#第1章船舶结构和驾驶台设备

1、Chapter 1 the Ship s 第 1 章 船舶结构和Structure and Bridge 驾驶台设备EquipmentsShip s StructureThe foremost part is called the bow and the rearmost part is called stern. When standing in a ship and facing the bow， the left-hand side is called port side and the right-hand side is called the starboard side.All p

2、ermanent housing above the main deck is known as superstructure. At the fore end is the forecastle. At the after end is the poop.The main part of a ship is the hull. This is the area between the main decks， the sides and the bottom. It is made up of frames covered with plating. The hull is divided u

3、p into a number of watertight compartments by decks and bulkheads. Bulkheads are vertical steel walls going across the ship and along. Decks divide the hull horizontally. Those dividing up cargo spaces are known as tween-decks. The hull contains the engine room， cargo space and a number of tanks. In

4、 dry cargo ships the cargo space is divided into holds， in liquid cargo ships it is divided into tanks. At the fore end of the hull are the fore-peak tanks and at the after end the after peak tanks. They are used for fresh water and water ballast. The space between the holds and the bottom of the hu

5、ll contains double bottom tanks. These are used for ballast water and fuel.The main deck covers the cargo spaces or holds. There are openings cut in the deck ， and these openings are the hatches， one to each船舶结构船舶最前部分称为船首，最后部分称为 船尾。面向船首站在船上，左手一侧称为左 舷，右手一侧称为右舷。主甲板以上的所有永久性结构称为上层 建筑。在前端是艏楼。在后部是艉楼。船舶的主要

6、部分是船体。这是主甲板、 翼板和船底围成的区域。 它是由覆盖有船壳板 的肋骨构成的。 船体由甲板和舱壁分成许多水 密分舱。 舱壁是纵横竖直钢质围壁。 甲板水平 分隔船体。划分货物空间的甲板称为二层甲 板。船体包括机舱、货物舱位和一些液体舱。 在干货船上， 货物舱位被分成货舱， 在液货船 上货物舱位被分成液货舱。 在船体的首端是艏 尖舱， 尾端是艉尖舱。 它们是用于装淡水和压 载水的。 船体的货舱和船体之间的空间是双层 底。它们是用于装压载水和燃料的。（be made up of 由构成 ） （watertight compartment 水密分舱 ） （the fore-peak tank 艏

7、尖舱 ） （the after peak tank 艉尖舱 ） （double bottom tank 双层底舱 ）主甲板覆盖货舱。甲板上有一些开口， 这些开口是舱口，一个货舱一个舱口。船舶 使用起重机或吊杆将货物吊入舱内或卸出。hold. Ships use either cranes or derricks to lift the cargo into the hold and discharge it. A derrick is simply a strong boom ， made of steel or wood ，that can swing from side to side.

8、A wire from a powerful winch runs over a block at the head of the derrick. It qusi te a simple arrangement. A crane is usually a much more complicated and expensive piece of lifting machinery. But a lot of ships are fitted with cranes.The forecastle on a ship is a small extra deck above the main dec

9、k ， forward of number one hold ，right up in the bows. It carries the anchors and their cables. The windlass is for raising and lowering the anchors. There are the port and starboard cable stoppers on the forecastle. The cable comes up from the cable locker through the spurling pipe ， over the gypsy

10、on the windlass ， through the stopper and down through the hawse-pipe. Right forward of the forecastle is the jackstaff.The forecastle head is where the chief officer is stationed when the vessel is coming to a berth or a mooring. The second officer is on the poop， ready to look after the stern moor

11、ing lines or hawsers. In this way ， the two ends of the ship can be secured as precisely and quickly as possible. There is an ensign staff right aft of the poop.There are two open wings of the bridge. They project out to the full width of the ship on each side，port and starboard. In between is the w

12、heelhouse ； that ens closed for protection from the weather. And above the wheelhouse is the standard compass platform ， one good magnetic compass is put there as far as possible from the ship msa gnetic field. And that thes compass they call the “ standard”.The standard 吊杆是由钢铁或木材制作的简单坚固的起重 杆，并能从一舷旋

