安全工程专业英语Unit1-9翻译

1、v1.0可编辑可修改 安全工程专业英语UnitlBecause of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more difficult to know about the type of preparati on that is n eeded for a particular professi on-orthe qualities and traits that migh

2、t help individuals succeed in it.由于这些工作和职业的飞速变更，其变化之快使得学生们很难了解未 来有什么样的工作机会，更不知道为未来的具体职业生涯做出怎样的 准备，也就是说学生们很难知道掌握何种知识、具备何种能力才能成 功适应未来的社会。The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the safety profession that should help students considering a career in this challenging and rew

3、arding field.这篇文章将提供较为深入的安全专业方面的具体信息，它应该能够为 安全专业的学生们在这个充满挑战也蕴含着发展机遇的职业中获得 良好的发展而提供帮助。While these efforts becamemore sophisticated and widespreadduring the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the . un til after Word WarII.尽管这些专业手段在20世纪已经发展的较为成熟，也具有一定的广 泛适应性，但在美国，这些都是第二次世

4、界大战以后才取得的突破性 进展。This legislationwas important because it stressed thecon trol of workplace hazards. This, in tur n, defi ned a cleararea of practice for the previously loosely orga ni zed safety professi on. Other legislati on passed duri ng the n ext twenty years has in creased the scope of safety

5、practice into areas of environmental protection, product safety, hazardous materials management and designing safety into vehicles, highways, process pla nts and buildi ngs.这部法律很重要，因为它强调工作场所的危险控制，同时这部法律也为以前不成体系的安全业务划定了工作范围。此后20年中通过的一些立法，将安全业务的范围扩大到了环境保护、产品安全、危险物料 管理以及机动车辆、高速公路、加工厂和房屋的安全设计等方面。As a re

6、sult, the safety profession has respect from otherestablishedprofessionssuch as engineering,medicine andlaw(all of which had traditi on ally bee n invo Ived in hazardcontrol, but had no special training in it).因此安全专业受到了其他发展已经较为成熟的工医药及法律这样的 专业的仰慕，这些专业的人们过去经常涉及危险控制问题，但是很缺乏专业化的训练。Safety professionals a

7、pply principles drawn from such discipli nes as engin eeri ng, educatio n, psychology, physiology, en forceme nt, hygie ne, health, physics, and man ageme nt. Theyuse appropriate methods and tech niq ues of loss preve nti on and loss control.“Safety scienee ” is a twenty -firstcentury termfor everyt

8、h ing that goes into the preve nti on of accide nts,illnesses, fires, explosions and other events which harm people, property and the en vir onment.安全专业人员综合运用工程学、教育学、心理学、生理学、法律法规、 卫生、健康、物理、以及管理学等学科的基本原理，选择适当的方法 和技术进行损失预防和控制。作为21世纪术语，“安全科学”泛指对事故、疾病、火灾、爆炸以及一切危及人们生命、财产和环境的事 件的预防。Ill ness caused by expo

9、s ing people to harmful biological, physical and chemical agents produce great losses each year and accurate estimates of their impact are hard to make.暴露于有害生物、物理的或化学起因物所造成的疾病，其产生的损失则更是惊人，其负面影响已无法精确估算。Ergono mics helps people un dersta nd the performa nee limitsof humansand helps them design tasks,

10、machines, work stations and facilities which improve performa nee and safety.人机工程学有助于人们理解人类自身的局限性，从而致力设计能够有效提高安全性和绩效的作业任务、设备、设施、以及工作站。From the careful design and operation of nuclear power generating stations to the elimination of lead-based paints in homes, the efforts to reduce threats to public s

11、afety go onnon stop.从核电站的精心设计到家居无铅材料，人们致力于降低对公众威胁的 努力从未停止。The application of safety scienee principlesoccurs in manyplaces: in the workplace, in all modes of transportation, in laboratories, schools, and hospitals, at construction sites,on oil drilli ng rigsat sea, in un dergro und min es,in thebusi

12、est cities, in the space program, on farms, and any where else where people may be exposed to hazards.安全科学原理在人们可能暴露危险的工作场所、交通场所、实验室、 学校、医院、建筑工地、海上石油钻井、地下开采、都市、太空探索、 农场等得到了广泛的应用。To be called professionals,they must acquire the essentialkno wledge of safety scie nee through educatio n and experie nees

