专业英语课文翻译

1、碱式滴Mohr burette(with pinchcock)School of chemical engineering andfilterpaper 滤纸Bunsenpharmaceuticaltest tubes 试管 test tubeholder试管夹test tube brush 试管刷 test tube rack试管架beaker 烧杯 stirring 搅拌棒 thermometer 温度计 boiling flask 长颈烧瓶 Florence flask 平底烧瓶flask,roundbottom,two-neckboiling flask,three-neckconic

2、al flask 锥形瓶wide-mouthbottle 广口瓶graduated cylinder量筒gasmeasuring tube 气体检测管volumetric flask 容 量 瓶 transfer pipette 移液管Geiser burette(stopcock)酸式滴定管funnel 漏斗定管watch glass 表面皿 evaporatingdish 蒸发皿 ground joint 磨口连接Petri dish有盖培养皿desiccators 干燥皿long-stem funnel 长颈漏斗 filterfunnel过滤漏斗B uchner funnel瓷漏斗 se

3、paratoryfunnel分液漏斗Hirsh funnel赫尔什漏斗filterflask 吸滤瓶Thiele melting point tube 蒂勒熔点管plastic squeeze bottle塑料洗瓶medicine dropper 药用滴管rubber pipette bulb 吸 球 microspatula 微型压舌板pipet 吸量管mortar andpestle研体及研钵burner煤气灯burette stand 滴 定管架 supportring支撑环ring stand 环架distillinghead蒸储头side-arm distillation flask

4、 侧臂蒸微烧瓶air condenser 空 气冷凝器 centrifuge tube 离心管fractionating column木青（分）储管Graham condenser蛇形冷凝器crucible1t摒 crucible tongs 1t摒钳beaker tong 烧杯钳economyextension clamp 经济 扩展夹 extension clamp 牵弓 I夹utility clamp铁试管夹 hose clamp 软管夹 burette clamppinchcock;pinch clamp 弹簧夹 screwclamp WM钳ring clamp 环形夹 goggles

5、 护目镜 stopcock 活塞 wire gauze 铁丝网 analytical balance分析天平分析化学absolute error绝对误差 accuracy 准确度assay化验analyte（被）分析物 calibration 校准 constituent 成分coefficient of variation 变 异系数 confidence level置信水平detection limit 检出限 determination WJ 定 estimation 估算equivalent point 等当点 gross error 总 误差 impurity 杂 质 indicat

6、or 指示剂 interference 干扰 internal standard 内标level of significance 显着性水平 limit of quantitation 定量限 masking 掩蔽 matrix 基体 precision 精确度primary standard 原始 标准物purity 纯度qualitative analysis 定 性分析quantitative analysis定量分析random error 偶然误差 reagent 试齐Urelative error 相对误差 robustness 耐用性sample样品relative standa

7、rd deviation 相 准偏差selectivity选择性sensitivity 灵敏度 specificity 专属性titration滴定significantfigure有 效数字solubility product 溶度积standard addition 标准力口入法 standarddeviation 标准偏差standardization标 定 法stoichiometric point 化学计量点systematic error系统误差有机化学acid anhydride 酸酉千 acyl halide 酰卤 alcohol 醇 aldehyde 醛 aliphatic

8、脂肪 族白勺alkene烯煌alkyne快allyl 烯丙 基amide氨基化合物 amino acid 氨基 酸 aromatic compound芳香煌化合物 amine 胺 butyl 丁基aromatic ring 芳 环，苯 环 branched-chain 支链 chain 链carbonyl 撅基carboxyl 竣基chelate 螯合chiral center 手性中心 conformers 构象 copolymer 共聚物 derivative 衍生物 dextrorotatary 右 旋 性 的 diazotization 重 氮 化 作 用 dichloromethan

9、e 二 氯甲烷 ester 酯 ethyl乙基 fatty acid 脂肪酸functional group 官能团 general formula 通式 glycerol 甘油，丙三醇 heptyl 庚基 heterocyclie 杂环的 hexyl 己基 homolog 同系物 hydrocarbon 烧，碳氢化合物hydrophilic 亲水的hydrophobic 疏水的 hydroxide 煌基ketone 酮 levorotatory左旋性的methyl 甲基molecular formulamonomer体octyl辛基open chain 开链 optical activity

