2021届高考英语一轮复习考点34阅读理解应用文考点归纳

1、2021届高考英语一轮复习考点34阅读理解应用文考点归纳2021届高考英语一轮复习考点34阅读理解应用文考点归纳2021届高考英语一轮复习考点34阅读理解应用文考点归纳考点34 阅读理解应用文高考频度:应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体，它包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等，形式多样,题材各异，如图示、表格等。英语考试说明对读的能力要求之一是：要求考生读懂一般性话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中的简短文章并能识别不同文体的特征。研读近年全国各地的高考试题可以看出，应用文是高考阅读理解命题的重要体裁之一。现简要介绍应用文的特点、类型和解题技巧.一

2、、应用文阅读试题的文体特点应用文不同于其他文体的文章，其目的是为了向读者传输信息,措辞简洁明了,直截了当.一般说来，应用文英语阅读试题具有以下特点：1. 选材特点信息量大，文句精炼，形式灵活，用最少的篇幅表达最大量的信息。2。 内容特点生活化，实用化,多样化，如产品宣传、服务介绍、通知、海报、启示、招生招聘等。3. 形式特点标题醒目,重点突出，条理清晰，常用粗体字或各类项目符号使文章的结构更鲜明。4. 语言特点人名、地名、专有名词多;生词多；缩略词、祈使句、省略句多；结构不完整.5. 命题特点主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，题目设

3、置相对较容易.二、应用文的主要类型应用文的类型主要有：同主题广告,混合型广告，规则、通知、咨询问答、注意事项等，指南，书评、问卷调查、告示、参观须知、申请书、个人简介等。三、应用文解题技巧点拨高考应用文阅读理解设题以细节理解题为主，因此,阅读这类文章时，应该在整体把握文章结构的前提下，主要注意细节信息。细节题的题干都是相应原文的变形（如同义改写、词性转换等)，因此要找到答案一定要找到题干在原文中的出处，再把原文和选项相比较。做题时，根据所提问题用寻读、跳读的方法可达到事半功倍的效果.同时,在阅读时也要特别注意文中以粗体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的文字，因为这很有可能是文章的核心或某一部分内容

4、的概括。具体答题策略如下：1. 先题后文先读试题,了解试题考点;明确目的，快速捕捉，获取信息。2。 题干定向根据题干关键词到文中定位答案范围，按照题目顺序依次而下:问题与材料相同对号入座;问题与原文相同同义替换、归纳事实等。3。 生词模糊遇到生词；如与答题无关，直接跳过；涉及答题，则根据语境、构词法等猜词.4. 信息补全对于影响理解的省略句,可根据语境,将其补全。总之，应用文类型的阅读文章一般说来比较易理解，文章类型以广告形式居多,设问根据文章的段落秩序，多以细节事实理解为主,答案的寻找可以根据问题中的关键字顺藤摸瓜，辅以适当的推理判断。了解了应用文的措辞和内容特点，我们在实践中总结出解答应用

5、文试题的关键是：抓信息。提示：应用文阅读题做完后,不可轻易改答案，要相信第一感觉.因为第一次解题时思路最清晰,假如没十分把握，以不改为好,防止弄巧成拙。全国高考英语考试说明明确指出,要求考生读懂一般性话题的简短文字材料,例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中的简短文章,这说明了应用文文体在高考英语中的重要性。这个特点在历年高考试题中有明显的印证,不管是全国高考卷，还是省区高考卷中基本每年都涉及应用文文体的考查,这充分体现了为用而学，学以致用的新课程理念。因此，考生很有必要认真研读阅读理解中应用文的特征和命题特点，并掌握一定的解题方法。本文拟结合近年高考英语全国卷阅读理解中所涉及的应用文文体,帮

6、助考生提高阅读理解的解题能力。 应用文是在日常工作和生活中使用的文体,通常以实用性为目的、以真实性为基础、以时效性为根本、以规范性为准则。该文体一般可分为两大类：一类是说明性应用文，包括广告、启事、海报、守则、公告、指南、个人简历、备忘录、摘要等；另一类是叙述性应用文，如书信、日记、便条、报告、请帖等。目的都是向读者传输信息。高考试题主要涉及宣传广告、公告类应用文，偶尔也会有书信类文章出现.从近三年高考全国卷阅读理解中应用文的话题分布情况可知，前一类是应用文命题的首选题材，其中包括广告、海报和指南等。在高考英语阅读理解中应用文体的考查主要有如下几个特点：1. 就文体特点而言，应用文主要是为了向