13、转到另一舷。连接强力绞 车的钢丝缆经过一个滑轮连接在吊杆头上。 吊杆是一种简单的装置。起重机通常是更复 杂和昂贵的起重机械。但是，许多船舶装备 起重机。（hatch 舱口 ）（hold 货舱 ）（boom 吊杆，悬臂 ） 船舶上的首楼是高出主甲板的一块小的 额外甲板，位于 1 号舱前部，在船首的正上 方。艏楼上载有锚和锚链。起锚机用于起锚 和抛锚。艏楼上有左右制链器。锚链从锚链 舱出来经过锚链管，绕过锚机滚筒，通过制 链器再向下到锚链筒。艏楼最前端是船首旗 杆。（cable stopper 制链器 ）（cable locker 锚链舱 ）（spurling pipe 锚链管 ）（gypsy 锚

14、机滚筒 ）（hawse-pipe 锚链筒 ） 当船舶靠泊或系泊时， 艏楼是大副值班的 位置。 二副是在艉楼值班， 做好照料船尾系缆 或艉缆。这样，船舶的两头的安全就能得到尽 可能快和准确的保证。 艉楼的最后端有船尾旗 杆。（ensign staff 船尾旗杆 ） 驾驶台有敞开的两翼。该两翼向两侧， 即向左右舷突出船体整个宽度。两翼中间是 操舵室；操舵室是封闭的以防止天气的影响。 操舵室正上方是标准罗经平台。在这里放置 一部性能好的磁罗经，并且尽可能远离船舶 磁场。这部罗经被称为标准罗经。标准罗经 被认为具有比主操舵罗经小得多的自差。但 实际上，我们是一直使用陀螺罗经的。沿着甲板有几对系缆桩和带

15、滚轮的导缆 器供系缆和拖缆通过。滚轮导缆器能够减少 摩擦损坏；船东很高兴普遍采用滚轮导缆器compass is supposed to have quite a lot less deviation error than the main steering compass. But actually we use a gyrocompass nearly all the time.There are several pairs of mooring bitts and fairlead fitted with rollers along the deck for wires and warps

16、. The roller fairleads can cut down chafe and friction ，so the owners are glad to reduce wear and tear ， by using roller fairleads all over the place.A traditional general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure amidships. She may have three holds forward of the bridge and two holds

17、 aft of the bridge. Derricks are supported by masts and samson posts. They are sowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are enough lifeboats ，on the port and starboard side amidships.A ship is made fast to the quayside by mooring lines. The standard mooring lines consist of headline， forwar

18、d breast line and forward spring line and stern line， aft breast line and aft spring line. Any of these lines may be doubled. Each line has a large eye spliced in the end. The eye is placed over a bollard on the quayside. If there is another line already on the bollard ， the eye of the second line s

19、hould be taken up through the eye of the first line before placing it over the bollard. This makes it possible for either line to be let go first.Bridge EquipmentAs soon as possible after joining a ship and before taking over the first watch， a watch officer must become familiar with all bridge and

20、associated chart room equipment， its use， operation，capacity，and limitations. Instructions and manuals issued with the equipment must be 来减少磨损。（mooring bitt 系缆桩 ）（fairlead 导缆器 ）（roller fairlead 滚轮导缆器 ）（wear and tear 磨损 ）（all over the place 到处，各处，满地 ） 传统的杂货船的机舱和驾驶台上层建筑 在船中。驾驶台前有三个货舱，驾驶台后有 两个货舱。吊杆是由大桅

21、和将军柱支撑的。 船舶在海上航行时，吊杆是沿艏艉方向停放 的。在左右舷和船中有足够的救生艇。船舶是靠系缆靠泊在码头上的。通常系 缆是由艏缆、前横缆、前倒缆和艉缆、后横 缆和后倒缆组成的。任何一根缆可以是双缆 的。每一根缆的末端插接一个大的眼环。眼 环是套在码头系缆桩上的。如果系缆桩上已 经有一根缆了，第二根缆的眼环应当从第一 根缆的眼环中穿过再套在系缆桩上。这样可 以使任何一根缆先解掉。（bollard 缆桩 ）（consist of 由组成 ）（be let go 解掉 ）驾驶台设备值班驾驶员一到船在接第一班前，必须 熟悉所有驾驶台和相关的海图室设备及其用 法、操作、性能和局限性。必须学习设