10、 旋光 性 （度） organic 有机的 organic chemistry 有机化学organic compounds 有机 化合物 pentyl 戊基phenol 苯酚phenyl 苯基 polymer 聚合物，聚合体 propyl 丙基 ring-shaped 珀犬结构 zwitterion 兼住 离子saturated compound 饱和化合物 side chain 侧链 straight chain 直链 tautomer互变（异构）体structural formula结 构 式triglyceride甘油三酸脂unsaturated compound 不饱和化合物物理化学a

11、ctivation energy 活化能 adiabat 绝热线amplitude 振幅collision theory碰撞理论 empiricaltemperature 假定温度enthalpy 给enthalpy ofcombustion 燃烧给enthalpy of fusion 熔化热 enthalpy of hydration 水合热 enthalpy of reaction反应热enthalpy of sublimationenthalpy of vaporization汽化热entropy 嫡first law热力学第一定律 firstorder reaction一级反应free

12、 energy 自由能 Hess s law盖斯定律Gibbs free energy offormation 吉布斯生成能heat capacity 热容 internal energy 内能isobar 等压线 isochore 等容线 isotherm 等温线 kinetic energy 动能latent heat 潜能 Planck s constant普朗克常数potential energy 势能quantum 量子quantum mechanics 量子力学 rate law速率定律 specific heat 比热spontaneous 自发的standard enthalp

13、y change标准始变standard entropy of reaction 标准反应嫡standard molar entropy 标准 摩尔嫡standard pressure 标压state function 状态函数 thermalenergy热能thermochemical equation 热化学方程式thermodynamic equilibrium 热力学平衡uncertainty principle测不准定理zero order reaction零级反应 zeropoint energy 零点能课文词汇实验安全及记录：eye wash 眼药水 first-aid kit

14、急救箱gas line 输气管safety shower 紧急冲淋房 waterfaucet水龙头flow chart 流程图 loose leaf 活页单元操作分类:heat transfer 传热Liquid-liquidextraction液液萃取liquid-solid leaching过滤 vaporpressure蒸气压membrane separation 薄膜分离空气污染:carbon dioxide 二 氧化碳 carbonmonoxide 一氧化碳particulate matter 颗粒物 质photochemical smog 光化烟雾primary pollutant

15、s 一次 污染物secondary pollutants 二次 污染物stratospheric ozone depletion 平流层臭氧消耗sulfur dioxide二氧化硫volcaniceruption 火山爆发food additives食品添加剂monosodium glutamate 味精,谷氨酸钠（味精的化学成分）natural flavors 天然食用香料,天然食用调料食品化学：amino acid 氨基酸,胺 amino group氨基empirical formula 实验式，经验式fatty acid 脂肪酸peptide bonds 肽键 polyphenoloxi

16、dase多酚氧化酶salivary amylase唾液淀粉酶 steroidhormone番类激素table sugar 蔗糖 triacylglycerol三酰甘油，甘油三酯食品添加剂：acesulfame-K 乙酰磺胺酸钾，一种甜味剂adrenal gland 肾 上 腺 ionizingradiation致电离辐射nutrasweet 天 冬甜素 potassium bromide 漠化钾propyl gallate没食子酸丙酯 sodium chloride 氯化钠 sodium nitraten硝酸钠 sodium nitrite亚硝酸钠trans fats反式脂肪geneticfo

17、od 转基因食品foodpoisoning 食物中毒hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)危害分析关键控制点技术maternal and child health care 妇幼保健护理national patriotichealth campaigncommittee(NPHCC)全国爱国卫生运动 委员会rural health农村卫生管理the state food and drugadministration (SFDA)复用或频率调制光谱 X-ray国家食品药品监督管理局光谱:Astronomical Spectrosco

