职场英语系列教材-建筑英语-张莉

1、职场英语系列教材建 筑 英 语主编 张 莉CONTENTSUnit 1 Text Careers in Civil EngineeringTitbits 土木工程行业考证和晋职称Unit 2 Text Building CodesTitbits HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E5%BB%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 注册建造师Unit 3 Text HousingTitbits失重和超重Unit 4 Text Piers a

2、nd AbutmentsTitbits体积和面积Unit 5 Text The Development of the American ConstructionsTitbits美国五角大楼 Unit 6 Text The Summer PalaceTitbits北京故宫Unit 7 Text Modern Architecture in BeijingTitbits奥林匹克公园Unit 8 Text Better City, Better lifeTitbits2010年上海世界博览会UNIT ONE Focal Points Sentence StructuresSth. is simila

3、r to sth. else.translate . into . Part Vocabulary and StructureText Career in Civil Engineering As we know, engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education. Many countries also require engineering graduates to pass an examination, similar to the

4、 bar examinations for a lawyer or a doctor, before they can start on their careers In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are considered very important throughout the engineering curriculum, particularly in the first two or three yearsMathematics, of course, is very important in civi

5、l engineering. So it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important part of statistical mathematics is probability. which deals with what may happen when there are diffe

6、rent factors that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is begun, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to control. In the design of the bridge. Factors such as water pressure on the foundations, the effects o

7、f different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered. In an engineering program. The problem of designing a structure to withstand the forces of gravity, wind, and earthquakes is usually addressed through another series of courses. Beginning with algebra and trigonometry(usually covere

8、d in high school)and physics, most schools require at least one course in calculus and descriptive geometry before the introduction of engineering statics(a development of the study of vector forces, from elementary physics). There may be an additional course on structural materials, particularly in

9、 engineering-oriented programs. The actual structure courses may be done in various sequences by reference to the type of structural element(beam, column, etc. ), or the structural material itself(timber, steel, reinforced concrete, prestrssed concrete). Each material has different characteristics a

10、nd requires separate considerations, but the ultimate objective in the engineering sense is to determine the most efficient(economical)system that can be coordinated with the design solution. Obviously, the design affects the structural system and vice versa. Today most final structural calculations

11、 are done by specialists. A mastery is not essential for the architect, but an understanding is. Again, the emphasis in this area will vary widely from program to program. Because a great deal of calculation is involved in solving these problems, computer programming is now included in almost all en

12、gineering curricula. Computers, of course, can solve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and accuracy than a human being can. But computers are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information-in other words, a good program. In spite of the importance

13、 of technical subjects in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take courses in the social sciences and the language arts. We have already discussed the relationship between engineering and society. It is, therefore, sufficient to say again that the work done by an en

14、gineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should understand. An engineer also needs a good command of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and persuasive. An engineer doing research work will need to be able to write up his or her findings for public

15、ations. The last two years of an engineering program include subjects within the students field of specialization. For the student who is preparing to become a civil engineer, the specialized courses may deal with such subjects as soil mechanics, or hydraulics. In todays society, people who have tec

16、hnical training are, of course, in demand. Young engineers may choose to go into environmental engineering, for example. They may choose construction firms that specialize in highway work. They may prefer to work with one of the government agencies that deal with water resources. Indeed, choices are

17、 many and varied. When the young engineer has finally started real practice, the theoretical knowledge acquired in the university must be applied. He or she will probably work with a team of engineers at the beginning. Thus, on-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her abilit

18、y to translate theory into practice. The civil engineer may work in research，design，construction supervision, maintenance, or even in management. Each of these areas involves different duties and different uses of the engineers knowledge and experience. Words and Expressions New Wordscareer /kErIE/

19、n 生涯，经历；职业engineering /endVI5nIErIN/ n 工程，工程学；工程师行业profession /prEfeFEn/n 专业，职业graduate /grAdjueIt/n 大学毕业生lawyer /5lC:jE/ n 律师curriculum /kErIkjulEm/ n 课程 ( curricula /kErIkjulE/ pl.)particularly /pEtIkjulE/ ad. 尤其，特别stress /stres/ v. 应力，强调statistics /stEtIstIks/ n. 统计，统计学classify /kla:sIfaIv 分类nume

