracentral lobule) is somatomotor area, which control contralateral对侧的movements The post

6、central gyrus (+posterior portion of paracentral lobule) is somatosensory area, which receives impulses from contralateral somatic sensory organs.Primary somatic motor and sensory cortexauditory area: transverse temporal gyrus The auditory cortex in each hemisphere receives impulses from both side o

7、f the hearing.Visual area: calcarine距状的sulcus The visual cortex in each hemisphere receives impulses from the temporal half of ipsolateral同侧的 retina and the nasal half of the contralateral retina. special somatic sensory cortexfunction of cortex of the hemisphereSpeech area: motor speech: talk cheir

8、okinesthetic center手运动觉的 : write sensory speech visual speech: read auditory speech: hear function of cortex of the hemisphere Motor speech area Posterior part of middle frontal gyrus is a region concerned with the motor mechanisms of writing formulation.Posterior part of inferior frontal gyrus in t

9、he dominant hemispheres (usually the left in righthand individuals ) are referred to as Brocas speech area, a region concerned with the motor mechanisms of speech formulation. auditory speech areaThe posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus (supramarginal gyrus )is concerned with the auditory m

10、echanisms of speech formulation in the dominant hemisphere the basis for understanding and interpreting auditory sensory signals.visual speech area angular gyrus is concerned with the visual mechanisms of speech formulation in the dominant the basis for understanding and interpreting visual sensory

11、signals .Language areasAuditory language area (superior temporal gyrus )Visual language area( the angular gyrus )Motor language area( Brocas area)Writing language areaLeft and Right Brain FunctionsInternal structures Basal nuclei Lateral ventricle White matter cortex Subcortex: white matter, basal n

12、uclei and lateral ventricle Basal Ganglia caudate nucleuslentiform nucleusamygdaloid body claustrum Masses of gray matter found deep within the cortical white matterComponents of the extrapyramidal system Includes the: Caudate NucleusLentiform Nucleus Globus pallidusPutamenAmygdalaThe basal gangliaB

13、asal Nuclei-corpus striatum subdivided into neostriatum ( caudate nucleus and putamen) and paleostriatum (globus pallidus)Relationship of basal ganglia All regions of cerebral cortex project to the basal ganglia, but output of basal ganglia is directed towards the frontal lobe, particularly pre-moto

14、r and supplementary增补的motor cortexConnections of the striatum Major interconnections of the basal ganglia Functions of Basal NucleiInfo arrives at the caudate nucleus and the putamen from sensory, motor, and association areas of the cortex.Processing and integration occurs within the nuclei and then

15、 info is sent from the globus pallidus to the motor cortex via the thalamus.The basal nuclei alter motor commands issued by the cerebral cortex via this feedback loop.Functions of Basal NucleiInfluence muscular activity Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and coordinates learned movement pa

16、tternsRegulate attention and cognitionRegulate intensity of slow or stereotyped固定的movementsDoesnt initiate movements but once movement is underway, they assist in the pattern and rhythmInhibit antagonistic拮抗的 and unnecessary movement (example: prevents tremors颤栗 at rest)White matter of the cerebral

17、hemisphereCommissural fibersAssociation fibers Projection fibersCommissural fibersinterconnect corresponding cortical regions of two hemispheres are: Corpus callosum Anterior commissure is a small compact bundle which crosses the midline rostral to columns of fornix.Fornix (hippocampal commissure) C

18、ommissural fibersCorpus callosum Commissures: Connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres. Corpus callosum, anterior commissure, hippocampal commissureCorpus callosumanterior commissureanterior commissurehippocampal commissureAssociation fibers: Connect different parts of the same hemisp

19、hereShort association fibers arch through the floor of each sulcus to connect adjacent gyrus.Long association fibers interconnecte cortical regions in different lobes within same hemisphere.Projection fibersAscending and descending fibers connecting the cortex of cerebral hemisphere and subcortex (b

20、asal ganglia, diencephalon, brainstem ,cerebellum, spinal cord )Ascending and descending fibers conveying impulses to and from the entire cortex of cerebral hemisphere are called projection fibers.The projection fibers arrange as a radiating mass and become concentrated in a narrow area, are called

21、internal capsule, between the caudate and thalamus medially, and the lentiform nucleus laterally. Fiber Tracts In Cerebral White MatterInternal capsule is a concentrated structure of the projection fibers between the thalamus and caudate nucleus medially, and the lentiform nucleus laterally.anterior li