无敌语法教程(简约版)

1、语法(GRAMMAR)转载8/27/20221讲座纲要句子基本结构时态语态虚拟语气非谓语动词从句倒装；强调8/27/20222基本句子结构最基本句子结构：A + B + C简单句必须有A系统：名词及相当于名词。简单句只有一套B系统：动词并列句是简单句子的平等结合。主从句是简单句子的级别结合。请判定一下句子是否是语法正确的句子8/27/20223She knew he was still alive, she could hardly speak without weeping.There are some people think lucky numbers can bring good lu

2、ck.He committed another mistake made the boss intensely furious.Should the university campus be open to tourists has caused a heated debate in China.Study English grammar with Stephen was a pleasant experience.My biggest headache is memorize so many words a day. 基本句子结构8/27/20224基本句子结构She knew he was

3、 still alive, she could hardly speak without weeping.错。两个完整句子岂能用逗号连接？！可改成：She knew he was still alive；she could hardly speak without weeping.Knowing he was still alive, she could.When she knew he was still alive, she could.8/27/20225基本句子结构There are some people think lucky numbers can bring good luck

4、.四级作文中最常见的错误。原因同前。可以改成There are some people who think lucky numbers can bring good luck.Some people think lucky numbers can bring good luck.8/27/20226He committed another mistake made the boss intensely furious.错。双B(谓语)结构！可改为：That he committed another mistake made the boss intensely furious. Committ

5、ing another mistake made .基本句子结构8/27/20227Should the university campus be open to tourists has caused a heated debate in China.错。 A 若是句子，不能直接放置。可改为：Whether the university campus should be open to tourists has caused基本句子结构8/27/20228基本句子结构Study English grammar with Stephen is a pleasant experience.错。因

6、为study 是动词，不能作主语A。可改为：Studying English with Stephen is a pleasant experience. (动名词作主语)That we study English grammar with Stephen is 8/27/20229基本句子结构My biggest headache is memorize so many words a day. 错。双B结构；也可理解成C不能是动词。可改为：My biggest headache is to memorize so many words a day.8/27/202210基本句型 A +B

7、+C：B的两种形式B部分只有这样两种基本形式：实义动词 系动词 ： be （Cadj; n; prep短语）Eg.The conference began in the morning.Harlan Sanders started the new business with his first Social Security check.The way to a mans heart is through his stomach.8/27/202211基本句型 A +B +C的转换与扩大定语状语8/27/202212结构的启示任何句子应包含AB成分，其分界线应该明显。在写作过程中，以动词为中心

8、组建句子，避免Chenglish。复杂句子简单化，促进理解；简单句子复杂化，提升表达。8/27/202213一、时间变化： B的时态现在时间一般现在现在进行现在完成一般将来现在完成进行将来完成过去时间一般过去过去进行过去完成过去将来 常见的时态如上。时态一致即现在和过去两大类型中的时态不要混杂使用，除非有明显的或间接的时间状语要求。8/27/202214时态的配合现在与现在配合；过去与过去配合。* I saw a lot of people when I am walking along the Wuluo Road.一般将来时和一般现在时分别在主从句中I will phone you whe

9、n I reach the hotel.If it is still hot tomorrow, John will go swimming in the East Lake.从句：since过去时，主句：现在完成时Since the PRC was founded, he has lived here in this shabby house.8/27/202215练习An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately _ from Marathon to Athens.A) the distanceB) distance

10、C) is the distanceD) the distance is8/27/202216You should have put the milk in the icebox; I expect it _ undrinkable by now.A) becameB) had becomeC) has becomeD) becomes8/27/202217By the end of this month, we surely _ a satisfactory solution to the problem. A) have foundB) will be findingC) are find

11、ingD) will have found 8/27/202218The thief who broke into a church was caught, because traces of wax found on his clothes _ from the sort of candles only used in churches.A) had comeB) comingC) have comeD) was come8/27/202219The company _ a rise in the salary for years, but nothing has happened yet.

