法语对英语的影响

1、法语对英语的影响abstratbthfrenhandenglishbelngttheind-eurpeanfaily.sinetheiddleenglishperidfrenhhashadstrnginfluenenenglish.theinfluenefthefrenhlanguageupntheenglishlanguageanbedividedinttainstages.thefirstneisfr1066t1500.thedeisivefatrduringthistieisthenrannquest.alargenuberffrenhrdspuredintenglishasapartf

2、englishetylgy,extendinginfluenetgraar,spelling,prnuniatinandrd-fratin.thesendstageisfreurpeanrenaissanetthepresentglbalizatin.iththeinreasinguniatinangeny,ultureandtehnlgy,anyfreignbrringshavebeeniprtedfrdifferentuntries.frenhasabrringntinuesitsntributinttheenglishvabulary.byanalyzingthefusinfthetla

3、nguages,thispapertriestpresentthevabularyevlutinanditsulturalnntatin.keyrdsfrenh;english;vabulary;influene;nrannquest;naturalizatin【摘要】法语和英语同属于印欧语系,中古英语以来法语对英语就有着极其深化的影响。法语对英语的影响主要分为两个阶段：第一阶段从1066年到1500年,在这一阶段诺曼征服是其决定性的因素。大量的法语词汇进入英语，构成了英语词源的一部分。其影响涉及语法、拼写、语音以及构词等方面。第二阶段是从欧洲的文艺复兴到如今加速世界一体化的信息时代。各国之间

4、的文化互相浸透，经济、文化、科技亲密联络。许多国家的词汇进入英语，法语作为外来语继续丰富着英语的词汇。本文通过分析两种语言的交融来讨论词汇的开展演变过程及其所反映的历史文化色彩。【关键词】法语；英语；词汇；影响；诺曼征服；归化1.intrdutinthedevelpentfaertainlanguagehasalnghistry.itsinevitablethatdifferentlanguagesinflueneandpenetrateeahtherintheirfratinanddevelpent.inadditin,apartiularlanguageassiilatestherefin

5、edprtinftherlanguagestenrihitself.englishisthetypialrepresentativefthiskindflanguage.asasplitanlanguage,englishhasbeengreatlyinfluenedbyvariuslanguages,espeiallybyfrenh.sinetheiddleenglishperidfrenhhadastrnginfluenenenglish.theinfluenefthefrenhlanguageupntheenglishlanguageanbedividedinttainstages.th

6、efirststageisfrnrannquestt1500.nefthestinfluentialfatrsisthenrannquest.atthisstagethefrenhasusedbytheupperlassatfirst,andthenthetlanguagesfusedtgetherandatlastthefrenhasaknledgedbynpeple.thesendstageisfr1500tthepresenttie.nthehlethestdiretandbservableipatanifestsitselfntherdbrring.thesalefvabularyis

7、ide.eanfindrdsrelatingteveryaspetfhuansiety,e.g.gvernent,la,religin,ilitaryaffairs,fdandsn.rever,thedegreefvabularyinflueneisnsiderable.serdsareassiilated;senativerdsarelsthiletherrdseaningsareexpanded.besides,frenhalsinfluenesenglishgraar,spelling,prnuniatinandrd-fratin.andntheinflueneisstillgingn.

8、2.ind-eurpeanfailythelanguagesbrughtintrelatinshipbydesentrprgressivedifferentiatinfraparentspeeharenvenientlyalledafailyflanguages.itisassuedthattherearerughly300languagefailiesintherld,andtheind-eurpean,nefthese,isadeupfstlanguagesfeurpe,theneareast,andindia.theparenttnguefrhihtheind-eurpeanlangua

9、geshavesprunghadalreadybeaedividedandsatteredbefrethedanfhistry.thesurvivinglanguagesshvariusdegreesfsiilaritiestneanther,thesiilaritybearingarerlessdiretrelatinshipttheirgegraphialdistributin.theyardinglyfallintelevenprinipalgrups:indian,iranian,arenian,helleni,albanian,itali,balt-slavi,gerani,elti