7、读者传递信息，措辞简洁明了，一般来说，和所述问题无关的文字不会出现。例如很多文章没有标题，甚至通篇没有一个完整的句子，而是用词、数字、缩写、短语等来替代.2。 就选材特点来说，信息量大，文句精练,形式灵活，用最小的篇幅表述最大量的信息。其中书信，招聘和商品销售等广告,交通运输时刻表，日记等的比例较大.其内容特点表现为：生活化，实用化，多样化。3. 就形式特点而言,标题醒目，重点突出，条理清晰，常用粗体字或各类项目符号使文章结构更鲜明.4。 就语言特点来说，文章充斥大量冗长而生僻的专有名词，如人名、地名、机构名、组织名、书籍名、作品名等等，而且没有汉语注释。缩略词、祈使句、省略句多.5. 在行文

8、方式方面,应用文的每种文体都有固定的格式。叙述性应用文采用一般记叙文的写作方法，无特别之处；说明性应用文的行文呈排列式，即以小标题为单位逐一下行排列.6。 就命题特点来说，高考英语应用文的设问一般是按照文章段落的顺序依次设置,主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既考查对特定细节的选取、排除、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查,题目设置相对容易。具体讲来主要有四大类：（1）细节理解题,即要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。这一题型常见的命题方式有事实认定题、图形辨认题、数字运算题等。（2)推理判断题.这类题主要考查考生根据文章的字面意思,通过分析语篇的逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推

9、敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。（3)主旨大意题。该类题主要考查考生对所读材料中心思想的概括.其考查形式有很多，如概括标题、主题、中心思想等。（4）词义猜测题，即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义。广告类阅读题的五大特点1. 材料特点：大家知道,刊登广告是要钱的，为了节省费用，人们在拟写广告时往往都希望用最少的篇幅表现最大量的信息，这就决定了广告类材料通常具有以下特点：信息量大，用词简练，形式灵活。 2. 内容特点：综观近几年的高考英语阅读理解题,其中广告类阅读题内容主要涉及的是与人们生活息息相关的信息,如产品宣传、服务介绍、招生招聘等. 3。

10、形式特点：做广告的主要目的就是要让受众了解并记住广告的内容，并为广告上所刊登的内容（产品或服务等）买单。为了达到这一目的，人们在设计广告时往往会做到：标题醒目,重点突出，条理清楚. 4. 用词特点：广告类阅读材料的用词有三多特点：一是人名、地名、专有名词多；二是生词多;三是缩略词、省略句多. 5。 命题特点：广告类阅读是近几年高考英语阅读理解最常考的题材，在阅读理解的选材中占有很大的比重.命题者的目的是要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力,所以命题的题型多是以获取信息为主的细节理解题。 命题趋势1。 考点趋势：今后对语篇领悟能力的检测仍是高考的重点和基本点，同时还需关注对主旨大意题和文章结构题的

11、考查。2. 理解层次趋势：表层意义理解题减少，深层含义理解题增多.考查难度有所增加，由简单寻找信息向多层次细节推理的趋势比较明显.3。 信息量和词汇量：阅读理解材料信息浓缩,词汇总量减少，但对词汇量的考查在加大，非考纲词汇有所增加（主要为词根加上前、后缀或有词义转化的词)。旨在引导学生掌握词汇的合成、派生和转化，让考生能通过上下文或构词法来理解词汇的含义。考试说明中根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义这一新要求预示对能力要求有所提高。4. 句子的难度：长句增多,句子难度加大。复合句、省略句、倒装句和插入语等语言现象普遍。5。 体裁和题材:继续体现体裁和题材多样化，并彰显英语国家语言与文化特点,强化文

12、化意识的渗透。题材涉猎广泛，体现语言是文化的载体这一理念。题组一（2020年高考真题）Passage1（2020全国新高考卷I,A）POETRY CHALLENGEWrite a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face challenges in your life。Prizes3 Grand Prizes:Trip to Washington, DCfor each of three winners， a parent and one other person of the winner

13、s choice。 Trip includes roundtrip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights， and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.6 First Prizes：The book Sky Pioneer：A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch.50 Honorabl

14、e Mentions：Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners， who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earharts final flight。RulesFollow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification。Write a poem using 100 words or fewer。 Your poem can be any format， any number of lines。Write by hand or ty

15、pe on a single sheet of paper。 You may use both the front and back of the paper.On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name， address， telephone number， and birth date。Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year。1How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip?ATwo.BThree.