12、A) is promisedB) has been promisingC) is promisingD) promised8/27/202220二、A/C换位：B的语态英语句子有两种语态：主动和被动。(vi有被动语态吗？)被动语态的构成为 beV-ed被动语态有时态变化吗？为什么要使用被动语态？汉英被动语态的异同如何判定被动语态？（重点）8/27/202221被动语态的判定标准意义法； 形式法 Your PIN will not verify during the deposit transaction. (T or F?) Various methods have been tried in

13、 order to boost the production.Rome wasnt built in one day.做一道选择题8/27/202222Great as Newton was, many of ideas _ today and are being modified by the scientists of our times.A) have challengedB) are challengingC) have been challengedD) are to challenge8/27/202223主动转化为被动When are you going to reveal th

14、e result of the study? A promising firm has offered Johnson a good job.A stranger has just gone to the capital city.8/27/202224三、真假变化：B在虚拟语气中的表示法两大概念：虚假；主观。谓语动词的一种特殊形式。 分类：非真实条件中句中的虚拟语气 名词从句中的虚拟语气 8/27/2022251.非真实条件中句中的虚拟语气（简化版）8/27/2022261)条件与结果的时间概念一致If I were you, I wouldnt behave so rudely in th

15、is situation.If you had a quality control inspection, you would improve your finished product.If the letter had arrived a little earlier, I would have accepted the job offered to me.If he had not been the son of the famous Lord R. Churchill, young Winston Churchill would have been expelled from the

16、school.8/27/2022272）条件结果时间不一致If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be well now . (主句表示现在的 “假” ，从句与过去事实相反)If they hadnt kindly offered him a bamboo stick, Stephen wouldnt be standing here.8/27/2022283) If的省略：had/ should/ were提前Were I you, Had your letter arrived a little earlier, Had I been

17、 more careful, I could have done better.8/27/2022294）其他条件的表示方法prep短语：with; without; but forconj：or；otherwise;Context:Without gravity, what would the world be like?But for their help, we would be still in the dark.The party would have been held at my house, but the central heating broke down, and we

18、had to have it at Johns.8/27/2022305） But for 与if 从句的转换But for his help, we would be still in the dark.= If it were not for his help, .=if it had not been for his help,.8/27/202231名词性从句的虚拟宾语从句中（主体）建议要求：should V建议：suggest; advise; desire; propose; move (提出) 要求：request; require; insist; direct; order;

19、 demand; decree8/27/202232宾语从句中的虚拟语气 The new traffic law requires that the passenger sitting in the front of the car should wear a seat belt.I suggest that he should come to attend Stephens lecture.They maintain that we should take these steps to prevent the possible harm. I proposed that they shoul

20、d set a deadline for coping with the issue. 8/27/202233几点注意should可以省略特别注意被动语态The Senate proposed at the conference that all necessary measures _ (take) to ensure the security of the region.8/27/202234意愿：时态后退表虚拟wish; would rather; would just as soon; had ratherI would rather the kids stayed at home w

21、atching TV.I would rather you had gone to the fashion show.I wish I were as strong as you.8/27/202235Compare:I would rather the kids stayed at home watching TV.I would rather stay at homeWho would you rather _ with you to that fantastic place, Mary or Rose?A) go B) went8/27/202236主语从句中的虚拟语气its neces

22、sary / important / essential/ natural (should) vits better/ advisable/ decided/ demanded/ desired/ suggested/ arranged/ . (should) vits a pity/ shame/ incredible/ strange/ no wonder . (should) v8/27/202237It is better that we meet some other time.It is strange that she should have failed to see her

23、own shortcomings.It is a great pity that he should be so conceited.It is altogether proper and fitting that we should do this.8/27/202238主语从句中的虚拟语气:一个特例It is time + that 从句（用一般过去式（更常见）或should + 动词原形）Its time we went / should go to bed.Its high time we went to school.Its time we had a break of five m

24、inutes.8/27/202239其他名词从句的虚拟表语从句中: should v同位语从句中: should vMy suggestion is that we should put off the meeting till next Friday.He approved her proposal that the oil price should be raised a little.8/27/202240其他的虚拟If only: 时态转移lest/ for fear that/ in case：强烈主观：should v8/27/202241Exercise:Its time tha

25、t _ about the traffic problem downtowns.A) something was doneB) everything is doneC) anything will be doneD) nothing to be done8/27/202242Id rather you _ those important documents with you.A) dont takeB) didnt takeC) wont takeD) not take8/27/202243The opening ceremony was a great occasion. It was es

26、sential that_ for that.A) we are preparedB) we should be preparedC) we were preparedD) we had been prepared8/27/202244The result has turned still worse than it _.A) would otherwise have beenB) would be otherwise C) has otherwise been D) had otherwise been8/27/202245Batteries must be kept in dry plac

27、es lest electricity _ away.A) should leakB) leakedC) was leakingD) must leak8/27/202246It is high time that the third world countries _a more active role in economic affairs of the world.A) playB) should playC) played D) had played8/27/202247At the last conference, the motion that the chairman of th

28、e International Olympic Games _ was defeated.A) would be dismissedB) be dismissedC) were dismissedD) was dismissed8/27/202248_ for your help, wed never have been able to get over the difficulties.A) Had it not beenB) If it were notC) Had it notD) If we hadnt been8/27/202249_ if I had arrived yesterd