13、o that others can rely on their judgments and recommendations.之所以称为专业人士，是因为他们必须通过教育和经验掌握基本的安 全科学知识以使其他人可以信赖他们的判断和建议。Regardless of the in dustry, safety professi on als help toachieve safety in the workplace by ide ntify ing and an alyz ing hazards which pote ntiallycreate injury andill nessproblems,

14、develop ing and appl ying hazard eon trols,com muni cat ing safetyand healthin formati on,measuri ng the effective ness ofeontrols,and performingfollow-up evaluations to measurecon ti nuing improveme nt in progress.在各行各业，安全专业人员通过识别和分析可能导致伤害和疾病的危 险、提出并实施危险控制方案、交流安全健康信息、测量控制方案实 施有效性、评估持续改进项目等一系列工作以保障工

15、作场所的安全。Emerge ncy Resp on se: orga nizing, training and coord in at ing skilled employees with regard to auditory and visual com muni cati ons perta ining to emerge ncies such as fires, accide nts or other disasters.应急响应：组织、培训和协调受训员工应对火灾、事故或其他灾害等 突发事件的听觉和视觉交流14. Management Safety budgeting, and trac

16、king activitiesinten ded toPrograms:pla nning, orga nizing,completionand effectivenessofachieve safety objectives in anorganizationor to implement administrative or technical controls that will eliminate or reduce hazards.安全管理方案：规划、组织、预算、跟踪项目的完成情况与有效性， 以实现组织的安全目标或通过管理或技术手段消除或减少危险。15. The satisfactio

17、n of knowing that people have been protected because harmful accidentsand other incidentshave beenpreve nted is just one of the many rewards associated with“ whatsafety professi on als do”.当认识到人们因为已经预防了事故或事件而使他们得到保护时，这种满足是所谓的“安全专业人士”得到的诸多奖励之一。Unit2Safety and health professi on alswho work in in dust

18、rialsettings concentrate primarilyon ensuring complianee with, atthe very least, the minimum safety and health standard promulgated un der the Occupati onal Safety and Health Act of 1970, as en forcedby Occupati onal Safety and HealthAdmi ni stratio n(O SHA).在工业生产中，安全和健康专业人士主要工作集中于在确保生产至少 符合基于1970职业

19、安全与健康法案发布的各项安全与健康标准， 这些标准由职业安全及健康管理局强制执行。Although nu merous areas are addressed and a minimum levelof worker protectionis ensured by implementation of these manystandards, it is important to note that the major driving factor for worker safety is contained notin the Code of FederalRegulations but in

20、 Section 5 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act itself.虽然众多的领域都强调并且通过执行这些标准以确保保护工人最低 的安全水平，但值得注意的是：真正推动工人安全的主要驱动因素在 于职业安全与健康法案的第五部分而不是在于联邦法规条例 中所包含的内容。This factor, better known as the General Duty Clause, Section 5(a) (1), simply states that: Each employer shall furnish toeach of his employees

21、employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees, and shall comply with occupati onal safety and health sta ndards promulgated un der this act.这一因素，即职业安全与健康法案第 5(a) (1)部分一一一般责 任条款，简明地阐述

22、如下：每个雇主必须为其雇员提供安全健康的就 业和工作环境，使他们免于那些导致或可能造成员工死亡或严重身体 伤害的可辨识的危险，并必须遵守基于本法案颁布的职业安全和健康 标准。In fact, the General Duty Clause has been the precursor for many of the regulati ons that have followed si nee 1970 and continues to ensure worker safety in the absenee of a specific sta ndard for a specific occup

23、ati onal situati on.事实上，一般责任条款已经被1970年以来许多法规采纳而成为母法， 它同样在因缺少特定标准的特定职业情况下确保工人的安全。Less clear, but equally important to worker safety, is that the methods and tech niq ues associated with the system safety effort are an excellent means of assuring that the intent of the Gen eral Duty Clause is met at t

24、he earliest possible time in the project or program developme nt process.对于工人安全同样重要，但表达不太清楚的地方在于有关系统安全的 方法和技术是项目早期阶段或研发过程方案中确保符合一般责任条 款的极好的手段。However, as no ted earlier, most sta ndard and regulatio ns reflect minimum requireme nts for safe operati ons and do notplace any additionalresponsibilitieso

25、n employers to be saferthan what is required by these sta ndards.然而，如前所述，大多数标准和法规反映了安全操作的最低要求，他 们并没有提出比这些标准的要求更能确保安全的有关雇主责任的内 容。It is well known within the occupational safety arena that, in order to en sure con ti nued safety in a give n situati on, itis oftennecessary to exceed the minimum require

