职业大学英语Unit Three

1、Unit Three Text AText B能力分析训练Text A A lack of economic incentives for merchants and the high cost of implementation are keeping the Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) protocol from gaining acceptance.Related terms：Digital certificate Digital certificate is an electronic identification that says the

2、 user is who he or she claims to be. Its issued by a bank or clearinghouse and contains information about the user. Digital signature Digital signature is a code that guarantees a senders，identity. If an unauthorized person decrypts it, the digital signature will be altered and the recipient will kn

3、ow of the trap. Digital wallet Digital wallet is a file or set of records for a user that contains all account information, such as credit-card numbers and digital certificate. Electronic cash A form of money encoded on a credit card or in a digital wallet. Like cash, ifits lost or stolen, it cant b

4、e replaced. It lets you make anonymous transactions. Smart card A credit card embedded with a chip containing a digital wallet and information about the cardholder. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) SSL is the current standard for electronic transactions. Its a simpler standard than SET, but its less secure

5、. Because of SSLs simplicity, analysts expect it to be used as the interface between the online buyer and the merchant. Trusted authority Trusted authority is an organization that generates and validates secure keys. This is separate from an organization that performs the monetary transactions. Futu

6、re Demand Undetected fraud on the Internet is relatively low. Analysts agree that the banks and the clearinghouses will have to purchase SET transaction servers, and the clearinghouses will have to set up and distribute the users and merchants identification, called digital certificates. Furthermore

7、, while SET was being developed and tested, other security measures cut the risk of fraud greatly. Most companies will need to add new validation, protocol-management and encryption/decryption software while using existing credit-card payment networks and Internet servers. And consumers will need to

8、 have SET software on their computers.Notes 1The 2-year-old standard, co-owned by Visa International Service Association and MasterCard International, Inc., is in trial tests in Europe and Asia. （1）co-owned by Visa International Service Association and MasterCard International是过去分词短语，作定语修饰前面的the 2-y

9、ear-old standard，过去分词和现在分词都可以作定语。 例如：the work done by Mary 玛丽做的工作 the car moving on the ground 在路面上行驶的汽车 （2）过去分词和现在分词还可以作状语。例如： She left for home, crying. 她哭着回家了。 Punished by the manager, they walked home. 被经理惩罚后，他们步行回家了。 本句译为：这个协议标准为万事达公司和VISA公司所共同拥有，已经有两年历史，目前在欧洲和亚洲正处于试用阶段。 2An electronic identifi

10、cation that says the user is who he or she claims to be. say这个单词在这里不能直译为“说，讲”，而因根据上下文翻译为“说明，宣称，表明”。例如： What do these figures say? 这些数字说明什么？ My watch says ten to four. 我的表上是三点五十分。 a glance that says much 含义很深的一瞥 本句译为：数字证书是一种电子认证，它可以表明用户的身份。 3A credit card embedded with a chip containing a digital wal

11、let and information about the cardholder. embedded with a chip containing a digital wallet and information about the cardholder是过去分词短语，作定语修饰前面的a credit card，但在该过去分词中又嵌套了一个现在分词短语containing a digital wallet and information about the cardholder，作定语修饰前面的a chip。 本句译为：智能卡是在信用卡中植入一个包含了数字钱包和有关持卡人信息的芯片。 4But

12、 as Internet commerce grows, the cost of fraud to merchants will grow, Glass says, and that will cause retailers to adopt SET. 该句中有两个grow，但在翻译中应表现不同的含义。 第一个grow 相当于develop，可理解为“发展”，第二个grow相当于increase，可理解为“增加”。 本句译为：但是随着互联网商务的发展，对于商家而言，欺诈行为所带来的代价也随之增加。 这将导致零售商们争相采用SET协议。 5Its difficult to figure the

13、actual cost of SET, but its expensive because its so secure.（1）figure n. 外形；轮廓 have a well-developed figure 体态健壮 the figure of a ship on the horizon 地平线上的船形（2）figure v. 计算 figure the number of the present people 计算出现场的人数 本句译为：很难计算出SET协议的实际成本，但总之会很昂贵，因为它很安全。 6Theres really no good estimate of what it

14、 will cost estimate作为名词，译为“估计；估价”。例如： by rough estimate 据粗略的估计 make an estimate of the height of a mountain 估计一座山的高度 本句译为：现在确实还没有一种好的方法来估计它究竟要花费多少钱 7Most companies will need to add new validation, protocol-management and encryption/decryption software while using existing credit-card payment network

15、s and Internet servers. 这里的while using existing credit-card payment networks and Internet servers 就等于while they use existing credit-card payment networks and Internet servers （这里的they代指前面的most companies）。 当状语从句中的主语和主句中的主语相同时，从句中的主语可省略，并以分词短语的形式出现。 例如：She heard someone knocking on the door when havin

16、g tea in the garden. 她在花园里喝茶时听见有人在敲门。 When walking in the street, the men encountered an old friend who had moved to another city for many years. 这个人在路上走着的时候巧遇了一位已移居另一城市多年的老朋友。 本句译为：在使用现有的信用卡付款网络和互联网服务器时，大多数公司必须要添加新的认证、协议管理和加密/解密软件。Text B Internet security problem is a commonly believed barrier for

17、electronic commerce development. Many techniques to ensure secure E-commerce, to some way, are all for offering security services. In order to avoid the attack of all risks, people use various methods, among which encryptions, hashing, digital signatures and digital certificates are the main forms.

