2022年全国统一模拟冲刺试卷四级

1、全国统一模拟冲刺试卷Part I Writing (30 minutes)注意：此部分试题在答题卡1 上。Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four

2、 choices marked A), B), C), and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Beauty and Body Image in the MediaImages of female bodies are everywhere. Womenand their body partssell everything from food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are bec

3、oming younger, taller and thinner. Some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of food. Womens magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, theyll have it allthe perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career.Why are sta

4、ndards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more mature than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits.

5、 And its no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight, for sure theyre all aging, says the Quebec Action Network for Womens Health in its report. And, according to the industry, age is a disaster that

6、needs to be dealt with.The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (U.S.) a year selling temporary weight l

7、oss (90 to 95% of dieters regain the lost weight).On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls.The American research group Anorexi

8、a Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight controlincluding fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative (泻药) abuse, and self-induced vomiting. The pressure to be thin is also affecting young girls: the Cana

9、dian Womens Health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls as young as 5 and 6. American statistics are similar.Several studies, such as one conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in titled “Appearance Culture in Nine- to 12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Infl

10、uences on Body Dissatisfaction,” indicate that nearly half of all preadolescent girls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting. In , Teen magazine reported that 35 per cent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet, and that 50

11、 to 70 per cent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight. Overall research indicates that 90% of women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way.Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, “Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs

12、we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight.”Unattainable BeautyPerhaps most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty are unattainable for all but a very small number of women. Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with Barbie-doll proportions, f

13、or example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel. A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea ( 慢性腹泻) and eventually die from malnutrition. J

14、ill Barad, President of Mattel (which manufactures Barbie), estimated that 99% of girls aged 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbie doll.Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body is epidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences. I

15、n it was estimated that up to 450, 000 Canadian women were affected by an eating disorder.The Culture of ThinnessResearchers report that womens magazines have ten and one-half times more ads and articles promoting weight loss than mens magazines do, and over three-quarters of the covers of womens ma

16、gazines include at least one message about how to change a womans bodily appearanceby diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery.Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a womans worth. Canadian researcher Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the female char

17、acters in TV situation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty are above average in size. Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies (“How about wearing a sack?”), and 80 per cent of these negative comments are followed by canned audience lau

18、ghter.There have been efforts in the magazine industry to buck ( 抵制，对抗) the trend. For several years the Quebec magazine Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in their fashion pages and Chtelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years of ag

19、e. In Madrid, one of the worlds biggest fashion capitals, ultra-thin models were banned from the runway in . Furthermore Spain has recently undergone a project with the aim to standardize clothing sizes through using a unique process in which a laser beam is used to measure real life womens bodies i

20、n order to find the most true to life measurement.EthicsAnother issue is the representation of ethnically diverse women in the media. A study conducted by Juanita Covert and Travis Dixon titled “A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal of Women of Color in Mainstream Womens Magaz

21、ines” found that although there was an increase in the representation of women of colour, overall white women were overrepresented in mainstream womens magazines from 1999 to . Self-Improvement or Self-Destruction?The barrage of messages about thinness, dieting and beauty tells “ordinary” women that

22、 they are always in need of adjustmentand that the female body is an object to be perfected. Jean Kilbourne argues that the overwhelming presence of media images of painfully thin women means that real womens bodies have become invisible in the mass media. The real tragedy, Kilbourne concludes, is t

23、hat many women internalize these stereotypes, and judge themselves by the beauty industrys standards. Women learn to compare themselves to other women, and to compete with them for male attention. This focus on beauty and desirability “effectively destroys any awareness and action that might help to

24、 change that climate.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1 上作答。1. Womens magazines are full of articles to urge women to _.A) eat less sweet food C) marry a rich husband B) lose weight D) have at least two kids2. The cosmetic and diet product industries gain profits by _.A) exaggerating the goodness about their products

25、B) targeting at children and femalesC) presenting an ideal image difficult to achieveD) distributing free samples from home to home3. Canadian Womens health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls _.A) at age 5 or 6 C) at age 13 or 14B) at age 9 or 10 D) at age 16 or

26、174. In , Teen magazine reported that _ percent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight.A) 35 to 50 C) 50 to 70B) 50 D) 905. Researchers found that a real woman with Barbie-doll proportions would _.A) suffer from heart disease C) live a more rewarding lifeB) be very popular with males D)

27、die from malnutrition6. Television and movies emphasize that a womans worth can be judged by _.A) the cosmetics she uses C) the thinness of her bodyB) the jewelry she wears D) the wealth of her husband7. Spain has recently undergone a project to _.A) include full-sized women in its fashion magazines

28、B) standardize clothing sizesC) ban ultra-thin models from the runwayD) promote weight loss among men8. In mainstream womens magazines from 1999 to , _ were overrepresented.9. Jean Kilbourne concludes that many women judge themselves by _.10. The focus on _ destroys any awareness and action that mig

29、ht help to change the trend.Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the pas- sage. Read the passage

30、through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the

31、 following passage.The economic costs of noise are several. Airports are currently operating at less than 47 because of noise regulations which restrict their hours of operation. For instance, at Washingtons National Airport no jet traffic is allowed from 11 pm to 7 am. Other airports restrict the u