20、rical /nju:mErIkEl/ adj. 数字的datum /deItEm/n. 数据，资料 （data /deItE/ pl.）statistical /stEtIstIkEl/ adj 统计的design /dI5zaIn/ v. 设计program /5prEugrAm/ n. 程序，计划algebra /AldVbrE/ n. 代数trigonometry /trIgEnCmItrI/ n 三角calculus /kAlkjulEs/ n 微积分geometry /dVICmEtrI/ n. 几何statics /5stAtIks/ n. 静力学vector /5vekt:/

21、n 向量timber /tImbE/ n 木材；木料concrete /5kCnkri:t/ n 混凝土prestress /pri:5stres/ v 给预加应力 n. 预应力coordinate /kEJ5C:dIneIt/ v 使配合，使合作 /kEJ5C:dnEt/ n. 坐标emphasis /5emfEsIs/ v. 强调，重点accuracy /5AkjurEsI/ n 准确性，准确度unless /5Qnles/ conj. 除非accurate /AkjurEt/ n 准确的current /5kQrEnt/ adj. 目前的，现行的trend /trend/ n 倾向，趋势

22、social /5sEJFEl/ adj. 社会的sufficient /sEfIFEnt/ adj. 充分的persuasive /pEsweIsIv/ adj. 有说服力的finding /5faIndIN/ adj. 研究结果，发现publication /pQblI5keIFEn/ n 刊物，出版specialization /speFElaI5zeIFEn/ n. 专业化，技术规范hydraulics /haI5drC:lIks/ n. 水力学environmental /InvaIErEnmentEl/ adj. 环境的firm /f:m/ n 公司prefer /prIf:/ v

23、 更喜欢agency /eIdVEnsI/ n 部门，机构acquire /E5kwaIE/ v. 获得demonstrate /5demEnstreIt/ v. 论证，演示supervision /sjJpE5vIVEn/ n 监督；管理maintenance /meIn5tenEns/ v. 养护，维修Useful Expressionssimilar to 与相似的start on 开始，从事descriptive geometry 画法几何（学）engineering-oriented programs 偏重工程技术的（教学）计划in various sequences 以各种各样的顺

24、序by reference to 参考separate considerations 分别考虑；分别研究vice versa 反之也是这样human being 人write up 写成go into 深入研究，参加specialize in 专门从事translateinto 转变为，翻译为Notes to Text 1. Many countries also require engineering graduates to pass an examination, similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer or a doctor, befo

25、re they can start on their careers similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer or a doctor 分词短语作定语，相当于定语从句which is similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer or a doctor similar to, 与相似的 e.g. His stance towards the story is quitesimilartoours. HYPERLINK /javascript:; o 机器发音 他对该报道的态度和我们很相像。2. Obvi

26、ously, the design affects the structural system and vice versa. vice versa，反之亦然 e.g. We gossip about them andviceversa.( = they gossip about us ). HYPERLINK /javascript:; o 机器发音 我们谈论他们,他们也谈论我们. In spite of the importance of technical subjects in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to requ

27、ire students to take courses in the social sciences and the language arts. in spite of, 虽然，尽管 e.g. Inspiteofher hostility, she was attracted to him. HYPERLINK /javascript:; o 机器发音 尽管自己心存敌意，她还是为他所吸引。 Thus, on-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theor

28、y into practice. o. 1). 转变为e.g. We must make efforts totranslateour idealintoreality. HYPERLINK /javascript:; o 机器发音 我们必须努力把理想变为现实. 2). 翻译 e.g. Can you translate this article into English? 你能把这篇文章翻译成为英语吗？ Part Titbits职场英语趣味小知识关于土木工程行业考证和晋职称： 关于考证：注册结构师、 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E9%80%A0%E4

29、%BB%B7%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 注册造价师、 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E7%9B%91%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 注册监理工程师、 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E6%88%BF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%A7%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0%E5%B8%

30、88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 房地产评估师、 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 注册建筑师、 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E5%BB%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zk

31、g6 t /question/_blank 注册建造师、 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E5%B2%A9%E5%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 注册岩土工程师等。对于那些需要过基础课的考试，要先过基础课，如注册结构师、 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E5%B2%A9%E5%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textli

32、nk&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 注册岩土工程师等，工作若干后才可考专业课。有的不需要基础课，但专业工龄要求较长，如： HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E9%80%A0%E4%BB%B7%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 注册造价师、 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E7%9B%91%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88&h

