2023版高考英语一轮总复习第2部分基础语法讲练专题1词法篇第6讲动词的时态语态和主谓一致课件

1、专题一词法篇第6讲动词的时态、语态和主谓一致高考感知1(2021全国新高考卷)What comes next is the endless series of steps. You cant help wondering how hard it _(be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.【答案与解析】1was考查动词的时态。由句子的then可知，此处应用一般过去时，表示过去的人搬石头做台阶很艰难。2(2021全国新高考卷)I kept going. Whenever I heard of businesses usi

2、ng plastic, Id send an email. One of the biggest companies I wrote to _(be) Alaska Airlines Paris. 【答案与解析】2was考查动词的时态。综合上下文，结合前面的 “kept going”可知，句子的主语是“One of the biggest companies”，“I wrote to”是其定语。故填was。3(2021全国卷)We _(hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and sha

3、ky【答案与解析】3hired考查动词的时态。根据文意及后面的was可知，这里要用一般过去时态。故填hired。4(2020天津卷改编)I never worried about my son while I was away because my mother _(keep) an eye on him.【答案与解析】4kept考查动词的时态。句意：我不在的时候从不担心我的儿子，因为我母亲会照看他。keep an eye on“照看，留意，密切注视”。根据上文的worried和was可知，应用过去时。5(2020天津卷改编)We offered to give Sharon a ride h

4、ome, but she _(decline), saying that she felt like walking.【答案与解析】5declined考查动词的时态。句意：我们提出送Sharon回家，但她拒绝了，说她想步行回去。根据“saying that she felt like walking”可知，Sharon想自己回家，所以她“谢绝”了我们的提议。同时，根据offered可知应用过去时。6(2019全国卷)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut _(report) increases in bear sightings around

5、human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.【答案与解析】6have reported考查动词的时态。根据上下文语境，尤其是时间状语“In recent years”可知，主句用现在完成时态。故填have reported。7(2019全国卷)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and _(recommend) wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to

6、eat papaya(木瓜)and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.【答案与解析】7recommended考查动词的时态。句意：我们的主人跟我们分享了很多他们的经历并推荐了一些很好的吃饭、购物和参观的地方。“and”前后两个动作“shared”与“recommended”是并列关系，时态一致。故填recommended。8(2019全国卷)On the last day of our weeklong stay，we _(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm o

7、n the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.【答案与解析】8were invited考查动词的时态语态。由“on the last day of our week-long stay”可知，句子时态为一般过去时。根据句意：我们被邀请去参加一场私人音乐会，所以用被动语态。主语为we。故填were invited。9(2019全国卷)Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are decl

8、ining, six_(be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.【答案与解析】9are考查主谓一致。根据“three are declining”可知，此处数词six作主语，代指前文中的“polar bear subpopulations”，故用复数谓语，一般现在时。故填are。考情分析1时态的考查主要是一般现在时、一般过去时和完成时；2考查被动语态的用法；3考查主谓一致的用法。考点突破考点一动词的时态(一)常用时态的基本用法1一般时态(一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时)(1)一般现在时(am/is/are或do/do

9、es)表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, usually, sometimes, every day/night 等连用。Around two oclock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream.It somewhat bothers us.每天晚上大约两点钟的时候，休就会开始说梦话。这有点困扰我们。按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时；只限于go，a

10、rrive，leave，start, stay, return, begin, come 等动词。The flight takes off at 2:30 every Wednesday and Friday.每周三和周五这个航班2:30 起飞。用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来。When I grow up, I will be a nurse and look after patients.我长大后要当一名护士，照顾病人。(2)一般过去时(was/were或did)一般过去时表示在过去某一时间点发生的动作、所处的状态或表示过去一段时间内反复发生的动作。I went to N

11、ingxia and stayed there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.我去了宁夏，作为一名教书志愿者，在那里待了一年。(3)一般将来时“shall/will动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。What I want to tell you is that I shall be thirty next year.我想告诉你的是，明年我就三十岁了。“be going to动词原形”表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事情；根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事情。What are yo

12、u going to be when you grow up?你长大以后打算做什么？“be to动词原形”表示预先安排好的计划或约定；说话人的意志、意图、指责、义务、命令等；注定要发生的事情。“be to动词原形”可以和表将来的时间状语相连。I am to meet Mr.Brown at eleven oclock this morning.今天上午 11点我要去见布朗先生。“be about to动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示将来的时间状语连用，be about to do when为固定搭配，表示“正要做突然”。I was about to do my homework