32、se of certain runway. One estimate is that noise 48 reduce possible airport use by 20 percent.The 49 cargo trade is especially affected by night restrictions.In the case of airports, jet engines may be 50 to reduce their noise level, or insulation from air traffic noise may be provided by the purcha

33、se of land around airports or the insulation of buildings.One estimate is that $5.7 billion would be required to 51 all existing jet engines with noise control devices. However, 52 the current state of the art, even taking this step will not reduce noise levels at all points to 53 values. Some combi

34、nation of methods is probably necessary.If all aircraft were made quieter by existing methods, there would be a number of economic benefits. An increase in airport capacity would 54 . Property values near airports might rise. Transportation costs to and from airports could be reduced since the airpo

35、rts now could be located closer to population center.Much research still needs to be done on the economic 55 of noise reduction and noise effects.Although some of the effects of nose pollution are known, more must be discovered about its effects on health, productivity, property values and the quali

36、ty of life. 56 , the cost of noise pollution control to the economy as a whole needs to be investigated.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。A) identification B) equip C) profitable D) capacity E) pollution F) restrictionsG) transformed H) significant I) furthermore J) acceptable K) modifiedL) accordingly M) consider

37、ing N) occur O) aspectsSection BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onAnswer She

38、et 2 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses, however, the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in

39、the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory.There is much debate about the capacity and dura

40、tion of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or

41、number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of the short term memory by chunking, or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage.When making a conscious

42、 effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in “rote rehearsal”. By repeating something over and over again, we are able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stop

43、s rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear.When a pen and paper are not handy, you might attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before you get the opportunity to make your phone call, you will forget the number

44、instantly. Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice “elaborate rehearsal”. This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing long t

45、erm memories.Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often. However, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by

46、 prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。57. According to the passage, how do memories get transferred to the STM?A) T

47、hey revert from the long term memory.B) They are filtered from the sensory storage area.C) They get chunked when they enter the brain.D) They enter via the nervous system.58. How do theorists believe a person can remember more information in a short time?A) By organizing it.B) By repeating it.C) By

48、giving it a name.D) By writing it down on paper.59. Why does the author mention a dogs bark?A) To exemplify poor memory.B) To analyze a type of interruption.C) To compare human memory with dogs memory.D) To illustrate the lack of efficiency of rote rehearsal.60. Which of the following is true about

49、retrieving information?A) Elaborate rehearsal contributes to information retrieval.B) The most efficient way of retrieving information is to assign semantic meaning to the information.C) Its impossible to retrieve forgotten information without picture prompts.D) Encoding information is more efficien

50、t than chunking it.61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A) Ones memory capacity can be enhanced by rote rehearsal.B) Putting information to writing is suggested to improve memory.C) Providing sufficient prompts helps information retrieval.D) Multiple choice exams are the most

51、difficult. Passage TwoQuestions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.Before, whenever we had wealth, we started discussing poverty. Why not now? Why is the current politics of wealth and poverty seemingly about wealth alone? Eight years ago, when Bill Clinton first ran for president, the Dow

52、Jones average was under 3,500, yearly federal budget deficits were projected at hundreds of billions of dollars forever and beyond, and no one talked about the “permanent boom” or the “new economy.” Yet in that more straitened time, Clinton made much of the importance of “not leaving a single person

53、 behind.” It is possible that similar “compassionate” rhetoric might yet play a role in the general election.But it is striking how much less talk there is about the poor than there was eight years ago, when the country was economically uncertain, or in previous eras, when the country felt flush. Ev

54、en last summer, when Clinton spent several days on a remarkable tour through impoverished areas from Indian reservations in South Dakota to ghetto neighborhoods in East St. Louis, the administration decided to refer to the effort not as a poverty tour but as a “new markets initiative.”What is happen

55、ing is partly a logical, policy-driven reaction. Poverty really is lower than it has been in decades, especially for minority groups. The most attractive solution to ita growing economyis being applied. The people who have been totally left out of this boom often have medical, mental or other proble

56、ms for which no one has an immediate solution. “The economy has sucked in anyone who has any preparation, any ability to cope with modern life,” says Franklin D. Raines, the former director of the Office of Management and Budget who is now head of Fannie Mae. When he and other people who specialize

57、in the issue talk about solutions, they talk analytically and longterm: education, development of work skills, shifts in the labor market, adjustments in welfare reform.But I think there is another force that has made this a rich era with barely visible poor people. It is the unusual social and imag

58、inative separation between prosperous America and those still left out. Its simple invisibility, because of increasing geographic, occupational, and social barriers that block one group from the others view.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。62. In the 1st paragraph, the word “straitened” means _.A) difficult B) we

59、althy C) distant D) straightforward63. The author states that one important reason that we do not talk much about poverty is that_.A) no one knows what to do about itB) poverty really is lower than in the pastC) no one has been left out of the current boomD) the president is not concerned about the

60、poor64. After reading this passage, we can conclude that _.A) the relationship between the rich and the poor has changedB) the good economy will soon endC) poverty will be obliterated as a result of increased wealthD) all people benefit from good economic conditions65. What is the authors purpose in