18、py 天文 光谱学Laser Spectroscopy 激光光谱学 Mass Spectrometry 质谱Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 原子 吸收光谱Attenuated Total ReflectanceSpectroscopy衰减全反射光谱Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy 电子顺磁谱SpectroscopyX 射线光谱色谱:Gas Chromatography气相色谱High Performance LiquidChromatography高效液相色谱 Thin-LayerChromatography 薄层色谱magne

19、sium silicate gel 硅酸 镁凝胶retention time 保留时间mobile phase 流动相 stationaryphase固定相反应类型：Electron Spectroscopy 电子光谱Infrared Spectroscopy 红外光谱Fourier Transform Spectrosopy 傅里叶变换光谱Gamma-ray Spectroscopy 伽玛射线光谱Multiplex or Frequency-ModulatedSpectroscopyagitated tank 搅拌槽 catalyticreactor 催化反应器batch stirred t

20、ank reactor间歇搅拌反应釜continuous stirred tank 连续搅拌釜exothermic reactions 放 热反应pilot plant 试验工厂fluidized bed Reactor流动床反应釜multiphase chemical reactions 多相 化学反应packed bed reactorredox reactionreductant-oxidantbase reaction填充床反应器氧化还原反应氧化还原剂acid酸碱反应加成反应 chemicaladditionreaction equation 化学方程式 valence electro

21、n价电子combination reaction 化合反应 hybridorbital杂化轨道decomposition reaction分解反应substitution reaction 取代（置换）反应Lesson5 Classification of Unit Operations 单元操作Fluid flow流体流动它涉及的原理是确定任一流体从一个点 到另一个点的流动和输送。Heat transfer 传热这个单元操作涉及的原理是控制不同位置处热量和能量的积累和转移。Evaporation 蒸发它涉及易挥发溶剂的蒸发，这些溶剂来自 不易挥发的溶质，诸如盐或溶液中任意其 他物质。Dryi

22、ng干燥这个操作是将易挥发的液体（通常为水） 从固体物质中移除。Distillation 蒸储蒸储是基于不同液体的蒸汽压不同，通过加热煮沸将一个液体混合物分离。Absorption 吸收吸收是将一种化合物从气体流中转移到 液体中。Membrane separation 薄膜分离这个过程包含从液体或气体的溶质通过 一个暂出性的薄幢扩散到另一液彷中。Liquid-liquid extraction 液液萃取在这个操作中，溶液中的溶质被转移到与之 接触的，与溶液相对不溶的里一种液体溶剂 中。Liquid-solid leaching 过滤过滤用于处理液体中的细微待分离固体， 并可得到包含在固体中的溶

23、质移出。Crystallization 结晶该操作可实现溶质的回收，例如溶液中的 盐可通过液体中的溶质沉淀获得。Mechanical physical separation 机械机械物理分离是应用机械手段来实现固体、 液体或气体的分离。例如过滤、沉淀和缩小 体积，机械分离常被归入分离的单元操作。Lesson6 Fractional Distillation 分储分储是根据混合物里面化合物的沸点，将 其加热到足够高的温度从而达到分离。（1）Apparatus 实验装置：圆底烧瓶锥形瓶李比希冷凝器抗爆沸原板颗粒温度计橡胶塞（除非快速适应使用）（2）Method试验方法：例如，乙醇和水的混合物蒸储。

24、酒精在78.5, 时沸腾，而水的沸点是100C。因此，通过 轻轻加热混合物，酒精会首先沸腾。一些混 合物形成共沸物，在较低的温度下的那个混 合物会比另一成分的化合物先沸腾。在乙醇 的例子中，由95%J享和5%勺水组成的混合 物煮沸到78.2 C。所以不能完全将乙醇蒸储提纯 该实验装置如图所示。将混合物装入圆底烧 瓶并放入一些防爆沸小粒，并且将分储管安 装在顶部。当混合物沸腾时，蒸汽上升到分 储管。蒸汽在冷凝管中凝结，向下流动回流冷 却蒸储物聚成液体。只有大部分挥发性的蒸 汽处于气体状态一直到达顶部。在分储管顶B的蒸汽几乎是纯乙醇。然后传递到冷凝管, 使它冷却下来，直到它液化。这八过程持续 到将

