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1、1.Uneven distribution2. comparative advantage 3. absolute advantage. 4 cost advantage 5 market share6 economies of scale7 labor /capital /tech/resourceintensive economy 8 supplying /demanding country1. 2.比较优势3绝对优势 4.成本优势 5.市场份额6 规模经济7劳动/资金/技术/资源密集型经济 8供给/需求国9. Foreign/local currency10. Exchange rate

2、11. Target market 12.Export license 13.Quota14. Cargo flow : import/export /transit trade 9. 外/本币10. 汇率11. 目标市场12.出口许可证13. 定量、配额14: (进、出口、过境)贸易15.Credit reference 16.Commodity inspection 17.Customs clearance 18.Direct /indirect/ Entrepot trade19.International/Domestic trade20.Export license15.资信证明 1

3、6.商检 17. 清关、结关18. 直接、间接、 转口贸易19.国际、国内贸易20 出口许可证21.General/Special trade 22.Direct / Indirect trade23.Forms of good: Visible/ Invisible Goods trade 24.:settlement instrument: Barter/ free-liquidation trade21. 一般贸易/特殊贸易 22.直接/间接贸易23.有形、无形产品贸易24.易货、自由结算贸易mates receipt收货单、大副收据shipping note装货通知单 the bill

4、 of lading提单shipping advice 发货通知书1. consumer durables2. quote a price3. cross-border transactions4. customary practice5. loading fee6. dividing line 7. actual delivery1.耐用消费品 2. 报价 3. 跨境(国界)交易4. 惯例5. 装载费6. 分界线7. 实际交货 arrival contract11. Customs clearance12. Customs formalities13. delivery14. inspect

5、ion15. Means of transport. 到达合同1. 清关、结关1. 报关手续1. 交货1. 检验1. 运输工具16.Mode of transport 17. Shipment contract18. Symbolic delivery19. Transfer of risks 16. 运输方式装运合同19. 象征交货 20. 风险转移 1: INCOTERMS 2010(Rules for the interpretation of Trade Terms 2010)2:ICC3:RAFD(Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions)

6、4: QC 1.2010年国际贸易术语(通则)2.国际商会3.美国对外贸易定义修正本4.质量控制、质量管理 1. EXW (EX works) 工厂交货 2. FCA (Free Carrier) 货交承运人 3. CPT (Carriage Paid To) 运费付至 4. CIP (Carriage and lnsurance Paid to) 运费、保险费付至 5. DAT (Delivered At Terminal) 运输终端交货 6. DAP (Delivered At Place) 目的地交货 7. DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) 完税后交货8. FAS (F

7、ree Along Side) 船边交货 9. FOB (Free On Board) 船上交货 10. CFR (Cost and Freight) 成本加运费 11. CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) 成本、保险加运费 ? 1:FOB liner terms (FOB班轮条件) : ? buyer for all ? 2:FOB under tackle(FOB吊钩下交货): ? buyer pays from the moment goods under the tackle? 3:FOB -stowed(FOB包括理舱费):? seller loadi

8、ng and stowing ? 4:FOB Trimmed (FOB包括平舱费): seller loading、 trimming? 5:FOB stowed and trimmed (FOB包括理、平舱费? seller loading stowing and trimming1、 firm offers2、 offeror3、 offeree4、 terminate5. acceptance6 Counter-offer 7. enquiry 8. irrevocable offer9 withdraw of an offer1. 实盘 2. 发盘方(人) 3. 受盘方(人) 4. 终

9、止5. 接受6. 还盘7. 询价 8. 不可撤销发盘9. 撤回发盘9 Validity period 10 quotation of an offer11 Quote 12 CISG(UnitedNations Convention on Contracts of International Sales of Goods) 有效期 10 报盘 12 国际货物销售合同公约形式发票(Proforma Invoice)报价单(Quotation)订单(Order)Prices quoted should include insurance and freight to Liverpool. 报价应包

10、括到利物浦的保险费和运费? 执事先生:? ? 从澳大利亚大使馆得悉贵公司在澳大利亚是出口羊毛材料的一家大公司。? 由于本地市场对羊毛材料的需求一直在增长,因此我公司愿在本地区成为第一个销售这种产品的公司。? 请邮寄贵方目录本、价目表以及能提供的各种样品,同时也请告知贵公司与其它公司做贸易所采用的付款方式。? 盼速复。? 谨启? Dear Sirs,? We learn with pleasure from the Australian Embassy in Beijing that you are producing for export wool sweater .? There is a