10、,hittite,andtharian.1theitalibranhhasitsenterinitaly,andtstpepleitalyinanienttiessuggestsreandthelanguagefre,latin.thevariuslanguagesthatrepresentthesurvivalflatininthedifferentpartsfthereepireareknnastheranerranilanguages.thestextensiveftheranelanguagesarefrenh,spanish,prtuguese,anditalian.thenfrth

11、atthelanguagesfthegeranibranhhadbefretheybeaedifferentiatedisknnasgeranirprt-gerani.thelanguagesdesendedfritfallintthreegrups:eastgerani,nrthgerani,andestgerani.estgeraniisthegrupthihenglishbelngs.2inshrt,bthfrenhandenglishbelngttheind-eurpeanfaily.3.anyenglishrdsingfrtherlanguages,espeiallyfrfrenha

12、sekn,theenglishlanguageisfaixedharater.nnehand,itsharesithestgeranilanguagesanynrdsandsiilargraatialstrutures.nthetherhand,rethanhalfftheenglishvabularyisderivedfrlatin,greek,ntablyfrenh.4.theinfluenefthefrenhlanguageupntheenglishlanguage4.1thesialbakgrundftheinfluene4.1.1theriginfnrandynthenrtherna

13、stffraneisadistritknnasnrandy.itderivesitsnaefrthebandsfnrthenhsettledthereintheninthandtenthenturies.thenranshadsnabsrbedthestiprtanteleentsffrenhivilizatin.theygaveuptheirnlanguageandlearnedfrenh.frseyearsbefrethenrannquesttherelatinsbeteenenglandandnrandyhadbeenfairlylse.in1002rhelredtheunreadyha

14、darriedanranifeandtheirsnedard,hhadthusbeenbrughtupinfrane,asalstrefrenhthanenglish.in1042,edardasrestredtthethrneandhebrughtithhianuberfhisnranfriendsandgavetheiprtantplaesinthegvernent.astrngfrenhatspherepervadedtheenglishurtduringthetenty-furyearsfhisreign.4.1.2thenraninvasinathissuessinthestinfl

15、uentialnbleasgdin,earlftheestsaxnearld.hiseldestsn,harld,aseletedkinghenedarddiedin1066.buthiseletindidntlnggunhallenged.illia,thedukefnrandyatthistie,asasendusintthelateking.althughthisrelatinshipdidntgivehianyrightfinheritanettheenglishthrne,hehadneverthelessbeenlivinginexpetatinfbeingedardssuessr

16、.hehpedtbtainthernbyfre.nsepteber1066,illialandedatpevensey,nthesuthastfengland,ithafridablefre.harldaskilledduringthebattleandtheenglisheresninfullretreat.nhristasday1066,illiaasrnedkingfengland.4.1.3thenransettleentilliaspssessinfthethrnehadbeenaatterfnquestandasattendedbyallthensequenesfthenquest

17、fnepeplebyanther.nefthestiprtantfthesensequenesastheintrdutinfanenbility.frseveralgeneratinsafterthenquesttheiprtantpsitinsandthegreatestateserealstalaysheldbynransrenffreignbld.siilarly,nranprelateseregraduallyintrduedintalliprtantpsitinsinthehurh.itislesseasytspeakithertaintyfthenransintheleralksf

18、lifehaeintenglandithilliasary.anyfthedubtlessreainedintheisland,andtheirnuberasinreasedbynstantaretinsthrughuttherestftheeleventhenturyandthehlefthenext.likeiseerhantsandraftsenfrthentinentseethavesettledinenglandinnsiderablenubers.itisquiteipssibletsayhanynransandfrenhpeplesettledinengland,butbeaus

19、ethegverninglassinbthhurhandstateasalstexlusivelyadeupfrangthe,theirinflueneasutfallprprtinttheirnuber.4.2theinflueneffrenhupnenglishintheiddleenglishperid4.2.1theuseffrenhbytheupperlasshatevertheatualnuberfnranssettledinengland,itislearthattheebersfthenerulinglasseresuffiientlypredinanttntinuetuset