33、l_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 注册监理工程师，其中 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E7%9B%91%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 注册监理工程师必须具有 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6

34、v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 工程师职称并且在取得职称后工作后三年，是要求条件最高的。其它的只对学历有要求，对职称没有具体的要求。考证是大势所趋，也是社会 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 公平竞争的一种方式，对那些愿意学习的人是非常有帮助的。 关于晋职称：大专毕业后三年评 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E5%8A%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5

35、%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 助理工程师，证上 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E5%8A%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 助理工程师后四年评 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /ques

36、tion/_blank 工程师，即大专毕业后七年可晋工程师。大专毕业原则上不允许评 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%A7%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 高级工程师。本科毕业后一年后自动转为 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E5%8A%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_b

37、lank 助理工程师，评为助理工程师后四年评工程师。即本科毕业五年后评工程师。在获工程师职称五年后可有资格评 HYPERLINK /s?wd=%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%A7%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88&hl_tag=textlink&tn=SE_hldp01350_v6v6zkg6 t /question/_blank 高级工程师。硕士毕业后2-3年评工程师，博士毕业后1年评工程师。ExercisesTask 1 Answer the following questions according to the passage.1. What is engineer

38、ing?2. In the university, what subjects are considered very important throughout the engineering curriculum, particularly in the first two or three years?3. What does mathematics include today?4. What is usually addressed through another series of courses?5. What has different characteristics and re

39、quires separate considerations?6. Why is computer programming now included in almost all engineering curricula7. Who needs a good command of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and persuasive?8. When must the theoretical knowledge acquired in the university be applied?9. Where may

40、the civil engineer work?10. What does each of these areas involve?Task 2 Translate the following into Chinese.1. they can more easily cope with difficulties in future life, Im giving my children a good education. A) That B) So that C) In order that D) For the purpose of2. As the center of learning s

41、hifted from Greece to Rome, . A) the study of biology was so B) the study of biology did so C) SO it was the study of biology D) so did the study of biology3. They knew they were expected to come to school every day, , it was raining or snowing. A)whether B)When C) no matter when D)although 4. An em

42、ployment survey reveals today that demand for high-level executives this year. A) have increased B) is increased C) has increased D) was increased5. We our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A) just have had B) just had C) have just had D) had just had6. The English class meets than the Fre

43、nch class. A) as frequently B) little frequently . C) a little frequently D) less frequently7. Nowadays I usually stay in bed until late. But when I had a job, I early.A) could get up B) used to get up C) was used to get up D) used to getting up 8. She have been listening to our conversation. It was

44、 private. A) neednt B) may not C) mustnt D) shouldnt9. He gave up his job for his family and for himself. A) both B) all C) much D) little Do you think he spilled the soup purpose so that he wouldnt have to eat it? A) for B) to C) in D) on 参考资料课文翻译 土木工程专业 正如我们所知，工程学是一种需要专门知识的职业，它意味着一名工程师必须具备大学的专门化教育

45、。许多国家还要求工科毕业生在开始其职业生涯之前通过一项类似于律师或医生资格考试的测试。 在大学里，数学、物理学和化学在整个工科课程中都被认为是十分重要的：尤其是前两三年。数学当然对土木工程是很重要的，所以它特别受重视。目前，数学还包括统计学课程，它涉及数据和各种信息的收集、分类和使用。统计数学的一个重要部分是概率，它论述能够改变问题结果的各种因素存在时可能会发生什么情况。例如，在建造一座桥梁之前，先要对这座桥预计将承受的交通量作出统计研究。在桥梁设计中，必须考虑诸如基础上的水压、不同风力的影口向及许多其他因素。 在工科教学中，一般都通过另外一组课程来讲授结构设计中的抗重力、风力和地震力的问题。

46、多数学校从代数、三角（通常在中学开设）和物理开始，要求在开设工程静力学（在初等物理学的基础上深入研究向量力）之前，至少要开设一门微积分和画法几何课。有些教学计划里，尤其是那些偏重工程技术的教学计划里，可以增设一门结构材料课。结构课可以按照各种各样的顺序来组织，比如参照构件的类型（梁、柱等）或建筑材料奉身（木材、钢材、钢筋混凝土和预力混凝土）来划分。每一种材料都有不同的特性，需要分别进行研究。但就工程而言，最终目的是要确定符合设计要求的最佳（最经济）方案。显然，设计决定结构体系，反之亦然。目前，最后的结构计算通常是由专家承担。结构计算并非建筑师必须掌握的东西，但他必须理解。同样，对这方面知识的强