11、steady demand here for high-class goods of this type, especially in brighter colors.? We would appreciate receiving your catalogue and full details of your export prices and terms of payment, together with any samples you can let us have. ? We look forward to hearing from you.? Yours faithfully,? 敬启

12、者:? 贵方九月五日关于羊毛材料的询盘已收悉。应要求,我方已另航邮去带有图解的说明书,价目表及样品本。? 有关付款方式,我们贸易的一贯做法是采用保兑的不可撤销的信用证。? 由于质地优良,价格合理,我们的羊毛材料多年来在世界市场享有盛誉。我们相信我们的产品一定会帮助你们扩大市场销路。? 盼早复。谨启Dear Sirs: Thank you for your inquiry of Sept. 5 on wool material As requested, we have already sent you the illustrated brochures, price list and samp

13、le by airmail.? Concerning the terms of payment , our usual practice is confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit(L/C).Over the years, our wool material has the high reputation of good quality and reasonable prices in the world market. We believe that our products will help you to expand market .We lo

14、ok forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully, ? Four components in a standard format of a price: ? A code of currency: USD, CAD,CNY, EUR, GBP(货币代码)? A number indicating(表示) the price unit? A unit for measuring quantity: kg, gr, m/t, yd, set? A certain trade term: FOB, CFR, CIF? Examples:? USD225.

15、30/piece CIF New York? FOB Guangzhou EUR12.80/set? Cost of production(生产成本)? Direct cost(直接成本): material costs, labour costs, allocation of fixed costs, packing costs, etc.? Administrative costs: overhead经常费用? Cost of sales? Marketing costs: advertising, sales trip expenses, commissions ,intermediar

16、y services ? Cost of delivery? Warehousing and transporting charge, insurance premium保险费, taxes税收and tariffs征收关税, customs duties (进口税)? Anticipated profit margin(预期利润率)? in an absolute number? in a percentage profit margin? Capability of target market(目标市场潜力)? Referring to the consumption power(消费能力

17、), income level, supply and demand relationship需求关系The higher the capital income of the target market, the higher the price? Payment terms(付款条件)? The lower the financing charges, the higher the risk of payment? Other factors to be considered ? foreign exchange rates ? international market price for

18、similar productspolicies and regulations规章制度 in a particular? If FOB price is available - CFR = FOB + Ocean Freight? Ocean freight(海洋运费)- Provided by shipping lines(航运公司)- Quoted as packaged price(组合价格)- Others like additionals and surcharges(附加费)- CIF If FOB price is available = FOB + Ocean Freight

19、 + Insurance Premium? If CFR price is available- CIF = CFR + Insurance Premium ? Calculation of Insurance Premium (I)- Based on contract value/invoice value +- A markup(上浮,涨价幅度) (normally 10%) to cover incidental costs(杂费)- Formula: I = CIF x (1+10%) x Premium Rate (R)(保险费率)? Therefore- CIF = CFR +

20、CIF x (1+10%) x Premium Rate (R) or - CIF = CFR / (1 - 110% x R)? Conversion of FOB to other prices? CFR = FOB + F- CIF = (FOB + F) / 1 - (1+markup) x R? Conversion of CFR to other prices- FOB = CFR - F- CIF = CFR / 1 - (1+markup) x R? Conversion of CIF to other prices- FOB = CIF x 1 - (1+markup) x

21、R - F- CFR = CIF x 1 - (1+markup) x R? Net price(净价,实价) = basic costs + profit? Commission- An incentive payment made to the middlepersons for their intermediary services- Expressed in a fixed figure or in a percentage - Examples? CFR London GBP100 per doz, including 2% commission ? USD200 per M/T C

22、IFC2% London ? CIFC3 Hamburg USD100/set ? Two ways of calculating计算 commission- based on invoice/contract value ? C = contract value x C rate- based on FOB or FCA: ? Under such terms as CFR, CIF, C is calculated before F(freight) and I( insurance) are deducted? Formula:- C = price including C (FOB/F

23、CA) x C rate- Net price = price including C (FOB/FCA) - C = price including C x (1- C rate)- Price including C (FOB/FCA) = net price / (1-C rate)- allocation cost 分摊成本 - fixed cost 固定成本- overhead 管理经费 - insurance premium保险费- tariff 关税- outlet 甩卖,工厂清仓- Factory price 出厂价- Consumption power 消费能力 - Per