16、CFour.DSix.2What will each of the honorable mention winners get？AA plane ticket.BA book by Corinne Szabo.CA special Tshirt.DA photo of Amelia Earhart.3Which of the following will result in disqualification？ATyping your poem out.BWriting a poem of 120 words.CUsing both sides of the paper.DMailing you

17、r entry on October 30.【答案】1A2C3B【解析】这是一篇应用文。本文是一篇诗歌大赛的征稿启事。文章就参赛作品的内容、奖项、参赛规则等做了介绍。1细节理解题。根据Prizes部分中第一段中的“Trip to Washington, D。C. for each of three winners， a parent and one other person of the winners choice”可知，每位获奖者都可以带一名家长和另一名由获奖者选择的人员。因此，每位获奖者可以带两个人。故选A.2细节理解题.根据Prizes部分中第三段“50 Honorable Menti

18、ons： Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners， who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earharts final flight”可知，每位优秀奖获奖者都将获得一件纪念埃尔哈特最后一次飞行的T恤。故选C。3细节理解题。根据最后一部分中的“Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification。 Write a poem using 100 words or fewer可知，所写的诗字数不能超过100字.否则，将会被取消

19、资格。故结合选项,B选项（写一首120字的诗）是会被取消资格的.故选B.Passage2(2020全国新课标卷III，A)Journey Back in Time with ScholarsClassical Provence（13days）Journey through the beautiful countryside of Provence，France，with Prof。 Ori Z。 Soltes. We will visit some of the best-preserved Roman monuments in the world. Our tour also include

20、s a chance to walk in the footsteps of Van Gogh and Gauguin。 Fields of flowers, tile-roofed（瓦屋顶）villages and tasty meals enrich this wonderful experience。Southern Spain（15days)Spain has lovely white towns and the scent(芳香）of oranges，but it is also a treasury of ancient remains including the cities l

21、eft by the Greeks，Romans and Arabs。 As we travel south from Madrid with Prof. Ronald Messier to historic Toledo，Roman Merida and into Andalucia, we explore historical monuments and architecture.Chinas Sacred Landscapes(21days）Discover the China of “past ages,” its walled cities，temples and mountain

22、scenery with Prof。 Robert Thorp。 Highlights（精彩之处）include Chinas most sacred peaks at Mount Tai and Hangzbous rolling hills,waterways and peaceful temples. We will wander in traditional small towns and end our tour with an exceptional museum in Shanghai.Tunisia（17days）Join Prof。 Pedar Foss on our in-

23、depth Tunisian tour。 Tour highlights include the Roman city of Dougga,the underground Numidian capital at Bulla Regia， Roman Sbeitla and the remote areas around Tataouine and Matmata，uique for underground cities. Our journey takes us to picturesque Berber villages and lovely beaches.21What can visit

24、ors see in both Classical Provence and Southern Spain?AHistorical monuments。BFields of flowers.CVan Goghs paintings.DGreek buildings.22Which country is Prof. Thorp most knowledgeable about？AFrance。BSpain。CChina.DTunisia。23Which of the following highlight the Tunisian tour？AWhite towns.BUnderground c

25、ities.CTile-roofed villages.DRolling hills。【答案】21A22C23B【解析】这是一篇应用文.文章主要介绍了四个国家中，那些可以让人们回顾过去的著名景点。21细节理解题。根据第一部分的We will visit some of the best-preserved Roman monuments in the world. (我们将参观一些世界上保存最完好的罗马建筑遗迹）和第二部分的we explore historical monuments and architecture.(我们探索历史遗迹和建筑)可知，在Classical Provence 和

26、Southern Spain游客们可以参观历史遗迹。A. Historical monuments（历史遗迹）符合以上说法，故选A项。22推理判断题。根据第三部分的Chinas Sacred Landscapes (21days)(中华神山 21天)和Discover the China of past ages, its walled cities， temples and mountain scenery with Prof Robert Thorp。 Highlights include Chinas most sacred peaks at Mount Tai and Hangzhou

27、s rolling hills, waterways and peaceful temples (和Robert教授一起发现中国的过去，有墙的城市、寺庙和山景。精彩之处包括中国最神圣的泰山之巅，杭州起伏的群山、运河和宁静的寺庙)可知，去中国的神山之行总共有27天，而且Thorp对中国的名山非常了解。由此推测Thorp在这四个国家里最了解中国.C. China（中国)符合以上说法，故选C项。23细节理解题。根据第四部分的Tour highlights include the Roman city of Dougga， the underground Mumidian capital at Bul

28、la Regia， Roman Sbeitla and the remote areas around Taraounine and Matmata， unique for underground cities.(突尼斯的旅游亮点包括罗马城市Dougga，地下城市Mumidian，它是Bulla Regia的首府，Roman Sbeitla以及在Taraounine和Matmata附近的区域，它们是独特的地下城市）可知，突尼斯的旅游亮点是地下城市。B。 Underground cities(地下城市)符合以上说法,故选B项。Passage3（2020年天津卷A(第一次），A） Your stu

