2022自考英美文学选读00604

1、自考英美文学选读1（00604）汉语言文学专业应用必背单元 TOC o 1-3 h z u HYPERLINK l _Toc Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period PAGEREF _Toc h 2 HYPERLINK l _Toc Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period PAGEREF _Toc h 6 HYPERLINK l _Toc Chapter3 The Romantic Period PAGEREF _Toc h 9 HYPERLINK l _Toc Chapter 4 The Victorian Period PAGEREF

2、_Toc h 14 HYPERLINK l _Toc Chapter 5 The Modern Period PAGEREF _Toc h 18Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period文艺复兴旳重要作家及其作品Edmund Spenser: The Faerie QueeneChristopher Marlowe: Dr Faustus TamburlaineWilliam Shakespeare: Henry IV; The Merchant of Venice; Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth; Romeo and Julie

3、t.John Donne: The Songs and Sonnets; The Sun Rising; Death, Be Not ProudJohn Milton: Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained; Samson Agonisttes文艺复兴The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Eu

4、rope, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the anti

5、que authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present l

6、ife, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.玄学诗The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Do

7、nne. With a rebellious spirit the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn fr

8、om the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poets beloved, with God, or with himself.莎士比亚旳诗歌旳主题、意向Shakespeare, as a humanist of the time, is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money.

9、In his plays, he does not hesitate to describe the cruelty and anti-natural character of the civil wars, but he did not go all the way against the feudal rule. Shakespeare is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and m

10、oney.Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.Shakespeares views on literature:Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that litera

11、ture should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality. Shakespeare also states that literary works which have truly reflected nature and reality can reach immortality.The characteristics of Shakespeares characters:Shakespeares major characters are neither

12、merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types. Each character has his or her own personalities; meanwhile, they may share features with others.The characteristics of Shakespeares plot:Shakespeares plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. Shakes

13、peare seldom invents his own plots; instead, he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.The characteristics of Shakespeares language:It is necessary to study the subtlest of his instruments the language. Shakespeare can write skillfully in different po

14、etic form, like the sonnet, the blank verse, and the rhymed couplet. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.3. 莎士比亚旳四大悲剧：Shakespeares greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello,

15、King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole action. Each hero has his weakness of nature. With the concentr

16、ation on the tragic hero, we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense. Hamlet the melancholic scholar; Othellos inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old King Lear who is

17、 unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeths lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.4. 邓恩诗歌旳主题、意向. Love is the basic theme. Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body. The perfection of human lovers will not be made with souls alone. Th

18、is thought is quite contrary to the medieval love idea which merely put stress on spiritual love. Donnes interest lies in dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love.5.戏剧威尼斯商人旳主题和重要人物旳性格分析In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the ro

19、mantic elements are brought into full play. The most important play among the comedies is The Merchant of Venice. The sophistication derives in part from the play between high, outgoing romance and dark forces of negativity and hate. The traditional theme of this play is to praise the friendship bet

20、ween Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.Compared with the idealism of other plays, The Merchant of Venice takes a step forward in its realistic presentation of human nature and human conf

21、lict. Though there is a ridiculous touch on the part of the characters restrained by their limitations, Shakespeares youthful Renaissance spirit of jollity can be fully seen in contrast to the medieval emphasis on future life in the next world.哈姆雷特旳性格分析Hamlet has none of the single-minded blood lust

22、 of the earlier revenger. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so questioning, and so contemplative that action, when it finally comes, seems almost like defeat, diminishing rather than adding to the stature of the here. Trapped in a night

23、mare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his fathers death, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the na

24、ture of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger.The hero Hamlet in Shakespeares play Hamlet is noted for his hesitation to take his revenge, his melancholy nature of action only to deny possibilities to do an

25、ything. He came to know that his father was murdered by his uncle who became king. He hated him so deeply that he wanted to kill him. But he loved his widowed mother who later married his uncle, and he was afraid to hurt his mother. And also, when everything was ready for him to kill his uncle, he f

26、orgave him for his uncle was praying to God for his crime. Thus he lost the good chance. Hamlet represented humanism of his time.诗歌失乐园旳构造、人物性格、语言特点旳分析Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost, intending to expose the ways of Satan and to “justify the ways of G

27、od to men.” At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Miltons fundamental concern with freedom and choice; the freedom to submit to Gods prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love.Eve, seduced by Satans rhetoric and her own confused am

28、bition-as well as the mere prompting of hunger- falls into sin through innocent credulity. Adam falls by consciously choosing human love rather than obeying God. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. But mans fall is the sequel to another and more stupendous tragedy, the fall of the

29、angels. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Miltons creed. His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Biblical revelation means that an all-knowing God was just in allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and, of their free will, to choose sin and its inevitable punishment.