47、调程度也因教学计划的不同而有很大差异。 由于在解决这些问题时包含大量的计算，现在几乎所有的工科课程都包括计算机程序编制。计算机当然能比人更快更准确地解出许多计算题。但是，除非给它们清晰准确的指令及数据，换句话说，给它们一个编好的程序，否则它们就毫无用处。 尽管在工科课程中专业课很重要，但目前的趋势却要求学生也学习社会科学和语言艺术方面的课程。我们已经讨论过工程和社会的相互关系。因此，只需再说一遍就够了，即一个工程师应该懂得，他或她所做的工作以各种不同的重要方式影响着社会。一个工程师还必须很好地掌握语言，以便能写出清晰的、有说服力的报告。从事研究工作的工程师还应能将其研究结果撰写成文以供发表。

48、工科教学计划的后两年包括学生专业领域的课程。准备当土木工程师的学生，其专业课可能涉及土壤力学或水力学这样的课程。 在今天的社会里，受过技术训练的人才当然是很需要的。譬如说，青年工程师可以选择环境工程。他们也可以选择专门从事公路工程的建筑公司。他们可能愿意在开发水力资源的政府部门工作。确实，选择是多方面的，而且种类繁多。 青年工程师终于开始实际工作时，必须把大学里学到的知识付诸应用。开始时，他或她或许会和一组工程师一起工作。这样，便可获得工作岗位上的训练，这将显示出他或她把理论付诸实践的能力。 土木工程师可能从事研究、设计、施工监督、养护、甚至管理。其中每一个领域都包含不同的职责和工程师知识及经

49、验的不同应用。UNIT TWO Focal Points Sentence StructuresIt details that.As a result, .Part Vocabulary and StructureText Building Code There are laws that govern where building are placed and to make sure that they are made strong and safe. Laws allow some types of building to build only in center areas. Thi

50、s is done so that noise, pollution, and traffic on streets will not ruin the areas where people have their homes. There laws are called building codes. A building code is a set of detailed regulations to ensure that all the buildings meet certain minimum standards of health and safety. Building code

51、s have been carried out to protect citizens from any harm likely to come to them because of unhealthy and unsafe conditions. Building codes tell how far apart buildings must be and the tapes of materials that must be used in construction. Such codes are generally passed to perfect people. For exampl

52、e, if a house were to catch fire, other houses should be placed far enough away, to which the fire will not spread. By moving the house back from the street some distance and keeping it apart from other house, fire is kept from spreading and fire equipment can get to the house is on fire. Building c

53、odes also help detail what types of construction materials may be used in a building. Such controls on building materials help keep building from falling down under heavy loads. Building codes protect owner dishonest builders. They help those buying the buildings to know they meet certain standards

54、codes also help them finance a home. The plan for all new constructions must be approved by officials of buildings department before the construction begins .These some officials should have the right of entering property at all time. They must be able to inspect all the equipments, materials, and w

55、orkmanship do not meet the standards of the building code, the officials have the right to cease the construction until the necessary changes are made. Occasionally, the owner of a house might want to make a basic alternation in electrical, heating or plumbing systems. He may also want to do some ba

56、sic changes in the structure. In this case, the officials of the building department must approve the alterations beforehand. After the alterations have been finished, the officials must once again check the materials and workmanship. Originally, building codes were of the specifications type. They

57、required that all the constructions be completed with specified materials in a specified way. The builder or the constructor has very little choice in the materials or the methods of construction. There is a curious example of how this specification-type building code has influenced building style i

58、n New York city. The requirement was that the rooftop water-storage tanks be constructed of wood stave. As a result, anyone who has ever looked down from a skyscraper has been surprised by the sight of innumerable wooden water tanks with conical roofs standing on the top of all steel and concrete. S

59、pecification-type building codes were probably a necessity at that time. Builders tried to get by using the cheapest materials they could buy. They also assembled in the most careless manner. But time changed, and new materials were developed. Since World War , There has been significant change towa

60、rd building codes of the performance-type. In this type of code, the performance standards of materials or structure are outlined. The builder is free to select materials or building techniques that will meet these standards. For instance, a specification-type code for a house sewer will simply spec