29、ay without letting you know beforehand?A) Would you be surprisedB) Were you surprisedC) Had you been surprised D) Would you have been surprised 8/27/202250If the whole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.A) was not plannedB) has not been plannedC) had not been

30、 plannedD) were not planned8/27/202251As Commander-in-chief in the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _ for our defense.A) had been takenB) would be takenC) be takenD) to be taken8/27/202252非谓语动词常见的非谓语动词形式有动词不定式，分词，动名词。 非谓语动词存在理由8/27/202253分 词 概念：现在分词:主动;进行过去分词:被动;完成。burning forest 燃烧着的

31、森林/ burned skin 烧伤了的皮肤 developing countries/ developed countries *A puzzle: I put my bare hands in the boiled water but I was not injured. Why?句法功能：分词在句中可作定语、状语、表语、 宾语/主语补足语。8/27/202254分词的语法功能定语 （重点）我是一个专业是会计的学生。I am a student majoring in accounting in my university days.We are brothers sharing weal

32、 and woe.They live in a room facing the south.China stretches across a vast area covering the cold, temperate and tropical zones.8/27/202255昨天买的一本书：translate！Suddenly there appeared a young lady _ (dress) in red.Is this the book recommended by the teacher?During the eclipse we can see only part of t

33、he moon lighted by the sun.It is a truth, universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.8/27/202256状语 （重点&难点!）Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.（时间状语）The students went out of the school, laughing and talking. （伴随状语）Given better attenti

34、on, the trees could grow better. （条件状语）8/27/202257Given another chance, I would say to that girl.Relatives of passengers on a ferry that sank in the Red Sea attacked the offices of the ships owners Monday, throwing furniture into the street and burning the companys sign. Riot police fired tear gas t

35、o restore order. (8:17 a.m. ET, Feb. 6, 2006, AP)8/27/202258分词状语Standing on the top floor of the Yellow Crane Tower, the whole city can be seen.（）（） Standing on the top floor of the Yellow Crane Tower, we can see the whole city.8/27/202259* Permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday.

36、 * Permitting, weather will be played on Wednesday.Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday. 8/27/202260分词状语的特殊形式独立主格结构:The holidays being over, they began to get down to doing their work again.We went far into the forest, her father acting as guide.John stood there, his ey

37、es never leaving the black hat.An efficient reader never reads with his lips moving.Tom walked into the room, his hand wrapped in bandage.All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.8/27/202261这样的独立结构还可用介词with引导He stood there with his hands crossed before him.With tears rolling d

38、own her cheeks, she left this sandy beach where she used to have so much fun .8/27/2022623）表语 (C)The news is exciting.The door remained locked.What is done cant be undone.8/27/2022634) 补足语I am sorry I have kept you waiting for so long.Dont you see him coming toward us? She suddenly heard someone kno

39、cking at the door. When he came to, he found himself surrounded by a group of girls in white.8/27/202264现在分词的复杂时间表示法Going to Tibet many times, he offered to be our guide. （）Having been to Tibet many times, he offered to be our guide. （）8/27/202265Having written the letter, he went to the post office

40、.Having been passed by Congress, the act will be put to effect soon.The bridge _ (build) over there now is going to be the longest in China.8/27/202266Ex:_(believe) the earth to be flat, many people feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.No matter how frequently _ (perform), the w

41、orks of Beethoven always attract large audience.8/27/202267After jumping out of a boat, _.A) the shark bites the man.B) the shark bit the manC) the man is bitten by a sharkD) the man was bitten by a shark8/27/202268_that everything was in place, he locked up the shop and went home.A) CheckingB) Havi

42、ng checkedC) Having been checkedD) Being checked8/27/202269The manager promised me to keep me _ of how our business was going on.A) to be informedB) on informingC) informedD) informing8/27/202270All the tasks _ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.A) had been fulfilledB) were fulf

43、illed C) having been fulfilledD) been fulfilled8/27/202271_the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldnt go on with the experiment.A) WithB) For C) As D) Since8/27/202272Ill never forget _ you for the first time.A) to meetB) to have met C) meeting D) having to be meeting8/27/202273A new technique _

44、, the yields of the company doubled as against those before.A) having worked outB) having been worked outC) Being worked outD) Working out8/27/202274_ such a good chance, he planned to learn more.A) Have givenB) Having been givenC) Having givenD) Giving8/27/202275All fights _ because of the terrible