30、And, thereby, it opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period新古典时期旳作家及其作品John Bunyan ：Alexander Pope： Daniel Defoe：Jonathan Swift： Henry Fielding： Samuel Johnson：Richard Brinsley Sheridan：Thomas Gray

31、：启蒙运动The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the

32、 light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. They seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an ef

33、fort to delight, instruct and correct human beings. Thus a polite, elegant, witty, and intellectual art developed.新古典主义In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to neoclass

34、ical period, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers(Homer etc) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be

35、 judged in terms of its service to humanity.英雄双行诗Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible; Poetry should be lyrical(抒情旳), epical（叙事诗旳, 英雄旳, 有重大历史意义旳）,didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles; Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets(iambi

36、c pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.英国现实主义故事The modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance

37、of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. Thusthe most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and stre

38、ngth of the English middle class.天国历程中“名利场”旳寓意The Pilgrims Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide(v.遵守，坚持) by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of socia

39、l evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor(n寓意，隐喻)life as a journeyis simple and familiar.蒲伯旳文学(诗歌)批评观点及其诗歌特色An Essay on Criticism, the poem, as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism, exert great influen

40、ce upon Popes contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoclassicist tradition in England. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence and therefore makes easy reading. Pope satirized all sorts of false learning and pedant

41、ry in literature, philosophy, science and other branches of knowledge.鲁滨逊漂流记旳特点The all-powerful influence of material circumstances or social environment upon the thoughts and actions of the hero or the heroine is highlighted. The struggle of the poor unfortunate for mere existence, mixed with their

42、 desire for great wealth, comes into conflict with the social environment which prevents them from obtaining the goal under normal circumstances and thus forces them into criminal actions or bold adventures.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class and showed

43、his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environme

44、nt. He is the very prototype(n雏形，范例，原型)of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinsons life on the island, Defoe glorifies(v赞美，美化) human labor and the Puritan(n清教徒) fortitude(n刚/坚毅，不屈不挠), which save Robinson from despair and are a source of pride and happiness格列佛游记旳社会挖苦As a whol

45、e, the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life-socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.The e

46、xaggerated smallness in Part1 works just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. the similarities between human beings and the Lilliputians and the contrast between the Brobdingnagians and human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3, though seemingly a

47、 bit random, furthers the criticism of the western civilization and deals with different malpractices and false illusions about science philosophy, history and even immortality. The last part, where comparison is made through both similarities and differences, leads the reader to fundamental questio

48、n: What on earth is a human being、菲尔丁“散文体史诗Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a comic epic in prose. He adopted the thirdperson narration, in which the author becomes the allknowing God. He thinks the thought of all his characters, so he is able to

49、present not only their external behaviours but also the internal workings of their minds. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.格雷诗歌旳主题与意象It is more or less(或多

50、或少) connected with the melancholy event of death of Richard West, Grays intimate friend. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the common folk with the great ones, wondering what the commo

51、ns could have achieved if they had had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc(n/v破坏，混乱) on them.His poems, as a whole, are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present

52、. His poems are characterized by an exquisite sense of form. His style is sophisticated and allusive. His poems are often marked with the trait (n特性，特点)of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.Chapter3 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期旳作家及其作品William Blake: Songs of Experience Songs of Innoc

53、enceMarriage of Heaven and HellWilliam Wordsworth: The Prelude Composed upon Westminster BridgeLyrical Ballads I Wondered Lonely as a CloudThe Solitary ReaperSamuel Taylor Coleridge: Kubla Khan The Rime of the Ancient MarinerGeorge Gordon Byron: Don Juan Childe Harolds PilgrimageSong for the Ludites

54、Percy Bysshe Shelley: To a Skylark Men of England Ode to the West WindJohn Keats: Ode to a Nightingale Ode on a Grecian UrnJane Austen: Pride and Prejudice浪漫主义Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the hum

55、an spirit. In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings and particular a

56、ttitudes, and valuing its accuracy in portraying the individuals experiences.浪漫主义时期文学特点旳分析In poetry writing, the romanticists employed new theories and innovated new techniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.The romantici

57、sts not only extol the faculty off imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration.They regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主义（所选作品）旳主题、意象分析A. To Wordsworth, nature acts as a substitute for

58、 imaginative and intellectual engagement with the development of embodied human beings in their diverse circumstances. Its nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace.Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common peopl

59、e are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.B. Byron puts into Don Juan his rich knowledge of the world and the wisdom gained from experience. It presents brilliant pictures of life in its various stages of love, joy, suffering, hatred and fear. The unifying principle in Don Jua

60、n is the basic ironic theme of appearance and reality, ie. what things seem to be and what they actually are. Byrons satire on the English society in the later part of the poem can be compared with Popes; and his satire is much less personal than that of Popes, for Byron is here attacking not a pers