26、mentsestablished by law.在职业安全领域，众所周知的是：为了确保在给定的条件下持续保持 安全的状况，超过法律规定的最低要求通常是必要的。Eve n though a majority of in dustrial accide nts or in cide nts have historically been attributed to the unsafe acts or theun safe con duct of workers, the importa nee of un safe physical con diti ons and equipme nt can

27、should not be mini mized in any discussion concerning accident risk potential.虽然大多数工业事故或事件在历史上被归因于工人的不安全行为或 不安全地执行，但是不应该在所关于事故潜在风险的讨论中将物的不 安全状态最小化。Injuries and/or property damagecaused by mechanical hazards gen erally have a high pote ntial severity, since they ofte nresult in a permanent total disa

28、bility ., loss of motion or use of a body member, amputations, loss of sight, damagesto hearing） an d/or loss to esse ntial equipme nt or facilities.机械性危险造成的伤害和/或财产损失一般具有较咼的潜在严重性， 因为他们往往会导致永久性的部分或全部失能（例如，丧失运动或身体某部位失能，截肢，失明，听力损害）和/或基础设备或设施的巨大破坏或损坏。Furthermore, many of the so-called un safe acts that

29、cause such injuries or damage may not result in an accident if the potential for risk is properly assessed well in advaneed andsafer physicalconditionsare implemented to controlthehazards associated with the level of ascerta ined risk.此外，如果能够事先对潜在风险进行恰当的评价， 并且控制与该风险 水平相关的危险以提供一个较为安全的物理条件，那么，所谓的导致 伤害

30、的或损害的不安全行动就不会导致事故。Therefore ,accurate evaluation of applicableoccupationaland en viro nmen tal sta ndards and regulatio ns, as well as ananalysis of specific worker tasks, are absolutely essential in determ ining appropriate levels of protecti on.因此，如果能够事先对潜在风险进行恰当的评价， 并且控制与风险水 平相关的危险以提供一个较为安全的物理条件，

31、 那么，所谓的导致伤 害或损害的不安全行动就不会导致事故。Since the goals and objectives of both the in dustrial safetyand system safety disciplines tend to serve each other s best in terests,it would not be prude nt man ageme nt practice toignore the in tegratio n of the system safety program with thein dustrial safety effort.

32、因为行为安全和系统安全两者的目标都旨在为对方提供最大利益，所以忽视系统安全方案和工业安全方面的整合都是不严谨的管理做法。Therefore, in order to fully comprehe nd the relati on ship betwee n system safety and in dustrial safety, one must also un dersta nd how system safety can be successfully utilized in the analysis of the humanfactors element of task perform

33、anee.因此，为了充分理解系统安全和行业安全的关系，还必须了解系统的安全是如何成功的运用于任务绩效中的人因分析If this basic con cept of huma n-system in terface is not properly con sidered in the desig n phase, the n all the safety incen tives and motivati onal programs that money can buy willnot en courage an in dividual to operate poorly desig ned eq

34、uipme nt at a desig nated level of effective ness.如果在设计阶段没有正确的考虑人与系统交互的基本概念，则所有的安全动机以及金钱可以购买的激励方案都不能鼓励个体员工在指定 有效性要求下操作一台设计糟糕的设备。Also, if pers onnel are tra ined to operate in adequately desig ned equipme nt un der no rmal operati ng con diti ons, they will typically revert to very in effective opera

35、ti ons un der emerge ncy or other stress-i nclude con diti ons.此外，如果员工平时在正常操作下操作设计不当的设备，那么在紧急情况或其他应激性条件下，他们所表现的就是进行非常无效的操作。Unit3The hazard analysis will also assist the engineer in further assess ing which hazards are importa nt and which are not and therefore do not n eed further study.危险分析也将有助于工程师

36、进一步评估哪些危险是重要的，哪些危险不重要从而不必要进一步研究。With this information,the associated risks are then rankedand engin eeri ng man ageme nt is better able to determ ine whichrisks are worth controllingand which risks require lessatte nti on.依据这个信息对相关的风险分级，在工程管理上能够更好的确定哪些 风险是值得控制的，哪些风险是可以较少地关注。Some example engin eeri n