13、 when my father came in.我正要做作业，爸爸进来了。2进行时态(现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时)(1)现在进行时的构成(am/is/arev.-ing)和用法表示说话时正在进行或现阶段正在进行的动作，经常与now, at the moment, these days等连用。Lindas brother is watching TV in his bedroom now.现在琳达的哥哥正在他的卧室里看电视。与“Look” “Listen” “Cant you see？”等暗示词(句)连用时，说明后面谓语动词的动作正在发生。Look! Maria and Tom are

14、dancing under the tree.看！玛丽亚和汤姆正在树下跳舞。表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep，stay，have, wear等表示移动、方向的动词。Theyre getting married next month.他们下个月结婚。当现在进行时与频度副词always，forever，continually, constantly 等连用时表示重复的动作，表示某种感情色彩(如赞许、厌烦、满意等)。My wife is always complaining about thi

15、s or that.我的妻子总是抱怨这个那个的。(2)过去进行时的构成(was/werev.-ing)和用法表示在过去某时刻正在进行或发生的动作，通常与表过去的时间状语at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten oclock yesterday 等连用。She was phoning someone, so I nodded to her and went away.她正在给人打电话，所以我向她点了点头就离开了。表移动的动词，如come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return 等词的过去

16、进行时，可以表示过去将要发生的动作。She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday.她告诉我她将去海南度假。在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生之后，另一个动作正在进行。When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.当我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。(3)将来进行时的构成(will bev.-ing)和用法表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。Daniels family will be enjoying their holiday in Huan

17、gshan this time next week.下周的这个时候，丹尼尔的家人将在黄山度假。3完成时态(现在完成时和过去完成时)(1)现在完成时的构成(have/has过去分词)和用法表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与already, yet, ever, never, just，before 等词连用。You have already grown much taller.你已经长高了许多。表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。往往和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，常用的有：for一段时间；since过去时间点或从句。since用来说明动作的起始时间，for用来说明动作

18、延续时间长度。They have learned English for eight years.他们已学英语八年了。温馨提示(1)现在完成时除可以和for, since 等引导的状语连用外，还可以和during/in/over the last(past) few years(months, weeks), in recent years, so far, up to/until now 等连用。(2)下列句型中常用现在完成时：It is (has been)一段时间since从句This (That/It) is the first (second ) timethat从句This (Th

19、at/It) is the only that从句This (That/It) is the best/finest/most interesting that从句(3)在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时用以强调动作的结束和完成。注意表示短暂性的动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，如appear，begin，borrow，lend, buy, close, come, die, fall, find, finish, join, kill, leave, sell, stop 等。He has joined the army for five years.()He has be

20、en in the army for five years.()他参军已经五年时间了。现在完成时不能和明确的过去时间状语连用，如yesterday, last week, in 1998, two days ago等。have/has been to和have/has gone to的区别：前者表示“去过某地，现在已经回来”；后者表示“去了某地，在去的路上或已经在那里”。(2)过去完成时的构成(had过去分词)和用法表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成的动作，即“过去的过去”，可以用by, before 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示动作发生的时间。Lily had just left whe

21、n we arrived.当我们到达的时候，莉莉刚刚离开。在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去发生的事情，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。I returned the English book that I had borrowed from the library.我把从图书馆借的那本英语书还回去了。过去完成时还可用在hardly when ， no sooner than， It was the first(second, etc.) time(that)等固定句型中。在这类句型中，注意有时会用到倒装结构。Hardly had the game begun when it start

22、ed raining.比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。4完成进行时态(现在完成进行时)现在完成进行时的构成(have/has beenv.-ing)和用法表示一个从过去开始到现在仍在进行的动作，或一个从过去开始一直延续到现在，且重复发生的动作。She has been playing tennis since she was eight.她从八岁开始就一直打网球。(二)易混淆时态辨析1一般过去时和现在完成时的辨析(1)两者都表示发生在过去的动作。但现在完成时表示过去动作与现在的关系，强调过去的动作对现在造成的结果或影响；一般过去时强调动作发生在过去某一时间，与现在不发生联系。Theyve gone t

23、o Paris.他们到巴黎去了。(说明他们现在去巴黎了，不在这里)They went to Paris.他们去过巴黎。(只说明去过，不表明是否现在仍在那里)(2)现在完成时表示从过去发生到现在一段时间内的任何时间，可与so far, up to now, lately, ever since, in the past/last few years 等表示包括现在一段时间的状语连用，但不能和表示过去时间的状语连用；一般过去时表示的是过去某一特定时间或与现在无关的某一过去时间。I havent seen the film yet.我还没看过这部影片。(到目前为止)I saw the film th