24、capita income 个人平均收入- segment 市场细分- Production cost 生产成本- Marketing strategy 营销策略- Sales cost 销售成本- Delivery cost 运送成本 - Financing cost 融资成本- anticipated profit 预期利润 - terms of payment 付款方式- cost-plus pricing 成本加成定价法- marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价法- buyer based pricing 买方价值定价法competition based pricin

25、g 竞争定价法export profit margin28 出口盈亏率 export cost for foreign exchang出口换汇成本? break-even point 盈亏平衡点 ? Local currency 本币 ? markup 加价,上浮 ? Face value 票面值,表面价值? premium rate 保险率? net price净价? commission 佣金? discount折扣? Exchange rate 汇率 ? Final price 最终价格? total price总价? unfixed price 非固定价? money of accou

26、nt 计价货币? initial pric 最初价格 ? Money of payment支付货币? Unit price 单价 ? Price adjustment clause 价格调整条款 ? Price including commission 含佣价? rebate 减免、退款 ? wage index 工资指数? 出现下列一类的词句者,皆为虚盘:? - Without engagement. 不负任何责任。? - Subject to prior sale. 有权先售。? - All quotations are subject to our final confirmation

27、unless otherwise stated.? 所作报价,除特别注明外,须经我方确认后方能生效。- Our offer is subject to approval of export license. 出口许可证准许签证,我方报价才有效卖方发盘,或称售货发盘(Selling Offer) 买方发盘,或称购货发盘(Buying Offer),习称递盘(Bid)? offer 报盘,报价 ? to offer for 对.报价 ? to make an offer for 对.报盘(报价) ? firm offer 实盘 ? non-firm offer 虚盘 ? to forward an

28、 offer (or to send an offer) 寄送报盘 to get an offer(or to obtain an offer) 获得.报盘 ? to cable an offer (or to telegraph an offer) 电报(进行)报价 ? offer and acceptance by post 通过邮政报价及接受 ? to accept an offer 接受报盘 ? to entertain an offer 考虑报盘 ? to give an offer 给.报盘 ? to submit an offer 提交报盘 official offer 正式报价

29、(报盘)? 指示性价格 price indication ? 速复 reply immediately ? 参考价 reference price ? 习惯做法 usual practice ? 交易磋商 business negotiation ? 不受约束 without engagement ? 业务洽谈 business discussion ? 限*复 subject to reply * ? 限* *复到 subject to reply reaching here * 有效期限 time of validity ? 有效至*: valid till * ? 购货合同 purcha

30、se contract ? 销售合同 sales contract ? 购货确认书 purchase confirmation ? 销售确认书 sales confirmation? 一般交易条件 general terms and conditions ? 以未售出为准 subject to prior sale? 需经卖方确认 subject to sellers confirmation ? 需经我方最后确认 subject to our final confirmation ? 凭规格买卖 sale by specification ? 凭等级买卖 sale by grade ? 凭标

31、准买卖 sale by standard? 凭说明书买卖 sale by illustration? 凭品牌或商标买卖 sale by brand or trade mark ? 凭产地名称买卖 sale by name of origin? 凭说明书和图样买卖sale by description and illustration? F.A.Q.(fair average quality)良好平均品质 ? G.M.Q.(good merchantable quality)上好可销品质。合同中的品质条款? (一)基本内容(见例)? 1、 Sample No.612 Cloth Doll? 2、

32、White Rice,Long-Shaped,? Broken Grains(max.)25%? Admixture(max.)0.25%? Moisture(max.)15%? 3、T101 MAXAM Dental Cream? Quality as per sample No.123 and technical feature indicated in the illustrations submitted by seller.? 品质以卖方提供的第123号样品和说明书的技术标准为准。? 5、 Quality and technical data as per Sellers catal

33、ogue page 123 and line 16. ? 品质和技术数据以卖方提供的样本第123页第16行为准。? 、 Quality and technical data to be in conformity with the attached technical agreement which forms an integral part of this contract.? 品质和技术数据符合本合同所附技术协议书。 ? 机动幅度(Quality latitude):规定范围(38/39) 规定极限(max. min.) 规定上下差异(2% more or less)品质公差(Quali