25、所有的乙醇从混合物中蒸发出来。这一点能够通过温度计中温度的急剧上升而识别出从乙醇的沸点到水的沸点(3)Industrial uses of F工业分储一炼最重要的工业应用分储是原油的分储。除了 规模以外，这个过程的原则类似于以上的实 验室方法，连续供料和操作。而事实上？原 油由许多不同的化合物混合在一起。分僧塔 的柱子上有一出口能够允许不同温度段的 不同微分有规律的溢流出来，具有高度挥发 性的气体将会从最顶端的阀门逸出，而挥发 性较小的筑路焦油则从底部出来。Lesson7 Crystallization 结晶化结晶是一种化学家利用它净化固体 化合物的技术。这是一种每个化学家在 实验室必须熟练掌

26、握的基本程序。结晶 是以溶解度原则为基础：化合物(溶质)更倾向于溶于热的液体(溶剂)而非冷的 液体。如果允许饱和热溶液冷却，溶质 不再溶于溶剂和形成纯化合物晶体。杂 质从生长的晶体中被排除和纯固态晶体 可通过过滤从溶解的杂质中被分离。(1)加热溶剂至沸腾，把固体放入一个锥 形瓶重结晶。(2)向含有固体的锥形瓶中倒入少量的 热溶剂。(3)强烈振荡锥形瓶使固体溶解。(4)将锥形瓶放在蒸气浴上，以保持溶液 高温。(5)如果仍有不溶解固体，可以加入少量溶剂 和强烈振荡。(6)当所有固体都溶解了，把锥形瓶放在 工作台上。不要动它！(7)过一会儿后，晶体出现在锥形瓶中。(8)你现在可以把锥形瓶放入冰浴中来

27、 完成结晶过程。Lesson 11 Heat Transfer 传热Basics of Heat Transfer基本传热In thesimplest ofterms,thediscipline of heattransfer isconcerned with only two things: temperature, and the flow of heat. Temperature represents the amount of thermal energy available, whereas heat flow represents the movement of thermal e

28、nergy from place to place.在最简单的术语，传热学科关注的只有 两件事：温度，和热流量。温度是热能 源的数量，而热流代表的热能从一个地 方移动到的地方。On a microscopicscale,thermalenergy is relatedto the kineticenergy of molecules. The greater a materials temperature, the greater the thermal agitation of its constituent molecules (manifested both in linear moti

29、on and vibrational modes). It is natural for regions containing greater molecular kinetic energy to pass this energy to regions with less kinetic energy.在微观尺度，热能是分子的动能相关。 更大的物质的温度，其组成分子的热运 动更大的(表现在直线运动模式)和振 动。含有大分子的动能来传递能量到较 小的物能的地区是白然的。Severalmaterial properties serve to modulate the heat transferr

30、ed between two regions at differing temperatures. Examples include thermal conductivities, specific heats, material densities, fluid velocities, fluid viscosities, surface emissivities, and more. Taken together, these properties serve to make the solution of many heat transfer problems an involved p

31、rocess.九种材痂的性能起到调节转 移之间的两个区域在不同温度下的热。 例子包括的热传导率，比热，密度，流体速度，流体粘度，表面的发射率，和 更多。总之，这些特性使许多传热问题， 一个复杂的过程，解决方案。. Heat Transfer Mechanisms传热机制Heat transfer mechanisms can be grouped into 3 broad categories:传热机制可以分为3大类：Conduction:Regions with greatermolecular kinetic energy will pass their thermal energy to

32、 regions with less molecular energy through direct molecular collisions, a process known as conduction. In metals, a significant portion of the transported thermal energy is also carried by conduction-band electrons.传导：更大的分子动能的地区将通过他 们的热能通过分子的直接碰撞不分子的 能量区域，这个过程被称为传导。在金 属的热能源，运输的一个重要部分，也 是由导带电子进行。Con

33、vection: When heat conducts into a static fluid it leads to a local volumetric expansion. As a result of gravity-induced pressure gradients, the expanded fluid parcelbecomesbuoyant and displaces, thereby transportingheat by fluid motion(i.e. convection) in addition to conduction. Such heat-induced f