29、dent ID card identifies you as a student at the University of Bolton. It will provide you with access to University facilities such as University Libraries， Sports Centre， and Computing Services。 Please carry your card with you at all times。 Do not lose your card or lend it to others. Your card is v

30、alid during the whole time of your studies. It remains the property（财产）of the University of Bolton at all times。New studentsphotographsYou will be requested to upload a passport sized photograph as part of the online registration process. This should be a jpg file with a size of no more than 1 MBYou

31、r photograph should be a portrait image in proportion（比例）to a 6”4 portrait photograph. It should be taken in colour and must not have been beautified with image filters（滤光镜)。Your student ID card will be provided to you by your department during Welcome Week。 Please be aware that you will not receive

32、 this smart card during Welcome Week if you do not upload your image online by 4 September 2020.Replacement cardsIf your student ID card no longer works or has been damaged， or if you have changed your personal or programme details， you should call into the Student Administration Centre (SAC） to req

33、uest a new one。 Please ensure that you bring your existing card with you. Your replacement card will be produced free of charge。If your card has been reported to the Police as stolen， please also call into the SAC to request a replacement， bringing with you a copy of your Police Crime Report paperwo

34、rk。 Your card will be produced free of charge。If your card has been lost, a fee of 5 is charged for the production of a replacement card. You are requested to use our online payment service.Note: Replacement cards will be available for you to collect seven working days after making the request。 As a

35、 security measure， you are requested to collect your card in person at the SAC36Which of the following is a function of the student ID card?ATo remind students to protect public property.BTo enable students to use resources in the library.CTo help students demonstrate their computer skills。DTo provi

36、de information about campus facilities.37To meet the requirements of the photograph on the student ID card， a new student should upload_。Aan image saved as a PDF file.Ba colour picture of their passport。Ca photo beautified by a photographer.Da portrait photograph of proper proportion.38In which case

37、 does a student have to pay for the replacement of the student ID card？AThe theft of the card has been officially proved.BThe card holder has changed his or her major.CThe card dropped off into a lake by accident.DThe card fails to work properly。39To collect your replacement card， you should_.Afetch

38、 it at the SAC personallyBgo through a security check firstCcall the police station in advanceDwait for seven days before getting it。【答案】36B37D38C39A【解析】本文是说明文。Bolton大学介绍了学生证的作用，办理和使用学生证过程中需要注意的问题和处理办法。36细节理解题。根据第一段“Your student ID card identifies you as a student attheUniversity of Bolton。 It will

39、provide you with access to University facilities such as University Libraries，Sports Centre,and Computing Services。可知，学生证表明你是Bolton大学的学生.它将为您提供访问大学设施,如大学图书馆、体育中心和计算服务的机会.即学生证可以让学生使用图书馆的资源。故选B。37细节理解题。根据New studentsphotographs部分的“This should be a jpg file with a size of no more than 1 MB。 Your photog

40、raph should be a portrait imageinproportion（比例）to a ”64 portrait photograph.”学校对学生证照片大小、比例的要求，可知新生需要上传适当比例的肖像照片，故选D。38推理判断题.根据倒数第二段“If your card has been lost,a fee of 5 is charged fortheproduction of a replacement card.”可知如果学生证丢失，补新卡需要支付5英镑的费用。由此判断出，选项C：卡片不小心掉到湖里去了,属于丢失,应该支付补卡费用。故选C。39细节理解题。根据最后一句“

41、As a security measure,you are requested to collect your cardinperson attheSAC.”可知为了安全起见，应该亲自去SAC领取学生证。故选A。Passage4(2020年天津卷7月，A)How to Use a Modern Public LibraryHas it been a while since your last visit to a public library? If so， you may be surprised to learn that libraries have changed for the be

42、tter。 Its been years since they were dusty little rooms with books. They have transformed themselves into places where you can develop your love of knowledge meet interesting people, or find out how to start a business.Check out a book. While libraries still loan out（出借）books， youll find it easier t

43、o get a copy of whatever youre looking for， thanks to a cooperative network of area libraries. Via such networks， libraries share their books with each other through the use of delivery vehicles。 Once the book youve requested is delivered to the nearest branch, they will inform you by e-mail， so you

44、 can pick it up。Check out other items。 The library is now a multimedia zone， loaded with information in many formats（载体形式）。 You can borrow movies on DVDs， music on CDs， and popular magazines。 Some libraries even loan out toys and games。 If a popular magazine you want isnt offered and the library kee