20、heirnlanguage.thisasnaturalenughatfirst,astheyknenenglish;buttheyntinuedtdsfralngtiete,pikingupseknledgefenglishgraduallybutakingneffrttdsasaatterfpliy.fr200yearsafterthenrannquest,frenhreainedthelanguagefrdinaryinterurseangtheupperlassesinengland.thenbilityhsetaintainfrenhasthelanguagefsiety,adinis

21、tratinandere.3atfirstthsehspkefrenherethsefnranrigin,butsnthrughinterarriageandassiatiniththerulinglassnueruspeplefenglishextratinusthavefunditttheiradvantagetlearnthenelanguage,andbefrelngthedistintinbeteenthsehspkefrenhandthsehspkeenglishasntethnibutlargelysial.thestiprtantfatrinthentinueduseffren

22、hbytheenglishupperlassuntilthebeginningfthethirteenthenturyasthelsennetinthatexistedthrughalltheseyearsbeteenenglandandthentinent.thesubjugatedenglisherentkilledff,nreretheydrivenfrtheiruntry.theyererelegatedtthestatusfaninferirpeple,gdsineherdsandservants.therefre，englandbeaeabilingualuntry.thenran

23、sbelngedtaraefsandinavianrigin,butduringtheresideneinnrandytheyhadgivenuptheirnativelanguageandhadadptedthefrenhdialetfthatregin.thenransintrduedintenglandavarietyfthefrenhlanguageeallnran-frenh,thethervarietyisparisianfrenh.bytheendfthethirteenthenturyparisianfrenhbegantenterengland,andrestillinthe

24、fifteenthentury.alargenuberffrenhrdsadetheirappearaneintherksfhauerandtherenglishriters,espeiallyinanyenglishtranslatinsffrenhliteraryrkspublishedatthattie.4.2.2fusinfthetpeplesandtlanguagesintheyearsfllingthenrannquestthestingfdefeatandthehardshipsinidenttsgreataplitialandsialdisturbaneeregradually

25、frgtten.pepleaeptedthenerderassethingaplished;theyaepteditasafatandadjustedtheselvestit.thefusinfnransandenglishasrapid.andtheearlyfusinffrenhandenglishinenglandisquitelearfravarietyfevidenes.itisevidentinthearriagefnranstenglishen.itisevidentfrtheayinhihtheenglishgavetheirsupprtttheirrulersandnranp

26、relates.itisevidentinanytherays.everyheretherearesignsfnvergene.4.2.3knledgeffrenhangtheiddlelassifbytheendfthetelfthenturytheknledgefenglishasntunusualangebersfthehighestlass,itseesequallylearthattheknledgeffrenhasftenfundsehatfurtherdninthesialsale.infattheknledgeffrenhaysetieshaveextendedtthefree

27、tenants.sthetlanguagesfusedtgetherandinfluenedeahther.4.2.4frenhinfluenenthevabularytheinfluenefthefrenhlanguageupntheenglishlanguageisdiretandevident.itisuhrebservablefrthevabulary.herethetlanguagesexistsidebysidefralngtieandtherelatinsbeteenthepeplespeakingtheareasintiateastheyereinengland,ansider

28、heinfluxffrenhrdststagesanbebserved,anearlierandalater,iththeyear1250astheapprxiatedividingline.5henestudythefrenhrdsappear

29、inginenglishbefre1250,rughly900innuber,efindthatanyftheeresuhasthelerlassesuldbeefailiariththrughntatithafrenh-speakingnbility,e.g.barn,nble,dae,servant,essenger,feast,instrel,juggler,largess,stry,rie,lay,et.6intheperidafter1250thenditinsunderhihfrenhrdshadbeenakingtheirayintenglisheresuppleentedbya

30、neandperfulfatrthsehhadbeenaustedtspeakfrenhereturningininreasinglyttheusefenglish.inhangingfrfrenhtenglishtheytransferreduhftheirgvernentalandadinistrativevabulary,theirelesiastial,legal,andilitaryters,theirfailiarrdsffashin,fd,andsiallife,thevabularyfart,learning,andediine.ingeneraleaysaythatinthe

