山大现代行为医学课件02行为医学的基本理论

1、第二章 行为医学的基本理论Behaviorism TheoryLearning TheoryBehaviorismJohn B.Watson 约翰.华生 （18781958） Behaviorism冯特“心理学是研究意识的科学” 华生：心理学应该研究可以被观察和直接测量的行为，反对研究没有科学根据的意识。他反对内省的研究方法，主张以纯实验的方法研究心理学。 华生1919年行为主义观点的心理学 1925年行为主义 行为主义观点认为，心理学不应该研究意识，只应该研究行为。所谓行为就是有机体用以适应环境变化的各种身体反应的组合。这些反应不外是肌肉收缩和腺体分泌，它们有的表现在身体外部，有的隐藏在身体

2、内部，强度有大有小。 华生认为心理学研究行为的任务就在于查明刺激与反应之间的规律性关系。这样就能根据刺激推知反应，根据反应推知刺激，达到预测和控制行为的目的。可以丢开意识去考察 行为 。运用更客观的方法去研究行为。S-R “Give me a dozen health infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I will guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I

3、might select, doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities,vocations, and race of his ancestors” (John B. Watson,1925)Burrbus Frederick Skinner 斯金纳 （19041990） Albert Bandura 班杜拉 (1925-) Behaviorism SRNew behav

4、iorism SORBasic styles of learning1. Classical conditioning2. Operant conditioning (Instrumental conditioning)3. Observational learning ( Social learning)Pavlovian 巴甫洛夫 ( 1849-1936)Classical conditioningClassical conditioningA set of procedures, developed by Pavlov, used to investigate how organisms

5、 learn about the signaling properties of events. Classical conditioning leads to the learning of relations between events- that occur outside of ones control.（UCS）（UCR）（CS）+（UCS） (UCR)（CS）（CR）Classical conditioningOperant conditioningSkinners box Operant Conditioning A form of behaviorism based on t

6、he premise that reinforced behaviors tend to continue, while those that are punished or are not reinforced tend to gradually end. Response(behavior)Consequence(reinforcer)Effect on behavior(increasing)Operant Conditioning (reformation)Observational LearningObservational Learning Learning that occurs

7、 as a result of observing the experiences of others. Also called social learningBasic principles of learningreinforcement Punishmentextinction generalization habituation shaping modeling habituation An event occurs repeatedly, but in this case, the reaction of the animal wanes with repeated exposure

8、. A behavioural alteration where an organism gets accustomed to a particular stimuli, and no longer produces a response to it. habituation Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychodynamic Theory Sigmund Freud（18561939）Psychoanalysis Unconscious theoryTheories of personalityLibido: Stages of psychosexual developme

9、ntAnxiety and Defense MechanismsDream interpretation Conscious The contents of awareness those things that occupy the focus of ones current attention. Preconscious Information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness. Unconscious A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts,

10、memories, urges, and conflicts that are truly beyond awareness.Freuds personality theory Id The portion of personality that is governed by inborn instinctual drives, particularly those related to sex and aggression. pleasure principle Ego The portion of personality that induces people to act with re

11、ason and deliberation and helps them conform to the requirements of the external world. reality principle Superego The portion of personality that motivates people to act in an ideal fashion, in accordance with the moral customs defined by parents and culture. idealistic principleAnxiety and Defense

12、 MechanismsWhen we are unsuccessful in resolving a conflict through normal constructive actions, we become anxious. Anxiety is considered both a symptom of conflict and a signal to use a defense mechanism. Defense mechanisms are psychological maneuvers by which we distort reality in ways that will h

13、elp us avoid conflicts and reduce anxiety. Defense MechanismsRepressionDenialUndoing Regression Projection DisplacementReaction formationRationalizationCompensationIntellectualizationSublimationPsychoanalytic therapy TechniquesFree AssociationsThe Analysis of Dreams The Analysis of resistanceThe Ana

14、lysis of transference InterpretationHumanism Theory Humanism Psychology. humanistic psychology as the third force in psychologyHumanism is a psychological approach that emphasises the study of the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual. Humanism TheoryAbraham H. Maslow 马斯洛(19081970) Car

15、l Ranson. Rogers 罗杰斯(1902-1987 )Self-actualization自我实现Kurt Goldsteinthe tendency to actualize itself as fully as possible is the basic drive.the drive of self-actualization.“Carl Rogersthe curative force in psychotherapy-mans tendency to actualize himself, to become his potentialities.to express and

16、 activate all the capacities of the organism.Humanism PerspectiveIt views human nature is inherently and rational and as naturally moving toward self-actualization . Psychological disorders result when a persons natural tendency toward self-actualization is blocked. Remove the psychological blocks,

17、and the person can move toward self-actualizationCognitive TheoryCognitive psychology TheoryThe school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. Aaron Beck 贝克(1921 - )Becks cognitive therapyAlbert Ellis 艾里斯 (1913 -)rational-emotive therapy,R

18、ET; rational-emotive-behavior therapy, REBTThe cognitive perspective It suggests that faulty thinking or distorted perceptions can contribute to some types of psychological disorders. For example, negative thinking is intimately involved in depression and anxiety. Treatment consistent with this perspective is aimed at changing thinking and perceptions, which presumably will lead to a change in behavior Psychophysiological theoryCannon 坎农Pavlov 巴甫洛夫Selye 塞里Wolff 沃尔夫Miller 米勒New Direction of PsychologyPositive psychologyCultural and cross-cultural psychology