34、ty tolerance):国际、行业公认、合同规定? 品质的增减价条款: 含油量 每1%,合同价格1.5%? 常用计量单位:? 千克(Kilogram, kg.)? 吨(ton, t)? 公吨(metric ton, m/t)? 长吨(long ton, 1/t)? 短吨(short ton ,s/t)? 公担(quintal. q.)? 克(gram, gm.)? 磅(pound, lb.)? 盎司(ounce, oz)? 克拉(carat, car)? 适用货物:一般天然产品,以及部分工业制成品。如,羊毛、棉花、谷物、矿产品、油类、沙盐、药品等。 ? 码(yard, yd.)? 米(me

35、ter, m.)? 英尺(foot, ft) ? 厘米(centi-meter, cm.)? 公里 ( kilometer, km )适用货物:纺织品匹头、绳索、电线电缆等。 ? 箱case;c. c/s? 只piece; pc? 纸箱carton? 件package; pkg ? 听tin? 包bale? 打dozen; doz.? 罐can ? 桶drum or barrel? 套set ? 盒box ? 袋sack or bag ? 瓶bottle ? 篓/筐basket ? 罗gross; gr(12 doz)? 大罗great gross(12 gr)? 令ream; rm ? 卷r

36、oll? 张piece/sheet? 双pair? 对yoke? 头head常用单位:? 平方英尺square foot,sq.ft ? 平方码square yard, sq.yd ? 平方米square meter,sq.m 适用货物:玻璃板、地毯、皮制产品、塑料制品等。如:塑料篷布,塑料地板、皮革、铁丝网等。常用单位:? 平方英尺square foot,sq.ft ? 平方码square yard, sq.yd ? 平方米square meter,sq.m 适用货物:玻璃板、地毯、皮制产品、塑料制品等。如:塑料篷布,塑料地板、皮革、铁丝网等。 ? 立方米 cubic meter, cu.m

37、 ? 立方英尺 cubic foot, cu.ft ? 立方码 cubic yard, cu.yd ? 适用货物:天然气、化学气体,木材等。 ? 公升(litre, or l.),? 加仑(gallon, or gal.)? 蒲式耳(bushel, or bu.)适用货物:谷物类,以及部分流体、气体物品。如,小麦、玉米;煤油、汽油,酒精、啤酒、双氧水、天然瓦斯等。 、毛重 GROSS WEIGHT 净重 NET WEIGHT 理论重量 THEORETICAL WEIGHT 、法定重量 LEGAL WEIGHT 运输标志(Shipping Mark)指示性标志(Indicative Mark)警

38、告性标志(Warning Mark)中性包装(Neutral PackingOEM(原始设备制造商)到ODM(原始设计制造商)到OBM(原始品牌制造商)正常提单(Current B/L)它是指在信用证的条件下,卖方在信用证规定的交单期内提交给银行议付货款的提单。? 过期提单(stale B/L)过期提单有两种含义: 是指出口商在装船后延滞过久才交到银行议付的提单; 是提单晚于货物到达目的港,这种提单也称为过期提单。这种情况是近洋运输中经常出现的,所以,近洋国家间的贸易合同一般都规定有过期提单也可接受(stale B/L is acceptable)的条款。倒签提单(Anti-dated B/L

39、)? 承运人应托运人的要求,签发提单的日期早于实际装船日期的提单。目的是符合信用证对装船日期的规定,便于在信用证下结汇。预借提单(Advanced B/L)? 又称无货提单,它是指在信用所结汇期,即信用证的有效期即将届满,而货物尚未装船或尚未装船完毕的情况下,托运人为了能及时结汇,而要求承运人提前签发的已装船清洁提单。? 保险人或承保人保险公司(Insurer)? 被保险人或投保人要保人(Insured)? 保险标的 保险对象? 保险价值保险标的的货币计算(Insured Value)? 保险金额是被保险人对保险标的的实际保金额, 也是保险人计算报废和承担赔偿责任的最大限度的依据. 1.可保利

40、益(insurable interest)原则 投保人对保险标的具有保险利益。国际货运保险要求在保险标的发生损失时必须具有保险利益。 2.最大诚信(utmost good faith)原则 双方恪守信用,保险人说明保险条款内容,投保人应就重要事实的申报、保证。 3.经济补偿(indemnity)原则近因(proximate cause)原则 保险人只对承保风险与保险标的损失之间有直接因果关系的损失负赔偿责任,对保险责任范围外的风险造成的保险标的的损失,不承担赔偿责任。 5. 代位求偿(Subrogation)原则 当损失是由于第三方造成,通常情况,保险人向第三方追偿或向保险人追偿,二选一。若先