31、earlieriddleenglishperidthefrenhrdsintrduedintenglisheresuhaspeplespeakingnelanguageftenlearnfrthsespeakingrlearningtspeakenglish,theyerealssuhrdsaspeplehhadbeenaustedtspeakfrenhuldarryveriththeintthelanguageftheiradptin.nlyinthisayaneunderstandthenatureandextentfthefrenhiprtatinsinthisperid.eanfind

32、rdsrelatingteveryaspetfhuansiety:(1)gvernentalandadinistrativerdseshuldexpetthatenglishuldeanyfitsrdsdealingithgvernentandadinistratintthelanguagefthsehfrrethan200yearsadepubliaffairstheirhiefnern.therdsgvernent,adinisterightapprpriatelyintrduealistfsuhrds.ituldinludesuhfundaentaltersasrn,state,epir

33、e,real,reign,ryal,prergative,authrity,svereign,ajesty,septer,tyrant,usurp,ppress,urt,unil,parliaent,assebly,statute,treaty,alliane,rerd,rerd,repeal,adjurn,tax,subsidy,revenue,tally,iatelyassiatediththeideafgvernentarealsrdslikesubjet,allegiane,rebel,traitr,treasn,exile,publi,liberty.ther

34、dffieandthetitlesfanyffiesarelikeisefrenh:hanellr,treasurer,haberlain,arshal,gvernr,unilr,inister,visunt,arden,astellan,ayr,nstable,rner,andeventhehublerier.exeptfrtherdskingandqueen,lrd,lady,andearl,stdesignatinsfrankarefrenh:nble,nbility,peer,prine,priness,duke,duhess,unt,untess,arquis,barn,squire

35、,page,asellassuhrdsasurtier,retinue,sir,ada,istress.thelistightellbeextendedtinluderdsrelatingttheenirganizatinfsiety-anr,deesne,bailiff,vassal,hage,peasant,bndan,slave,servant,andaitiff-sinetheyftenhaveaplitialradinistrativeaspet.(2)elesiastialrdsthehurhassarelysendtthegvernentasanbjetfnraninterest

36、andabitin.thehigherlergy,upyingpsitinsfealthandper,ere,asehaveseen,pratiallyallnrans.elesiastialpreferentpenedtheaytaareerthatftenledtthehighestplitialffiesaturt.innasteriesandreligiushusesfrenhasfralngtietheusuallanguage.ardinglyefindinenglishsuhfrenhrdsasreligin,thelgy,sern,hily,saraent,baptis,uni

37、n,nfessin,penane,prayer,risn,lessn,passin,psaldy;suhindiatinsfrankrlassaslergy,lerk,prelate,ardinal,legate,dean,haplain,parsn,pastr,viar,sextn,abbess,nvie,friar,herit;thenaesfbjetsassiatediththeservieriththereligiuslife,suhasruifix,rsier,iter,surplie,enser,inense,letern,iage,hanel,hantry,hapter,abbe

38、y,nvent,priry,heritage,lister,santuary;rdsexpressingsuhfundaentalreligiusrthelgialneptsasreatr,savir,trinity,virgin,saint,irale,ystery,faith,heresy,shis,reverene,devtin,sarilege,siny,teptatin,danatin,penitene,ntritin,reissin,abslutin,redeptin,salvatin,irtality;andtheregeneralvirtuesfpiety,santity,ha

39、rity,ery,pity,bediene,asellastherdvirtueitself.eshuldinludealsanuberfadjetives,likeslen,divine,reverend,devut,andverbs,suhaspreah,pray,hant,repent,nfess,adre,sarifie,nvert,anint,rdain.(3)lafrenhasslngthelanguagefthelaurtsinenglandthatthegreaterpartftheenglishlegalvabularyesfrthelanguagefthenquerrs.t

40、hefatthatespeakfjustieandequityinsteadfgerihte,judgentratherthand,rieinplaefsynn,gylt,undd,et.,hesaeayesaybar,assize,eyre,plea,suit,plaintiff,defendant,judge,advate,attrney,bill,petitin,plaint,inquest,