24、e day before yesterday.我前天看的这部电影。(表明看电影的时间是在前天)2一般过去时和过去进行时的辨析(1)一般过去时表示一个完成的动作，而过去进行时表示过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。I was reading a novel last night.昨晚我在看小说。(可能没看完)I read a novel last night.我昨晚看了一本小说。(已经看完了)(2)一般过去时表示过去某个时刻发生的动作，侧重说明事实结果，而过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间发生的动作，强调在这一过程中所进行的动作或展开的情景。He drew a picture yesterday a

25、fternoon.他昨天下午画了一张画。(昨天下午他做了这么一件事)He was drawing a picture yesterday afternoon.他昨天下午在画一张画。(昨天下午他一直在画画，没干别的事)考点二被动语态1各种时态的被动语态形式时态一般式进行式完成式现在时am/is/are过去分词am/is/arebeing过去分词have/hasbeen过去分词过去时was/were过去分词was/werebeing过去分词hadbeen过去分词时态一般式进行式完成式将来时shall/will be过去分词shall/willhave been过去分词过去将来时would/shou

26、ld be过去分词would/shouldhave been过去分词温馨提示(1)含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由“情态动词(can, may, must, have to 等)be过去分词”构成；(2)含有“be going to, be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态，其构成为“be going to (be to, used to, be about to)be过去分词”。After school we went to the reading room to do some reading, only to be told that

27、it was being decorated.放学后，我们到阅览室阅读，结果却被告知它正在装修。(过去进行时的被动语态)2主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况英语中有很多动词，如break, catch, clean, drive, look, open, sell, read, write, wash 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物；在这种情况下，常常和easily, well等副词连用。The machine runs well.这个机器运转良好。注意(1)主动语态表被动意义强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。(2)表示感

28、受、感官的系动词feel, sound, taste, look 等后跟形容词、名词构成系表结构，无被动形式。(3)在need, want, require, deserve, bear 等动词、worth 等形容词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。(4)在某些“主语(人/物)be形容词不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。The problem is difficult to work out.这道

29、题很难计算出。(可看作to work out省略了for me)(5)be to rent/blame也属于主动形式表被动意义。Who is to blame for the mistake?谁应为这个错误接受责备？考点三主谓一致一、就近一致原则1由or, either or ，neither nor ， not only but also ， not but 等连接的短语作主语，谓语动词的单复数形式常与最近的主语保持一致。Either you or one of your classmates is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.或者你

30、，或者你同学中的一位要去参加定于明天的会议。2由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的单复数形式通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。There are three chairs，a desk and a computer in the room.房间里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。二、语法一致原则1动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.忙碌一天之后，听音乐使我感到很放松。注意what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果从句表示复数意义，则谓

31、语动词用复数形式。What he says and does does not concern me.他的言行与我无关。What he says and does do not agree.他言行不一致。2主语后跟有with，together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than等引起的短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要与前面的主语保持一致。The teacher as well as his students was very excited.老师和学生们都非常激动。(1)and, both and 连接两个不同

32、的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数形式。The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。(2)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式要与先行词保持一致。My friend showed me around the town, which was very attractive.我的朋友带我参观了这个小镇，这个小镇非常迷人。(3)“many a/more than one单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。each, every

33、, no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使由and连接，谓语动词仍用单数形式。Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.很多父母亲不得不经历这种同样的痛苦经历。Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.每个男生和女生都希望参加周日举行的这个聚会。三、意义一致原则1集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family, class, te

34、am, group, public, committee, government, audience 等。The whole class were told to stay behind after school.全班的学生被告知放学后留下。2“分数/百分数/the majorityof名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all, some, half, most, the rest 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于主语实际表达的意义。About one third of the books were written by him.这些书中大约有三分

35、之一是他写的。3“the形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.患病的人被治愈，同时失散的人也被找到了。4表示时间、距离、重量、金额等的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。Two thousand miles is a long distance.两千英里是一段很长的距离。技巧点拨(一)确定动词时态的“四个依据”依据一时间状语动词的时态，顾名思义就是指动作或状态在不同时间条件下的动词形式，因此时间状语是确定动词时态的最直接的决定因素。例1Silk _(become)

36、 one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.分析had become句意：到大约公元前 100 年，丝绸已经成为丝绸之路上交易的主要商品之一。题干中有表示过去的时间状语“about 100 BC”，且当时间状语由介词by引导时，表示动作发生在“过去的过去”，谓语动词应用过去完成时。例2In the last few years, China_(make) great achievements in environmental protection.分析has made句意：在最近的几年里，中国在环境保