45、 weather, they had to go there by train.A) having been canceledB) had been canceledC) having canceledD) were canceled8/27/202276翻译：那么多会员缺席，会议不得已延期到下周举行。从这方面看（see），事情不象人们想象的那么严重。8/27/202277转换：After I had put down my newspaper, I walked over to the window and looked out.Mrs. Wilson sat down quickly, b

46、ecause she suddenly felt dizzy.It rained for two weeks on end so that it completely ruined our holiday.If it is used economically, our food supply will last at least six weeks.The man was accompanied by a porter who weighed over 160 kilos.8/27/202278不定式一.常识不定式通常由不定式符号 to + 动词原形构成。不定式的否定结构：not to + V

47、 不定式前可以加某些疑问代词，如who, what，which，或疑问副词，如when, where， how，why等，构成一种特殊的不定式短语。例：what to do next, how to get there等。不定式可以有逻辑主语。由for + noun/pron 构成。如：Its good for the children to watch TV.等。Compare: Its kind of you to help me with my English.8/27/202279二.语法功能不定式或不定式短语在句中作主语，表语，宾语，定语，状语，宾语补足语和主语补足语等。1.主语(A

48、)To be or not to be, thats the question.To gamble is to commit suicide.Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.To make a decision without knowing all the facts is difficult. (=It is difficult to make a decision without knowing all the facts.)8/27/2022802.表语(C)The purp

49、ose of this trip is to train our team in a real situation and to test our new members.Her wish is to marry a wealthy young man.One of the functions of the language is to perform actions.8/27/202281But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a b

50、usinessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (06-49)8/27/2022823.宾语(C)常跟不定式作宾语的动词有：pretend, afford, offer, try/manage/ attempt, fail, want/ intend/ mean, promise, refuse, seek, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, want, wish We tended to rise ea

51、rly to watch the sunrise.Many farmers cannot afford to spend money on fertilizer.He offered to provide a loan to us to help us with the new project. 8/27/2022834.定语I have some clothes to wash.There is nothing for us to fear. The only thing that we have to fear is fear itself.He is a nice guy to work

52、 with.She found he was the right guy for her to rely on for the rest of her life.8/27/2022845. 状语: 目的； 结果In 1918 Lu Xun went to Japan to study medicine.He sold newspapers in his spare time to earn the tuition fee./ She left, never to return./ I hurried to the hall, only to find my mobile phone missi

53、ng.8/27/2022856.补足语 (1)1) 有些及物动词的宾语后常有不定式做宾语补足语：ask, advise, allow, cause, enable, encourage, expect, force，help, instruct, lead, permit, persuade, urge, tell, want, warn, They didnt allow her to park the car in this street.Please remind me to take my medicine tomorrow.8/27/2022866.补足语 (2)2) 在let, m

54、ake, have, / see, hear，look at, listen to, feel, observe, watch， notice等动词后面，作宾补的不定式均省去to，例：Did you notice him leave the house? The teacher made him write a composition every week.Attention: 在被动语态中，作为主补的不定式则要带to。He was noticed to leave the house.He was made to write a composition every week.8/27/202

55、287特别注意：在hope, demand 等动词后不可接不定式作宾补。例：（） He hoped me to give him more help.（） He hoped that I would give him more help.8/27/202288三. 不定式的特殊时间语态的表达8/27/202289I saw her enter the room .He pretended to be listening attentively.I am sorry to have kept you waiting. He is said to have written a new book a

56、bout modem business English.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 8/27/202290Ex. for InfinitivesIf the building project_ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will lose a lot of money.A) to be completedB) is completed C) being completedD) completed8/27/202291It is

57、 considerate _us further investment in this research.A) of you to offerB) for you to offer C) of your offeringD) for your offering8/27/202292He asked _ since he had been working as the chair for so long.A) not to have been re-electedB) to be not re-elected C) not be have re-electedD) to have not re-

58、elected8/27/202293Mr. Henderson is supposed _ leave for the new country last month.A) to have leftB) to leave C) to be leavingD) to have been left8/27/202294People expect there_ more discussion on whether the university campus should be open on holidays.A) to beB) to being C) are toD) was8/27/202295

59、动名词一.常识形式；实质；出现理由二.逻辑主语物主代词；名词的所有格。The tax officer was pleased with Johns paying his income tax in time. Do you mind my making a suggestion? 但在非正式英语中，有些不同。Im pleased with John paying his income tax in time.Do you mind me making a suggestion?8/27/202296三. 语法功能主要出现在名词可能出现的位置上。Question：名词一般放在什么位置？8/27/

60、2022971. 主语 (A)Thinking of you makes me old.Nothing is more romantic than aging with you slowly, day by day, hour by hour .Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.Breathing has become more difficult with more and more industry established here . Its nice talking to you.8/27/20