34、luid motion in initially static fluids is known as free convection.对流：当热传递到一个静态流体导致局 部体积膨胀。作为一个结果，诱导的压 力梯度，重力，浮力和流体包裹成为扩 大移除，从而输送热流体运动(即对流) 除了传导。这样的热诱导的流体运动的 最初的静态液体被称为自由对流。Radiation: For cases where the fluid is already in motion, heat conducted into the fluid will be transported away chieflyby flu

35、idconvection.These cases, knownas forcedconvection, require a pressure gradient to drive the fluid motion, as opposed to a gravity gradient to induce motion through buoyancy.辐射：对于流体已经在运动，进行了流 体热将被运走，主要是由流体对流。这 些情况下，被称为强制对流，需要的压 力梯度驱动的流体的运动，而不是一个 重力梯度诱导运动通过浮力.Lesson 14 Air Pollution大气污染Air pollution

36、is the humanintroduction into the atmosphere ofchemicals,particulate matter, orbiologicalmaterials that cause harm or discomfort to humansor other living organisms, or damages the natural environment. Air pollution causes deaths and respiratory disease. Air pollution is often identified with major s

37、tationary sources, but the greatest source of emissions is mobile sources, mainly automobiles. Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for plant

38、life through photosynthesis.空气污染颗粒物的人引入化学，大气，或生 物材料，造成伤害或不适的人类或其他生物， 或破坏自然环境。空气污染造成的死亡和呼 吸系统疾病。空气污染往往是确定的主要固 定污染源，但排放的最大来源是移动的来源， 主要是汽车。二氧化碳之类的气体，是导致 全球变暖，最近的气候科学家的污染物得到 了认可，而他们也承认，二氧化碳是通过光 合作用的植物生命所必需的。The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseoussystem that is essential to support life on p

39、lanet Earth. Stratospheric ozonedepletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to humanhealth as well as to the Earths ecosystems.大气是一八复杂的，动态的天然气系统，来 支持地球上的生命本质。平流层臭氧耗竭因 空气污染一直是威胁人类健康和地球的生态 系统。Pollutants 污染物An air pollutant is knownas a substance in the air that can cause harmto

40、 humans and the environment. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.一种空气污染物被称为空气中的物质， 可以对人体和环境造成的危害。污染物 可在固体颗粒，形成液滴，或气体。此 外，他们可能是天然的或人造的。Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Usually, primary po

41、llutants are substances directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories.污染物可以被归类为主要或次要。通常，一 个过程的主要污染物是从直接排放的物质， 如火山喷发的火山灰，一氧化碳气体来自汽 车废气、二氧化硫释放从工厂。Secondary pollutants are not emitted

42、 directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone - one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog.二次污染物不能直接排放。相反，它们形成 在空气中主要污染物反应或相互彳乍用。一种 二次污染的一个重要的例子是地面臭氧是光 化学烟雾，使许多二次污染Note

43、that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.请注意，有些污染物可能是原发性和继发性： 即，他们都是直接排放和其他主要污染物的 形成。Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:主要由人类活动产生的主要污染物包括：Sulfur oxides (SOx) especially sulfur dio

44、xide a chemical compoundwith the formula SO2.SO2s produced by volcanoes and in various industrialprocesses.Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfurcompounds, theircombustiongenerates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2,usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thu

45、s acid rain.2 This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources. 硫氧化物(SOx 尤其是二氧化硫和二氧化硫的化学化合物公 式。二氧化硫是由火山和各种工业过程产生 的。从煤和石油中常含有硫化合物，其燃烧 产生的二氧化硫。SO2的进一步氧化，通常 在催化剂的存在下，如NO2形成硫酸，从 而酸雨。这是2 在使用这些燃料作为动力 来源的环境影响问题的原因之一。Nitrogen oxides (NOx) especia

46、lly nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities.Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, b