41、选择向保险人追偿,则保险人代被保险人追偿由于第三方对于保险标的造成的损失的赔偿 6.分担(Share)原则 重复保险分摊原则是指投保人向多个保险人重复保险时,投保人的索赔只能在保险人之间分摊,赔偿金额不得超过损失金额。海上风险(perils of the sea外来风险(extraneous risks实际全损(actual total loss )推定全损(constructive total loss)单独海损(particular average)共同海损(general average)施救费用(sue and labor expenses)救助费用(salvage charges)水

42、渍险 (with particular average, W . P . A . )一切险 (all risks, A . R .一般附加险 (General Additional Insurance)特别附加险 (Special Additional Insurance)? 平安险、水渍险和一切险的起止时间采用仓对仓条款(warehouse to warehouse clause)W/W? 保险公司对被保险货物所承担的保险期限为:从被保险货物远离保险单上载明的起运港(地)发货人的仓库开始,包括运输过程,一直到货物运达保险单 载明的目的港(地)收货人的仓库为止。 1.协会货物(A)险条款 In

43、stitute Cargo Clauses A ,简称ICC(A)2. 协会货物(B)险条款 Institute Cargo Clauses B, 简称ICC(B协会货物(C)险条款 Institute Cargo Clauses C, 简称ICC(C) 4.协会战争险条款(货物)(Institute War Clauses - Cargo); 5.协会罢工险条款(货物)(Institute Strikes Clauses - Cargo); 6.恶意损害险条款(Malicious Damage Clauses) 承保范围(risks covered) 除外责任(exclusions)、 保险

44、期限(duration)、 索赔 (claims)、 保险利益(benefit of delay)、 减少损失(minimizing losses)、 防止延迟(avoidance of delay) 法律惯例(law and practice)。 * Insurance policy 保险单 (大保单)* Insurance certificate 保险凭证 (小保单) ? Cargo Transportation Insurance 货物运输保险1. commercial expediency2. premium3. insurant4. underwriter5. scope of co

45、verage6. The indemnified 7. the assured 8. the insurer 9. the claimant 10. insurable interest 11. the insurable interest principle 1. 商业便利 2. 保险费3. 被保险人4. 保险公司5. (保险)责任范围 6. 被 赔偿者7. 被保险人 8、 承保人,保险公司9: 赔偿请求人10 可保利益11、 可保利益原则12. pecuniary13. policy14. void15. The utmost good faith principle16. peril17

46、. The indemnity principle12. 金钱的 13. 保险单14 无效的15. 信任原侧16. 危险17. 赔偿原则 18. The proximate cause principle 19 . The subrogation principle 20. The share principle 21 . Actual total loss 22. Combined certificate 23、 constructive total loss 24、 contribution 25、 exclusion 26、 external risks 27、extraneous ri

47、sks 18、 近因原则19、 代位原则20、 分摊原则 21、实际全损22、联合保险凭证 23、推定全损24、 分摊25、 除外责任26、 外部险27 附加险28. Fortuitous risks29 . Franchise 30. General average 31 . General risks 32. Insurance certificate33、 insurance claim 34、 insurance cover35、 insurance policy 36、 insurance premium37、 insurance rate 28. 意外险29. 免赔率 共同海损 3

48、1、 一般险32、 保险凭证33、 保险索赔34、 保险范围 35、 保险单 36、 保险费 37、 保险费率38. Natural calamity39 . Open policy40. Partial loss 41 . Particular average 42. Perils of the sea43、 special risks 44、 subject matter45、 sum insured46、 total loss47、 unexpected accidents38. 自然灾害39. 预约保险单40. 部分损失41、 单独海损42、 海上 风险43、 特种险 44、 标的物45、 投保金额46、 全损47 意外事故1: CIC 2: FPA 3: GA 4: ICC5: IOP6: PICC7: SRCC8: TPND9:WPA10: W/W Clause 1. 中国保险条款 2. 平安险3. 共同海损分担4. 伦敦保险业条款 5. 不计免赔6. 中国人民保险公司7. 罢工暴动内乱险 8. 偷窃、提货不着险 9:水渍险 10.仓至仓条款? The insurable interest principle 可保

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