18、One way to ensure the confidentiality and privacy of messages is to make sure that even if they fall into the wrong hands they cannot be read. This is where cryptography comes into play. Regardless of the level of sophistication, all cryptography has four basic parts:1.Encryption 1Plaintextthe origi

19、nal message in human-readable form. 2Ciphertextthe plaintext message after it has been encrypted into unreadable form. 3Encryption algorithmthe mathematical formula used to encrypt the plaintext into ciphertext and vice versa. 4Keythe secret key used to encrypt and decrypt a message. Different keys

20、produce different ciphertext when used with the same algorithm. Cryptography enables not only text but also binary informationvideo, sound and executable software modulesto be encrypted for secure transmission across the Internet. In order to verify that the contents of a message have not been alter

21、ed in any way, integrity check values or hash values are usually employed. A hash is a one-way function, meaning that it is virtually impossible to reverse the process and produce a message from the check value. 2.Hashing How can you ensure that a message is actually coming from the person you think

22、? One part of the answer is a digital signature the network equivalent of a personal signature that cannot be forged. Digital signatures are based on public key encryption.3.Digital Signatures: Authentication and Non-denial Digital certificates verify that the holder of a public and private key is w

23、ho they claim to be. Individuals or companies apply for digital certificates by sending the CA their public key and identifying information. The CA verifies the information and creates a certificate that contains the applicants public key along with identifying information. The CA uses their private

24、 key to encrypt the certificate and sends the signed certificate to the applicant.4. Digital Certificates and Certificate AuthoritiesNotes 1DES：Data Encryption Standard 数据加密标准，是1997年由美国政府开发。 2National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 国际标准技术组织 3RSA：named after its inventors Ronald Rivest,

25、 Adi Shamir and Leonard Adelman. 以它的发明人Ronald Rivest，Adi Shamir和Leonard命名的。 4public (private) key encryption 公（私）钥，也是不对称（对称）密钥的别称 5digital envelope 数字信封 6散列算法是一种衡量信息真实性的工具，它是不可逆的。 一般用户将信息通过散列算法得出信息摘要，信息摘要连同真实信息一同发送，到达接受方时，接受方将接到的信息也进行一次散列算法，得出新的信息摘要。 如果两个信息摘要相同，则表明信息未被改动。 7ISO：International Standard

26、 Organization 国际标准化组织 8数字签名用到了公钥和散列算法，不仅保证了信息的保密性，而且可以验证信息的真实性。 发送者同时发送加密后信息和加密后的信息摘要，接受方将信息意义解密，并对信息进行散列计算，得出新的信息摘要。 通过比较两次的信息摘要，可知信息是否真实。 9CA认证机构是专门为网络通信各方提供身份证明的第三方机构。 证书通常分为个人证书和服务器证书两类，分别用于见证网络两端用户的合法身份。 证书中包含了使用者的身份信息和公钥以及颁证机构的信息、数字签名。能力分析训练Skills of UnderstandingSkills of Translation Skills o

27、f Business E-mail Writing Skills of Oral Language in Working Condition Skills of Understanding猜 测 词 义 不管我们是在进行平常阅读还是做阅读理解试题，总会遇到生词。 平常阅读时如果遇到生词就查词典，那样不光太费时间也不利于阅读能力的提高（笔者主张适当地查阅词典或词汇表）；而考试中又不允许查词典；再者，英语词汇含义繁多，在不同的上下文中会有不同的含义，因此掌握一点猜测词义的技巧是必要的。 猜测词义所利用的上下文线索或暗示主要有4种，另外我们还可以根据构词法来猜测词义。 有时在一篇文章中，某些生词的词

28、义被其后面的短语或句子所解释。（1）定义词 A hobby is a leisure-time interest or activity taken up mainly for pleasure. 在句中，a leisure-time interest or activity taken up mainly for pleasure（主要是为了娱乐在业余时间所从事的兴趣活动）就解释了hobby的意思，即“业余爱好”。1释义（definition） He is a warm-hearted person who is always ready to help others. 定语从句who is