22、备的 使用说明书和操作手册并严格遵守。驾驶台 设备的型号因厂家不同而不同，故操作程序 差别很大。（take over 接班 ） 驾驶台设备包括：雷达，磁罗经，陀螺 罗经，无线电测向仪，回声测深仪， GPS 和 差分 GPS 接收机，舵机和自动操舵仪， GMDSS ， VHF 等。1雷达雷达 （无线电测向和测距 ）是通过发射微 波无线电能波束再测定反射回波的方法确定studied and closely followed. Since models of bridge equipment vary with the manufacture， there are a variety of diff

23、erent operational procedures.The bridge equipment includes ： radar ； magnetic compass； gyro compass； the radio direction finder ； echo sounder； GPS and DGPS ；steering gear and the automatic pilot； GMDSS equipments ；VHF etc.RadarRadar (Radio Direction And Ranging) is a method to determine distance an

24、d direction of objects by sending out a beam of microwave radio energy and detecting the returned reflections. The OOW must keep in mind that radar is more accurate as a ranging device than as a bearing device. Radar is a tremendous advantage both as a navigation aid and as an anticollision device.

25、It can be used in all conditions of visibility ， but is particularly useful in poor visibility and at night. Fixes can be obtained rapidly and anticollision solutions can provide tremendous peace of mind to the OOW. Radar can also be used to locate and track squall lines and other heavy weather. In

26、avoiding collisions the importance of visual bearings cannot be overstressed. Visual bearings and radar ranges provide the best early assessment of the possibility of a threat to a vessel. One radar must be on for early detection. A second radar should be on at a close range scale. Range scales must

27、 be appropriate for the circumstances. When a pilot is embarked it is important for the OOW to ensure that one radar is available for the pilot and the other is available for the master/OOW. The OOW must be aware of the possibility of shadow sectors due to the ships superstructure. 物标的方向和距离的方法。值班驾驶员

28、必须 记住雷达测距离比测方位更准确。雷达作为 导航设备和避碰装置都有很大的优点。它可 以在任何能见度情况下使用，尤其适合能见 度不良和夜间使用。值班驾驶员利用雷达可 以很快获得船位，避碰解算可以使驾驶员心 情平静。雷达也可以用来定位和跟踪航线和 恶劣天气。 避碰时， 不能过分依赖目测方位。 目测方位和雷达距离能够提供最好的威胁船 舶的危险的早期判断。一部雷达必须设置在 早期警告 （远距离挡 ），第二部雷达应当设置 在近距离挡。距离标尺必须适合当时环境。 当引航员在船时，对值班驾驶员重要的一点 是保证一部雷达供引航员使用另一部雷达供 船长和驾驶员使用。值班驾驶员必须知道由 于船舶上层建筑造成阴影

29、扇形的可能性。改 变航向可以显露出雷达探测的这个扇形区。（keep in mind 谨记 ）（peace of mind 心情平静 ）（shadow sector 阴影扇形 ）（squall line 飑线 （一条狭窄地带， 雷阵雨 区没有锋线 ）（appropriate for 适于，合乎 ）（be aware of 知道 ） （unveil 显露出 ） 无论雷达性能如何好，作为助航仪器的 价值完全取决于操纵雷达的人。为了正确理 解和解释雷达影像，值班驾驶员必须熟悉雷 达性能和局限性。为了取得信心和在能见度 不良时正确使用雷达的程序，只要可能就要 在晴天进行雷达实践。（no matter h

30、ow 不管如何 ）（OOW （ officer on watch ） 值班驾驶员 ） 从雷达获取的信息必须使用，以便能提 早采取措施防止出现的碰撞危险。在任何情 况下，雷达的使用不能解除航海者根据航路 规则按照海员方式操纵船舶的责任。雷达变得更自动化，对值班驾驶员更重A change of course can unveil these areas for radar detection.No matter how good a radar is ， its value as an aid will be entirely dependent upon the person who opera

31、te it. The OOW must be fully conversant with the radars capabilities and limitations in order to understand and interpret the radar picture correctly. It is important to carry out radar practice in clear weather whenever possible in order to obtain the confidence and routine that is necessary for pr