45、ps a list of such requests， they may bring it in when enough interest is shown。Join targeted reading groups。 Libraries will often hold readinggroup sessions targeted to various age groups。 Perhaps youd like to learn a language or improve your English。 The library may sponsor a language group you cou

46、ld join。 If you have difficulties reading， ask about special reading opportunities. Your library might be able to accommodate you. And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a halfhour Story Time while you sit quietly in a corner with a good book.Start a business using the help of you

47、r local library. If you want to have a business of your own, your local library can become a launch space for it. In library books and computers, you can find information on starting a business。 Many libraries will help you with locally supplied information about business management shared through c

48、hambers of commerce(商会)and government agencies， and they will offer printing, faxing and database services you need.36。 Public libraries connected by a cooperative network benefit readers by_.A. sharing their books on the InternetB。 giving access to online reading at a library branchC。 sending a nee

49、ded book to a library branch nearbyD. making the checkout procedures diverse37。 According to Paragraph 3, what items may be checked out from a public library?A. A magazine and an e-book。B. A game and an oil painting。C。 A music CD and a kids toy。D。 A DVD and a video player38。 As is described in Parag

50、raph 4, taking a small kid to a halfhour Story Time allows _.A。 the kid to learn a new languageB。 the parent to enjoy quiet readingC。 the kid to overcome reading difficultiesD。 the parent to meet their program sponsor39。 Your local library can help you start a business by _.A。 providing relevant inf

51、ormation and supporting servicesB. offering professional advice on business managementC. supplying useful information of your potential buyersD。 arranging meetings with government officials40. What is the purpose of the passage？A。 To point out the importance of public libraries。B. To encourage peopl

52、e to work in public libraries.C。 To introduce the improved services of public libraries。D. To call for the modernization of public library systems.【答案】36. C37。 C38。 39. A40。 C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何使用改造升级后现代公共图书馆。36。 细节理解题。根据文章Check out a book中“Via such networks， libraries share their books with each

53、other through the use of delivery vehicles. Once the book youve requested is delivered to the nearest branch， they will inform you by email， so you can pick it up.（ 通过这样的网络，图书馆通过运载车辆的使用彼此分享图书。一旦你要的书送到最近的书店，他们会通过电子邮件通知你,你就可以去取了.）”可知,合作网络连接的公共图书馆通过向附近的图书馆分支机构发送所需的书籍，使读者受益.故选C项。37。 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“You ca

54、n borrow movies on DVDs， music on CDs， and popular magazines. Some libraries even loan out toys and games. ( 你可以借DVD电影、CD音乐和流行杂志。一些图书馆甚至借出玩具和游戏。)”可知,从公共图书馆可以外借DVD电影、CD音乐、流行杂志、玩具和游戏等物品.故选C项。38。 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while you si

55、t quietly in a corner with a good book. （你可能会发现带着你的孩子去半个小时的“故事时间是一种放松，那时你安静地坐在角落里看一本好书,）”可知,带孩子去半小时的“故事时间”，可以让父母享受安静的阅读。故选B项。39. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Many libraries will help you with locally supplied information about business management shared through chambers of commerce（商会）and government agencies, and

56、 they will offer printing and database services you need。 （许多图书馆会通过商会和政府机构分享本地提供的商业管理信息,并提供你需要的打印和数据库服务。)”可知，你当地的图书馆可以通过提供相关信息和支持服务来帮助你创业。故选A项。40. 推理判断题。根据文章标题How to Use a Modern Public Library(如何使用一个现代公共图书馆)和第一段中的“you may be surprised to learn that libraries have changed for the better. They have t

57、ransformed themselves into places where you can develop your love of knowledge meet interesting people, or find out how to start a business.（你可能会惊讶地发现图书馆已经变得更好了。他们已经把自己变成了一个地方，在那里你可以发展你对知识的热爱,遇见有趣的人,或者发现如何创业）。再结合几个小标题：Check out a book（借一本书）； Check out other items（借其他物品）；Join targeted reading groups（

58、加入有针对性的阅读小组）；Start a business using the help of your local library(在当地图书馆的帮助下创业)可知，本文主要介绍了在经过改善后的图书馆里，人们可以做些什么，即:经过改善后的图书馆可以给人们提供什么服务.故选C。题组二（2019年高考真题）Passage1(2019全国新课标卷I,A)Need a Job This Summer？The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs. The

59、deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.Not a student? Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills， find a job or start businesses all year round。Jobs for YouthIf you are a teenager living in certain parts of

60、 the province, you could be eligible(符合条件）for this program。 Which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training。Who is eligible： Youth 15-18 years old in select communities(社区)。Summer CompanySummer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to 3，000 to s