37、g con trols in clude: add ing a reliefvalue to a 2000-psi oxyge n system; buildi ng a berm around anoil storage tank; using only hermetically sealed switches inan explosive environment; or putting in hard stops in rotating machi nery to preve nt overtorq uing.工程控制包括这样一个例子：给 2000-psi的氧气系统增加一个安全 阀、在储油

38、槽周围建一个护堤、在爆炸性环境只采用密封开关或在旋 转机械设置强行停止开关以防止扭矩过大。Develop ing and impleme nti ng a pla nt safety pla n isa good method of applyingmanagement controlstohazards.制定和实施工厂安全计划是应用风险管理控制的一种方法。Once con trols are in place , a method n eeds to be used to verify that the con trols actually con trol the hazards or m

39、itigate the risks to an acceptable level.一旦控制到位，需要使用方法验证那些控制真正的控制了危险或将风 险减小到可以接受的水平。After the system has been studied and hazards identified ,the n an alyzed and evaluated with con trolsin place ,man ageme nt must make the formal decisi ons of which risks they are willi ng to take and which ones the

40、y will not take.经过系统研究和危险识别，然后对已采用的控制措施进行了分析和评 价，管理者必须做出正式的决定 ，哪些风险他们能够接受，哪些风 险 他们不可以接受。This meansthat the engineering and management)rganizations periodically review the safety program , engin eeri ng processes , management organizations, and product fielduse.这意味着，工程管理机构定期审查安全方案，工程流程，管理组织和 产品的现场使用情

41、况。The American automobile industry has lost billions of dollars in automobile recalls due to safety problems , some of which possibly could have been avoided by periodic review of product use.美国汽车业由于安全问题在汽车召回中已经花费了数十亿美元，其中一些问题可以通过定期审查产品的使用情况来避免。Unit4Note that all methods are abstractions-they simpli

42、fythe thi n being modeled by abstract ingaway what are assumedto be irrelevant details and focusing on the feature ofthe phe nomenon that are assumed to be the most releva nt需要指出的是所有模型都是抽象的，他们是通过抽调假定不相关的细 节，关注假定最相关现象的特征从而简化了被建的模型That selection process in most cases is arbitrary and depend entirely o

43、n the choice of modeler ,but it is critical in determining the usefulness and accuracy of the model in predicting future events因为选择过程大多数情况下是任意的，完全取决与建模者的抉择，但他在确定该模型预测未来事件的有效性和准确性方面是至关重要的。Because the accide nt model in flue nee what cause(s) isascribed to an accident, the countermeasurestaken topreve

44、nt future accidents,and the evaluationof the risk inoperating a system ,the power and features of the model will greatly affect our ability to ide ntify and con trolhazardsand thus preve nt accide nts因为事故模型影响着导致事故的原因、预防未来事故所采取的措施 以及操作系统中的风险评价，所以，该模型的威力和特点建大大大影 响我们辨识和控制危险，从而阻止事故发生的能力。At the same time

45、 that the developme nt of new tech no logy has sprinted forward ,the time to market for new products has significantlydecreased and strong pressure exist to decrease this time even further.与此同时，随着新技术的迅猛发展，新产品的上市时间已大大缩短， 但强大的压力还要求将这一时间再进一步缩短。Many of the approaches to preve nt accide nts that worked o

46、nelectromecha ni cal comp onent failure such as replicati on of comp onentsto protectaga instin dividualcomp onentfailure are in effective in con troll ing accide nts that arisefrom the use of digital systems and software.许多针对机电源件防止事故发生的方法，如果用备用元件以防止个别 部件失效，在控制由数字系统和软件而引发的事故时是无效的。Overc on fide nee i

47、n redundancy and misun dersta nding of the“ failure ” modes of software impleme nted fun cti onshasplayed an importa nt role in rece nt aerospace accide nts, such as the loss of the Arianne 5 on its first flight.对冗余的过度自信和对软件工具功能失效模式的误解在近年的航空 事故中占据重要作用，例如阿丽那5首发的失败The most com mon accide nt models are

48、 based on an un derly ingassumpti on that accide nts are the result of an uncon trolledandundesired release of energy or interference in the normal flow of en ergy.最常见的事故模型是基于一个基本假设，即事故是能量失控和意外释 放或能量在正常流通渠道受到干涉的结果。Software is an important factor here-it has allowed us toimplementmoreintegrated, mult