32、oper use of radar in restricted visibility.Information obtained from the radar must be used so that early steps can be taken to prevent any risk of collision from arising. The use of radar does not under any circumstance relieve the navigator of the obligation to maneuver in a seamanlike manner acco

33、rding to the provisions of Rules.As radar become more automated， it will be even more important for watch officers to keep abreast by continuing education and experience in professional practice.GPS and DGPSA global navigation satellite system is a satellite system that provides ships fitted with su

34、itable receivers with a means of obtaining continuous worldwide position ，time and speed information. The Global Positioning System (GPS) or Navstar operated by the United States and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) operated by the Russian Federation are currently available for civil

35、ian use on ships. GPS offers commercial users a global positioning capability with accuracy of the order of 100 metres. Differential GPS (DGPS) receivers apply corrections to raw GPS signals determined and transmitted by 要的是在专业实践中不断地培训和实践。2 GPS 和差分 GPS 导航星全球定位系统是向配备有适合接 收机的船舶提供连续性全球性位置、时间和 速度信息的卫星系统

36、。 由美国操纵的 GPS 或 Navstar 和由俄罗斯操纵的 GLONASS 目前 正在被民用船舶使用。 GPS 向商业用户 提 供 全 球 定 位 精 度 为 100 米。差分 GPS 接 收机对接收的 GPS 信号施加改正， 然后由陆 上监测台发射。差分信号可以经卫星或高频 无线电线路发送给船舶。 在差分 GPS 覆盖区 内，在接收机天线处定位精度可达 10 米。 3回声测深仪 该仪器发射水下声脉冲并测量由一个传 声器接收的回波的时间。以英尺、米或拓为 单位的水深可以根据公式得出 (水深 = 声速 1/2(发出声波到收到回波时间 )，然后显示 在一个显示器上。显示器包括旋转闪烁灯、 电表

37、、数字读数计或剖面测量仪。无论哪种 显示器，值班驾驶员应当明确使用的测量单 位和量程。每当船舶航行在水深是有用的水 域和安全航行需要水深时应当使用该仪器。(elapsed time 共用时 (间 ) 对有报警深度记录仪的船舶，当航行在 浅水区时和水深对增加船舶安全航行是有帮 助的所有其他情况时， 应当使用回声测深仪。回声测深仪在商船上没有使用到其最大 性能。当驶入港口或接近等深线明显的陆岸， 如 100 拓等深线， 回声测深仪是非常有用的， 它能给值班驾驶员提供一条很好的位置线。 该位置线可以和天文位置线、目测方位线和 雷达距离一起使用获得一个很好的定位。此 外，一条测深线可以用来判定船舶位置

38、。(line of position (LOP) 位置线 ) 测深时应注意：海图上的水深没有经过 盐度、密度或温度的改正。此外，底质可能 指示和海图水深不同的水深。当比较测深仪 水深和海图水深时，应当改正潮高和船舶吃terrestrial monitoring stations. Differential signals can be transmitted to ships via satellites or using HF radio links. Within DGPS coverage，positional accuracy of the order of 10 metres at

39、the receiver antenna is possible.Echo Sounder (Fathometer)This instrument produces an underwater sound pulse and measures the elapsed time until return of an echo which is received by a microphone. The depth，in feet， meters，or fathoms ， is interpreted according to an equation( depth = speed 1/2 time

40、 interval between sound pulse and echo) and then displayed on an indicator. Displays include rotary flashing light ， electrical meter，digital readout ， or bottom profile. Whatever the display ，it is essential that the OOW be certain what unit of measure and range is being used. This instrument shoul

41、d be used whenever the ship navigate in waters where the depths make it serviceable and where the safe navigation of the ship requires it.Where the ship carries a depth recorder with an alarm ，the echo sounder should be used when navigating in narrow waters and in all other circumstances where the d

42、epth of water makes it a useful aid that may increase the safe navigation of the ship.The echo sounder is not used to its maximum capability aboard the bridges of most merchant vessels. It can be very useful in an approach to port or when making a landfall where there are distinct depth contours，suc