41、suns,hueandry,inditent,jury,jurr,panel,feln,evidene,prf,bail,rans,ainpernr,judgent,verdit,sentene,deree,aard,fine,frfeitpresses:sue,plead,iplead,ause,indit,arraign,depse,blae,arrest,seize,pledge,arrant,assail,assign,judge,nden,nvit,aard,aere,distrain,iprisn,banish,aquit,pardn.thenaesfanyriesandisdee

42、anrsarefrenh:felny,trespass,assault,arsn,lareny,fraud,libel,slander,perjury,adultery,andanythers.suitsinvlvingprpertybrughtintusesuhrdsasprperty,estate,teneent,hattels,appurtenanes,enubrane,bunds,seisin,tenant,der,legay,patriny,heritage,heir,exeutr,entail.nadjetiveslikejust,innent,ulpablehavebviusle

43、galiprtthughtheyarealsfiderappliatin.,punishent,prisn,gal,pillry.ehavelikeiseariharrayfverbsassiatedithlegal(4)aryandnavythelargepartthatarplayedinenglishaffairsintheiddleages,thefatthatthentrlfthearyandnavyasinthehandsfthsehspkefrenh,andtheirustanethatuhfenglishfightingasdneinfraneallresultedinthei

44、ntrdutinintenglishfanuberffrenhilitaryters.theartfarhasundergnesuhhangessinethedaysfhastingsandleesandaginurtthatanyrdsnenarenbsleternlyinhistrialuse.theirplaeshavebeentakenbylaterbrrings,ftenlikeisefrfrenh,anyfthebeingrdsaquiredbythefrenhintheurseftheirarsinitalyduringthesixteenthentury.nevertheles

45、sestilluseedievalfrenhrdshenespeakfthearyandthenavy,fpeae,eney,ars,battle,bat,skirish,siege,defense,abush,stratage,retreat,sldier,garrisn,guard,spy,andehavekeptthenaesfffierssuhasaptain,lieutenant,sergeant.eregnizeasnehavinghadgreatersignifianerdslikedart,lane,banner,ail,bukler,hauberk,arher,hieftai

46、n,prtullis,barbian,andat.setiesehaveretainedardhilefrgettingitsriginalilitarysignifiane.therd“hav!asriginallyanrdergivinganarythesignalteneplunderingandseizingspil.verbsliketar,array,harness,brandish,vanquish,besiege,defend,angany,suffietreindusfthisiprtantfrenheleentinurvabulary.(5)fashin,ealsandsi

47、allifethattheupperlassesshuldhavesetthestandardinfashinanddressissbviusanassuptinthatthenuberffrenhrdsbelngingtthislassasinsnsurprise.therdsfashinanddressaretheselvesfrenh,asareapparel,habit,gn,rbe,garent,attire,ape,lak,at,frk,llar,veil,train,heise,pettiat.starelae,ebridery,pleat,gusset,bukle,buttn,

48、tassel,plue,andthenaesfsuhartilesaskerhief,itten,garter,galshes,andbts,verbslikeebellish,andadrnftenurinntextshihsuggesttherdluxury,andthisinturnarriesithitsatin,taffeta,fur,sable,beaver,erine.thelrsblue,brn,verilin,sarlet,saffrn,russet,andtanyarefrenhbrringsfthisperid.jeel,rnaent,brh,haplet,ivry,an

49、denaelpintttheluxuriesftheealthy,anditissignifiantthatthenaesfalltherefailiarpreiusstnesarefrenh:turquise,aethyst,tpaz,garnet,ruby,eerald,sapphire,pearl,diand,nttentinrystal,ral,andberyl.thefrenh-speakinglasses,ituldsee,ustalsbereditedithansiderableadrnentftheenglishtable.ntnlyaretherdsdinnerandsupp

50、erfrenh,butalstherdsfeast,repast,llatin,andess(nilitary).s,t,areappetite,taste,vituals,viand,andsustenane.neuldhavefundntheedievalenu,hadtherebeenne,angthefish,akerel,sle,perh,brea,sturgen,saln,sardine,yster,prpise;angeatsvenisn,beef,veal,uttn,prk,ban,sausage,tripe,ithahieflin,hine,haunh,rbran,andit