37、护方面取得了巨大成就。题干中的时间状语是“In the last few years”，表示动作“从过去一直到现在”，故所填词应用现在完成时。依据二参照动词当题干中没有时间状语，或时间状语不能完全决定所填动词的动作发生的具体时间时，动词的时态由其参照动词来决定。例3The real reason why prices_(be)，and still are，too high is complex，and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.分析 were句意：价格过去如此，现在仍然如此之高的真正原因是复杂的，没有

38、任何简短的评论能够令人满意地解释这个问题。题干中没有时间状语，由参照动词“are”和“is”可以推断出，所填动词陈述的是过去的事实，故be应用一般过去时。例4Albert Einstein was born in 1879As a child，few people guessed that he_(be) a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.分析was going to be句意：阿尔伯特爱因斯坦出生于1879年。当他还是个孩子的时候，很少有人想到他会成为一个著名的科学家，他的理论会改变世界。题干中虽然有时间状语“i

39、n 1879”，但这并非所填动词的动作发生的时间。由“As a child”可知，所填词的参照时间是过去，而他成为一位著名的科学家不是在他“是个小孩子”时，而是以后的事，即将来，所以时态应用过去将来时。依据三句意或语境当题干中无时间状语及参照动词，或时间状语和参照动词都不能确定所填词动作的时态时，这时，时态由题干的具体意思或动作所发生的语境来决定。例5 Is Peter coming? No, he_(change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute.分析changed句意：“彼得要来吗？”“不，当接到一个电话后，他在最后时刻改变了主

40、意。”由此可知，所填词的动作发生在过去，陈述的是过去的事实，故时态应用一般过去时。题干虽有时间状语“at the last minute”和参照动词“is coming”，但它们都不能准确定位所填动词的动作发生的时间，因此，用所填词的时态由句意或语境来决定。例6 When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I_(not see) for years.分析 hadnt seen句意：走在街上的时候，我偶然遇到了戴维，我已经多年没见他了。分析句子结构可知，从句中缺少谓语动词；主语I与动词see之间是主动关系，应使用主动语态，且“多

41、年没见”这一动作发生在“偶然遇到”之前，即“过去的过去”，故时态使用过去完成时。依据四固定句式英语中有一些句式的时态常常是固定的，如果题干中出现这类句式，考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。1It is the first/second/ time that sb.have/has done2It was the first/second/ time that sb.had done3Sb.was doing sth.when did4Hardly/Scarcely had sb.done sth.when did5Sb.was about to do sth.when did6Its (hig

42、h) time that sb.did sth./should do sth.例7It is the first time that I_(be) to Beijing.分析 have been句意：这是我第一次去北京。提示词为be动词，设空处在句中作谓语，再根据固定句式“It is the first time that sb.have/has done”确定使用现在完成时。(二)确定谓语单复数的“四看”1看到主语为第一、二人称还是第三人称，确定谓语动词形式。2看到主语为动名词短语、to do不定式或从句时，要想到谓语应为第三人称单数形式。3看到“分数/百分数of名词”作主语，要想到谓语的数

43、取决于名词。4看到 there be 等结构，要想到就近原则。 对点特训.单句语法填空1Last year, I _(be) lucky enough to take part in an event called “Shanxi in the eyes of foreigners”2Its success is very encouraging in todays television world where reality shows_(play) a leading part so far.3Tom was shocked to realize that the two-month su

44、mmer vacation_(pass) before he knew it.【答案】1was2have played3had passed4The festival traditionally_(begin) on the first day of the first month in the Chinese calendar and ends with Lantern Festival which is on the 15th day.5The styles, rules, and regulations for Chinese poetry gradually_(change) over

45、 the centuries until the time of the Tang Dynasty.6One day I _(read) a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman Lindas married name.【答案】4begins5changed6was reading7Take the chance, or you _(regret) it.8It _(report) that many peo

46、ple die of traffic accidents each year.9At the end of December, the librarys old and classic books _(put) online too, bringing borrowers a lot of convenience.10Facial recognition technology _(extend) into many areas of school life so far.【答案】7will regret8is reported9will be put10has been extended.写作运用1我不知道你在这里。_2看那些乌云。要下雨了。_【答案】1I didnt know you were here.2Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.3我弟弟昨天骑自行车时摔倒了。_4在过去的几年里，许多新的铁路被修建了。_【答案】3My brothe