43、h as the 100-fathom curve ， that can give an OOW an excellent line of position (LOP). This LOP can be utilized with a celestial LOP， visual bearing ， and/or radar range to provide an excellent fix. In addition ，a line of soundings 水。一个类似的装置是使用高频声波的声呐 系统。声呐系统，声波信号可以向船首或船 舶两侧发射。从物标，如水下礁石，反射回 来的回波的时间是船

44、舶到物标距离的度量。 声呐系统也可以被用于测量船舶相对海底的 速度。4. 无线电测向仪 (RDF) 无线电测向系统是工作在中频段 (MF) 的 较高频谱部分和高频段的较低频谱部分。岸 上全方向发射机和船舶上带有方向敏感天线 的接收机可以使得无线电方位直接标绘在海 图上。由于无线电波是沿大圆传播的，如果 距离小于 50 海里，可以不必进行无线电方位 修正。 如果必须进行改正后才能在墨卡托海 图上标绘，可以用公式或改正量曲线求得改 正量。手动无线电测向接收机是用手转动控制 按钮直至接收到要测频率信号的最弱信号 (哑点 )位置。采用定边天线解决可能的 180 不确定性误差。(the minimum

45、signal (null) 最弱信号 (哑 点)位置)( “sense” antenna 定边天线 ) 自动测向接收机是用电子或机械方式改 正 180不确定性误差的。值班驾驶员必须 保证调谐到要接收台的正确频率。 5甚高频无线电话甚高频无线电话工作在甚高频 (30 300 MHz) 频段。两个最常用的频率是国际遇 险通信 16 频道(156.8 MHz) 和船舶对船舶或 驾驶台对驾驶台通信 13频道(156.65 MHz) 。 它们基本是视线频率，受地球曲率和接收机 天线高度限制。值班驾驶员必须熟悉 VHF 程序并习惯 简短而清楚的无线电通话。 VHF 是一个非常 好的避碰装置。当船舶互相驶近

46、时，它能使 值班驾驶员心情平静。船长应当鼓励值班驾may be used as a aid in determining a vessel s position.A precaution in taking soundings： these depths on charts are uncorrected for any variation in salinity ，density，or temperature. In addition ，the quality of the bottom may indicate a different depth than on the chart. Wh

47、en comparing soundings from the chart with the fathometer ，allowance for the height of the tide and the draft of the ship.A similar device is the sonar system ， which uses high frequency sound signals. In sonar the sound signal can be sent ahead or sideways. The time for the echo to be sent back fro

48、m an 驶员，甚至普通船员在和引航员联系和安排 引航员登船时使用 VHF 。在和他船进行语言通信时，在船舶识别 和接收到的信文的理解方面可能出现不确定 情况。在夜间，能见度不良或附近有两艘以 上的船舶时，正确识别这两艘船是必要的， 但是，这一点很少能保证做到。即使做到了 正确识别，通信双方可能由于语言困难，无 论他们使用的语言如何流畅仍然存在误解。 不准确或含糊的表达的信文能产生严重的后 果。6罗经磁罗经：磁罗经是安装在驾驶台上方的 船舶中线上并有一个潜望镜，以便从操舵位object ， such as an underwater rock ， is a 置可以读取罗经读数。磁罗经自差应当在

49、每 measure of the object s distance from the shi次p. 改变航向和在一个稳定航向上航行时确The sonar system can also be used to measure the speed of the ship over the seabed.Radio Direction Finding (RDF)Radio direction finding (RDF) systems operate in the upper part of medium frequency(MF) band and the lower part of the h

50、igh-frequency (HF) band. Shoreside non-directional transmitters and shipboard receivers with direction-sensitive antennas allow radio bearings to be plotted directly on a chart. Since radio waves travel great circles， a correction to the bearing is not necessary if the range is less than 50 miles. A

51、 correction ，if necessary on a Mercator chart ， can be found in formula or graphs.Manual RDF receivers are rotated by hand until the minimum signal (null) of a desired frequency is obtained. A “sense” antenna is used to resolve the ambiguity of a possible 180 error.Automatic receivers correct for th