51、hgravyinluded;angfl,pultry,pullet,pigen,andvariusgaebirdsentinedbel.neuldhavepttage,gruel,tast,bisuit,rea,sugar,lives,salad,lettue,endive,andfrdessertalnds,andanyfruits,inludingraisin,fig,date,grape,range,len,pegranate,herry,peah,ranfetin,pasty,tart,jelly,treale.angseasningandndientsefindspie,lve,th

52、ye,herb,ustard,vinegar,arjra,innan,nuteg.theverbsrast,bil,parbil,ste,fry,brah,blanh,grate,andinedesribevariusulinarypresses,andgblet,sauer,ruet,plate,plattersuggestfrenhrefineentsintheservingfeals.itiselanhlytthinkhattheenglishdinnertableuldhavebeenlikehadtherebeennnrannquest.avarietyfnerdssuggestth

53、einnvatinsadebythefrenhindestienyandsiallife.arras,urtain,uh,hair,ushin,sreen,lap,lantern,sne,handelier,blanket,quilt,verlet,unterpane,tel,andbasinindiateartilesffrtrnveniene,hiledais,parlr,ardrbe,lset,pantry,sullery,andgarneriplyiprveentsindestiarrangeents.rereatin,slae,jllity,leisure,dane,arl,reve

54、l,instrel,juggler,fl,ribald,lute,tabr,eldy,usi,hess,hekers,dalliane,andnversatinrevealvariustypesfhrse,tgetherithabler,urser,hakney,palfrey,runy,stallinrein,urb,rupper,rel,urry,trt,stable,harness,astiff,terrier,spaniel,leash,kennel,sent,retrieve,faln,erlin,terelet,allard,partridge,pheasant,quail,plv

55、er,hern,squirrel,frest,park,vert,arren.neightextendthelisttinludetherativities,ithterslikejust,turnaent,pavilin,butthsegivenaresuffiienttshhuhtheenglishvabularyestfrenhinattersfdestiandsiallife.(6)art,learningandediinetheulturalandintelletualinterestsftherulinglassarerefletedinrdspertainingtthearts,

56、arhiteture,literature,learning,andsiene,espeiallyediine.suhrdsasart,painting,sulpture,usi,beauty,lr,figure,iage,tnearetypialfthefirstlass,hilearhitetureandbuildinghavegivenusathedral,palae,ansin,haber,eiling,jist,ellar,garret,hiney,lintel,lath,lattie,iket,ter,pinnale,turret,prh,bay,hir,lister,baptis

57、try,lun,pillar,base,andanysiilarrds.literatureisrepresentedbythrrditselfandbypet,rie,prse,rane,lay,stry,hrnile,tragedy,prlgue,prefae,title,vlue,hapter,quire,parhent,vellu,paper,andpen,andlearningbytreatise,pilatin,study,lgi,geetry,graar,nun,lause,gender,tgetherithverbslikepy,expund,andpile.angthesie

58、nes,ediinehasbrughtinthelargestnuberfearlyfrenhrdsstillinnuse,angthetherdediineitself,hirurgy,physiian,surgen,aptheary,alady,debility,disteper,pain,ague,palsy,pleurisy,gut,jaundie,leper,paralyti,plague,pestilene,ntagin,anaty,stah,pulse,reedy,intent,bal,pellet,alu,arseni,niter,sulphur,alkali,pisn.iti

59、slearthattheartsandsienes,beinglargelyultivatedrpatrnizedbythehigherlasses,eaniprtantpartftheirvabularytfrenh.7suhlassesfrdsashavebeenillustratedinthefregingparagraphsindiateiprtantdepartentsinhihthefrenhlanguagealteredtheenglishvabularyintheiddleages.buttheydntsuffiientlyindiatehverygeneralastheadp

60、tinffrenhrdsineveryprvineflifeandthught.nehasnlytglaneveraisellaneuslistfrds-nuns,adjetives,henunseaynsidertherangefideasinthefllinglist,adeupfrdshiherealreadyinenglishby1300:atin,adventure,affetin,age,air,buket,bushel,alendar,arpenter,heer,ity,ast,frt,