47、iting odor. NO2 is one of the most prominent air pollutants.氮氧化物(nox特别是二氧化氮是高温燃烧 排放。可以被看作是棕色的圆顶或羽顺风的 城市。二氧化氮NO2与公式的化合物。这是 一个几个氮氧化物。这红棕色的有毒气体， 有一个特点鲜明，咬的气味。二是其中最为 突出的空气污染物。Carbon monoxide is colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel

48、 such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.一氧化碳是无色，无味，无刺激性的但非常 有毒气体。它是由燃料如天然气不完全燃烧 的产物，煤和木材。汽车尾气是一氧化碳的 主要来源。Carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas emitted from combustion.二氧化碳(CO2, 一种温室气体排放燃烧。Volatile organic compounds VOCs are an important outdoor air

49、 pollutant. In this fie d they are often divided into the separate categories of methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs)Methaneis an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCsare also significant greenhouse gases via their role in creating

50、ozone andin prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere, although the effect varies depending on local air quality. Within the NMvOcs, the aromatic compoundGenzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged exposure. 1,3-butadiene is another dangero

51、us compound which is often associated with industrial uses.挥发性有机化合物是一种重要的室外空气 污染物。在这场他们往往分为不同的类别 (甲烷(CH4和非甲烷(NMVOCs甲烷是 一种非常有效的温室气体，有助于增强全球 变暖。其他煌类VOCs是重要的温室气体， 通过产生臭氧和延长了甲烷在大气中的寿 命的作用，虽然效果取决于当地的空气质量。 在nmvocS香族化合物，苯，甲苯和二甲 苯是可疑致癌物质，可以通过延长曝光导致 白血病。丁二烯是另一个危险的化合物，通 常是用工业用途有关的。Particulate matter Particula

52、tes, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspendedin a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together. Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Some particulates occur naturally, originatin

53、g from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation,and sea spray. Humanactivities,such as the burning offossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols tho

54、se made by humanactivities currently account for about 10 percent of the total amountof aerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.颗粒物质的微粒，或者称为颗粒物(PM)或细 颗粒，是固体或液体悬浮在空气中的微小颗 粒。相反，气

55、溶胶是指颗粒与气体一起。大 气颗粒物源可以是人造或天然。有些颗粒物 是自然发生的，从火山，沙尘暴，森林和草 原火灾，有生命的植物，和浪花。人类活动，如燃烧化石燃料的车辆，电厂和各种工业过 程中也产生了大量的气溶胶。全球平均的， 人为气溶胶由人类活动使目前约占大气中 的气溶胶总金额的百分之10。空气中的微 粒的水平升高与健康的危害，如心脏病，肺 功能的改变与肺癌。oxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper.有毒金属，如铅，镉和铜。Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), harmful to the ozone layer emitt

56、ed from products currently bannedfrom use.氯氟煌(CFCs, 从目前禁止使用的产品排放破坏臭氧层。NH3.It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia, eith

57、er directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous.氨(NH3从农业过程中排放。氨是一种具 有氨化合物公式。它通常是作为一种气体具 有刺鼻的气味遇到。氨对陆地生物的营养需 求明显作为食品和肥料的前兆。氨，直接或 间接的影响，也对许多药物的合成砌块。尽 管广泛使用，是碱和有害的氨。Odors, such as from garbage, se

58、wage, and industrial processes气味，如垃圾，污水，工业过程Radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.放射性污染物的核爆炸产生的爆炸，战争， 和自然过程，如氢的放射性衰变。Secondary pollutants include:二次污染物包括：Particulate matterformed from gaseous primary pollut

59、ants and compounds in photochemical smog .Smog is a kind of air pollution;the word smogll is a portmanteau of smokeand fog. Classic smogresults from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smokeand sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular

60、 and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.颗粒物质从气态污染物和光化学烟雾形成 的化合物。烟雾是一种空气污染；一烟雾II 是一个合成烟与雾。结果经典的烟雾从大量 的煤炭燃烧面积混合引起的烟尘和二氧化 硫。现代的烟雾不经常来自于煤，但从汽车 和工业排放物，作用在大气中经阳光照射产 生的二次污染