29、 always ready to help others解释了warm-hearted的意思，即“热心肠的，乐于助人的”。（2）同位语或定语从句 He takes a special interest in botanythe study of plants. 破折号往往表示解释或说明。Botany意思就是the study of plants（植物学）。（3）提示性标点符号 重述即在某个篇章中作者对前面的一句话重新或补充陈述。 这种重新陈述中往往包含前面句子中某个生词的含义。引导重述最常用的词或表达法有or、i.e.、thats to say等。 An unsuccessful firm o

30、r individual may go from insolvency to bankruptcy by a written admission that the liabilities or debts exceed the value of assets. 如果你不知道liabilities这个词的词义，那么后面的重复词debts就告诉我们该词的意思为“债务”。2重述（restatement） 有时候，读者可以从上下文的有关信息猜测出某个词的词义。 所谓相关信息包括举例等。 She is held in high esteem for her outstanding research on

31、 cataract and other diseases of the eye. 从other diseases of the eye我们可以猜测出cataract是一种眼病。3相关信息（related information）或常识（common sense） 在比较暗示中常用的引导词有like和asas等；对照暗示中常用的引导词有but、while、however、unlike、on the other hand、in contrast等。 She is so quiet, but her brother is so talkative. 她沉默寡言，而她的兄弟却talkative，根据上

32、下文的逻辑关系（由but传达），我们可以猜测出该词意为“健谈的、多话的”。 Mary manages money judiciously while I manage money unwisely. 同样，从while可知，judiciously是unwisely的反意，意为“明智的”。4对照或比较（contrast and comparison） 英语中有许多词的构成是有规律的，比如前缀dis-，in-，im-，non-，un-，ir-，il-表示否定；后缀-able表示“能够的、可以的”，或“值得的”。 英语中主要的构词法有4种：派生法、转化法、合成法以及缩略法。 可找一些有关资料看看，在

33、这里就不再赘述。 Have you disconnected the hose from the tap? connect的意思是“连接”，前缀dis-表示否定，因此我们可以判断出disconnect的意思为“使断开或分开”。5构词法（word formation） 请运用上面介绍的5种猜测词义法猜测出斜体词的含义。 1Generally a contract is unenforceable or becomes void when any of these essential elements is disregarded. 2He looked at me appraisingly as

34、 if measuring me for a suit. 3Hobbyists raise pets, build model ships, weave baskets, or carve soap figures.Exercises of Such Skill 4Mother was tall，fat and middle-aged. The principal of the school was an older woman，almost as plump as mother，and much shorter. 5A protective tariff is designed to dis

35、courage foreign business from shipping certain goods into the country. 6Voluntary bankruptcy is initiated by the debtor, while involuntary bankruptcy is petitioned by creditors. 7He enjoys reading periodicals, such as Times Magazine, Newsweek, Readers Digest, etc. 8Smith and Tom are close friends; t

36、hey never fall out.Skills of Translation词 的 增 减 翻译中的增词与减词并不是没有限制的，更不能随心所欲。 增词与减词是应译文语言的需要而采用的翻译处理手法。 He majors in English and I, in French. 他主修英语，我主修法语。 He cut short by one day his stay in Bagdad. 他把他在巴格达逗留的时间缩短了一天。 （以上两句中的“主修”、“的时间”属增词译法。）1增词法 Workers should avoid using these materials wastefully.

37、工人应节余使用这些材料。 （句中的“节约”是由avoid和wastefully合并而译出。） The advantage of rolling bearings is that they cause less friction. 滚动轴承的优点在于产生的摩擦较小。 （句中减去了原文中的they。）2减词法 将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中斜体部分的增减译法。 1When anyone among people breaks the law, he too should be punished. 2In spite of the difficulties, our task was got over

38、 well. 3To give you some idea of birth rate, look at the second of your watch. 4Different metals differ in their conductivity.Exercises of Such SkillSkills of Business E-mail Writing邀 请 信 In some cases we write E-mails to arrange activities. Writing an E-mail is different from having a conversation,

39、 so we must follow certain etiquette. Now read the following sample, and try to learn how to write a polite and effective E-mail invitation. 有时我们通过E-mail来安排娱乐活动。 E-mail写作与日常对话是不同的，因此我们需要遵循一些礼节。 请阅读以下给出的范例，学习如何写出礼貌而有效的邀请函。From: LisaTo: SCc:BCC:Subject: Invitation!Date: Wed, Nov 30, 2009A. E-mail invi

40、tations电邮邀请函Dear Sandy, You are invited to the annual Christmas party for Future Business staff（全体职员）and their families from 1:00 p.m. until 8:00 p.m. on Dec 23. We will make some arrangements（安排）in the meeting room and stock the table with our favorite treats, including champagne（香槟）, ham, and turkey with all the trimmings（配料）. Special activities for children will begin at 2:00 p.m. Please reply to this E-mail with the number of people that you will bring along. Dress is casual.Sincerel