52、is 180 ambiguity as these direction finders rotate a loop either electronically or mechanically. The 定，至少每个航行班测定一次。测定的结果 应当记入航海日志和自差簿中。应当保存罗 经自差卡并置于驾驶台上。陀螺罗经：建议陀螺罗经应当连续运转。 如果由于某种原因停用，应当在使用前重新 启动并随后进行检查以保证罗经运转稳定和 读数准确。需要对罗经进行速度和纬度改正。 陀螺罗经能支持许多分罗经，包括位于应急 舵处的分罗经。驾驶台上的分罗经应当至少 每个班次和多次操纵后和主陀螺罗经比对一 次。其他分罗经

53、应当经常校对。如果可能， 每个班次应当使用天体方位或叠标方位对磁 罗经和陀螺罗经误差进行检验并记录。 7舵机和自动舵值班驾驶员应当保证遵守国际海上人命 安全公约关于舵机的操纵和测试的要求。船 舶舵机的控制应当包括手动和自动操舵装 置。如果装有自动舵，要求有一个操舵方式 选择开关用于自动和手动操舵转换和一个手 动超驰控制开关用于允许驾驶员进行瞬间手 动操舵。(override control 超驰控制装置，用于抵OOW must ensure the station is matched with the correct frequency.VHFVHF operate in very high

54、 frequency (VHF) band(30 300 MHz). The two most used frequencies can be found on channel 16(156.8 MHz) ， international distress， and on channel 13(156.65 MHz) ， ship-to-shipo r bridge-to-bridge. They are basically line-of-sight frequencies that are limited by the curvature of the earth and the heigh

55、ts of the respective antennae.Officers of the watch must be familiar with VHF procedures and get used to talking on the radio with brevity and clarity. It is a tremendous anticollision device which can give peace of mind to the officers of the watch on vessels that are approaching each other. Master

56、s should encourage OOWs，and even cadet，sto use VHF in contacting pilot services and arranging for pilot embarkation.In communicating by voice with other vessels uncertainties can arise over the identification of vessels and the interpretation of messages received. At night ， in restricted visibility

57、 ， or when there are more than two vessels in the vicinity the need for positive identification of the two vessels is essential but this can rarely be guaranteed. Even where positive identification has been achieved there is still the possibility of a misunderstanding between the parties concerned d

58、ue to language difficulties-however fluent they are in the language being used. An imprecise ， or ambiguously expressed， message can have serious consequences.CompassesMagnetic compasses：The magnetic compass is generally fitted above the bridge on the 消自动控制的装置或系统 ） 只要周围水域的情况和天气条件允许， 就应当使用自动舵。值班驾驶员应当

59、牢记必 须始终遵守 SOLAS 公约的规定。值班驾驶 员必须监督操舵方式从手动操舵转换到自动 操舵或从自动操舵转换到手动操舵。值班驾 驶员在接通自动操舵前，应当进行气象和舵 角的设置调整。一旦设置为自动操舵，必须 密切监督操舵性能，看看上述设置是否达到 希望的效果，必要时，再进行微调。在这段 时间，舵工必须站在舵旁并且帮助监督。当 从自动操舵转换为手动操舵时，值班驾驶员 必须考虑舵工是否就位和及时转换为手动操 舵，以便以安全的方式处理潜在的情况。（in good time 及早地；准时地 ） （bear in mind 记住 ） （prior to 在前，居先 ） 在每个班次的开始 30 分钟

60、；拥挤水域； 能见度不良；距驶近的他船、助航设施、障 碍物等 5 海里以内和其他需要谨慎的环境 时，应当使用手动操舵。舵令必须响亮、清楚，使舵工确切知道 要求他做什么。舵工必须按同样的方式复诵 舵令。操舵必须始终监督以保证舵令被舵工 正确复诵和执行，所操纵的航向是正确的。 监督操舵在引航水域尤为必要，保证保持航 向和舵令被正确执行是值班驾驶员的责任。当采用自动舵操舵时，要操的航向需要 手动设置在自动操舵仪上，并且自动操舵仪 将按该航向操舵直到新航向输入为止。 8航向记录器 航向记录器应当显示世界时，当船舶在海上 时，应当于中午将船位、风向和气象情况记 入记录纸上。9（主机 ）每分钟转数指示器