49、i-loop controlin systemscontaininglargenu mbers ofdyn amicallyin teract ingcomp onentswhere tight coupling allows disruptionsor dysfunctionalin teract ingin one part of the system to have far-ra ngingripp ing effects.对于含有大量动态交互组件的系统，其组建的机密耦合度使得系统中 某部分的瓦解或作用功能紊乱波及到系统范围而产生影响，软件在这里是一个重要因素，他是我们能够对系统实施更加

50、综合、多回路的控制。Our new scie ntific and tech no logical discoveries have notonly created new or in creased hazards (such as radiatio n exposure and chemical polluti on) but have provided the means to harm increasing numbers of people as the scale of our systems in creasesand to impact futuregen erati onst

51、hroughen vir onmen tal polluti on and gen etic damage.我们新的科学技术发现，不仅新增了危险(如暴露在辐射和化学污染 中)，而且提供了随着系统规模的增大而使更多人受到伤害、因环境 污染或基因毁坏而对未来后代有所影响的机会。In dividualsno Ion ger have the ability to con trol the risksaround them and are dema nding that gover nment assume greater resp on sibilityfor con trolli ngbehavi

52、or through laws andvarious forms of oversight and regulati on.个人不在有控制他们周围风险的能力，他们要求政府通过法律和各种 形式的监督、规章来承担更多控制行为的责任。The alter native is in dividuals and groups turni ng to thecourts for protecti on, which could have much worse pote ntial effects, such as unnecessary stiflinginnovation through fearof l

53、aw suits.个人和群体转向法院获取保护是个替代的办法，但这可能会带来更加 严重的潜在影响，女口因害怕向法院提出诉讼而形成的不必要的、令人窒息的变革。Unit5such a case ， it is beneficial if the person responsible forthe organizing the safety activities knows how to utilize exter nal services provided ,for example, by example ,by the in sura nee compa nies or safety author

54、ities.鉴于这种情况，如果负责组织安全活动得的人员知道如何利用保险公 司活安全机构等外部服务机构是有益的。By monitoring the activities and performanee, top managementean follow how the predetermined criteria have been realized, and set the new goals.通过检测安全活动和绩效，高层管理跟踪既定的标准时如何得以实现 的并设定新的目标 For motivating the supervisor to continuously work for better

55、 safety results, the line manager should build an incen tive system.为了激励班组长能维持在工作中保持良好的安全绩效，生产线管理者应该建立激励制度Leadership is a characteristic that is usually seem as esse ntial in a supervisors work领导力是班组长在工作中常见的必须品质The three major factors that in flue nce any desig n processare time con stra ints,tech n

56、i calfeasibilitycon siderati ons ,and finan cial and con sideratio ns制约设计流程的只要因素在于时间的限制、技术可行性的考虑以及财政经济因素的考虑 An alternateconcurrentengineering approach lets thedesig ner con duct safety and reliability an alyses as parallel activities, and they can accompa ny the desig n throughout thedesig n progres

57、si on.有一种可选择的同步方法就是让设计者同时执行安全和可靠分析，这中并行的方法应该贯穿整个设计过程。The idea of participatory design is based on earlier, mainlyJapanese, productiondevelopment methods like productioncells ,teamwork ,just-in-time ,Kanab ,and quality-circles鼓励参与设计的想法基于日本早期的产品研发理念，如在生产单元， 团队协作、及时化生产、看板管理以及品质圈活动等。 In Fin la nd, the O

58、SH pers onnel workin cludestheidentificationand evaluationof work-related healthhazard using methods like observations ,interviews,andin dustrial hygie ne measureme nts在芬兰，职业健康安全工作人员的工作包括利用观察、访谈以及工业卫生测定的方法辨识和评价与工作相关的健康危险源。Unit 6Surveillanee of the rates and risks of occupational injuresare largely d

59、ependent on case records derived from workers compe nsati on and in sura nee claims and n ati onal OHSn cide nt report collectio ns.对职业伤害率及其风险的监督很大程度上依靠工人赔偿和保险索赔的案例记录以及所收集的国家职业健康安 全事故报告。The fittingof defectivecomponents,unauthorizedmodificationsof structures, and other readily identifiablestructural

60、/desig n faults have bee n found to sig ni fica ntlycon tribute to recorded cases of injuries involving scaffolds. 有缺陷部件的装配、擅自改动结构、忽视围栏或安全结构的安装 以及其他可识别的结构或设计缺陷已经被视为有关脚手架的可记 录伤害案例的重要致因。In response,a prototypedecisionaid,incorporatingprescribed scaffold regulati ons and safety man ageme nt best practi