美国文学复习整理

1、美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements ） &理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period ）（文艺复兴时期）.清教主义的 shaping influence代表人物Anne Bradstreet安妮布莱德斯特“he Tenth Muse早期殖民又学第一位移民诗人卜2. Philip Freneau菲利普佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文。写印第安人故事。美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作野金银花The Wild Honey Suckle3. Thomas Jefferson托马斯杰弗逊起草了独立宣

2、言 The Declaration of Independence 1776Thomas Paine托马斯佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：常识Common Sense理性时代The Age of ReasonJonathan Edward疥纳森埃彳惠沃兹大觉醒运动白代表人物 the Great AwakeningBenjamin Franklin本杰明富兰克林代表作：自传The Autobiography穷理查德历书Poor Richards Almanac 美国梦的代表二. 浪漫主义时期的文学（American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）背景：

3、1时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2条件：O国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical）出现受英国文学的影响浪漫主义的基本特征Stressing emotion rather than reasonStressing freedom and individualityIdealism rather than materialismWriting about nature, medieval legends;（中世2己传说） and with supernatural elements. 美国浪漫主义文学的特征Imitative , Independ

4、ent, newness, to moralize and to edify （教化）文学常用主题：Home, family, nature, children , idealize love,major problems of American life代表人物Washington Irving （华盛顿欧文）短篇小说的代表，美国文学之父（因为是第一位被欧洲接受的美国作家）写作特点： O Amuse and entertainHe is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphereHumorAvoid preach代表作：见闻札记The Sk

5、etch Book 地位：the first modern short stories瑞普凡温克尔 Rip Van Winkle睡谷传说The Legend of Sleepy Hollow见闻札记标志着美国浪漫主义文学的开始美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家 the first great prose stylistJames Fenimore Copper Coope詹姆斯芬尼莫库珀代表作：皮袜子故事集Leatherstocking Tales杀鹿者The Deerslayer最后的莫希干人The Last of the Mohicans探路者The Pathfinder开拓者The Pion

6、eers草原The Prairie主人公Natty Bumppo是一个追求自由的人物，诚实，朴素，慷慨。浪漫主义文学巅峰（summit）新英格兰超验主义（ New England Transcendentalism主要特征： O Place emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul （超灵）Stressing the importance of the individualNature is symbol of spiritNature论自然 was written by Emerson, which is regarded as the bible of new

7、 England transcendentalism.日密杂志出版 Dial代表人物：Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖，爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、 思想独立和自强，他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想代表作：论自然Nature宣言书；论美国学者The American ScholarHenry David Thoreau亨利戴维梭罗（爱默生的徒弟）代表作：瓦尔登湖Walden论公民之不服从Civil Disobedience当时未被认可，影响了托尔斯泰，马丁路德金等人。Hawthorne 霍桑代表作：红字Th

8、e Scarlet Letter赏析：The Scarlet Letter主题： Darkness in human natureAt first, it is a token of shame, adultery“ but the genuine sympathy and help Hester offers to her fellow villagers change it to able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying angel”.There is reason to agree wit

9、h article observation the A may represent Adamic. Astood for adultery on her breast finally became the symbol of angel（A）.写作特,点： O American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism.清教思想融入美国浪漫主义Structurally compact in a tiny frame and contains deep meaning.结构紧凑，蕴含深意He used supernatural

10、超自 然手法Hester s 形象分析： She was a real individual and dare to challenge the gender concept in people s mind with her own action. a strong-willed, impetuous （冲动的，鲁莽的）， passionatecompassionates （富于同情心的）， maternal （母亲般的），intelligent, capableHerman Melville赫尔曼麦尔维尔代表作：大白鲸Moby Dick象征对大自然和真理的探究。浪漫主义文学诗歌(the 1

11、9th century American Poetry)代表人物Walt Whiteman沃尔特惠特曼写作手法：free verse自由体诗主题内容：democracy, individual代表作：草叶集Leaves of Grass哦，船长！我的船长O Captain! My Captain!赏析：Ones Self I Sing我歌唱自我The poem mainly expresses that people should be filled with enthusiasm, impulsion and power. Besides, people should be optimist

12、ic. Under the divine laws, people should enjoy the rights freely.Emily Dickinson艾米丽狄金森代表彳乍：最美妙的胜利感觉Success is Counted Sweetest主题：爱情&死亡很少涉及政治&战争等男性题材赏析：The theme is that only those who never been successful would think that success is so important. The loser is the one who craves success as the winne

13、r fades into a neutral state of emotion她的诗歌富有激情，诗歌都很短，很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上， 成功对于失败者来说是 最甜蜜的，就像人们在受尽煎熬时喝到的花蜜，只有战败之人(defeated, dying)可以体会。比喻得当。Purple host:胜利之师 armyHe：垂死战败者Allan Poe爱伦坡写作特点：twisted , Gothic Style地位：Father of modern short storyFather of detective storyFather of psychoanalytic criticism代表作

14、：诗：安娜贝尔李Annabel Lee小说：瓦舍古屋的倒塌The Fall of the House of Usher一桶酒的故事The Cask of Amontillade乌鸦 The Raven椭圆形画像The oval Portrait三.现实主义文学(The Literature Of Realism)背景：1发现问题，想要解决；报业发展自然主义是现实主义的分支，环境在其中起了很重要的作用，自然主义是在科学，心理学，人类行为 以及社会思潮理论影响下派生的现实主义，尽管经常揭露残酷的现实，但是旨在通过社会改革来完善社会制度。德莱塞的嘉莉妹妹是代表。代表人物：上流社会：亨利詹姆斯(Hen

15、ry James代表作：早期：贵妇的画像The Portrait of a Lady鸽翼The Wings of the Dove中产阶级：威廉迪恩豪威尔斯(Howells)现实主义作家代表作：塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹 The Rise of Silas Lapham穷人阶层：马克吐温(Mark Twain)地方特色主义(乡土文学)(local colorism) 19世纪晚期在美国南方作家中流行的写作风格，它使用 大量方言，俚语。马克吐温是代表人物。描绘密西西比河沿岸的风土人情，废奴思想，尊重人性。2代表作：跳蛙Jumping Frog艰苦岁月Roughing It镀金时代“The Gilded

16、Age汤姆索亚历险t己 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer密西西比河上的生活“Life on the Mississippi哈克贝里费恩历险记 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 赏析： Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 两种因素主导：人的性格特征 &环境(heredity&environment) Theme： Racism and slavery, in Huckleberry Finn, Twain, by exposing the hypocrisy of slavery demonstrates how ra

17、cism distorts the oppressors as much as it does those who are.Intellectual and moral education, By focusing on Hucfe education.He is especially free from societys rule, able to make his own decisions without restriction. By the novels end, Huck has learned to read the world around him.The hypocrisy

18、of civilized society, again and again, Huck encounters individuals who seem goodSally Phelps, for examplebut who Twain takes care to showare prejudiced slave-owners.美国自然主义：西奥多德莱塞(Theodore Dreisei) 书写小人物的命运代表作：嘉莉妹妹Sister Carrie 赏析：Sister Carrie被环境左右，被迫选择It depicted social transgressions by characters

19、 who felt no remorse and largely escaped punishment, and it used “strong lajngudagenaeisi of living persons.Carrie was influenced by environment factors and her own desires, which gave her four typically characteristics: unsatiable desires, violation of traditional morality, changing from dependence

20、 to independence, and disillusionment of her American Dream.斯蒂芬克莱恩(Stephen Crane代表作：红色英勇勋章The Red Badge of Courage四.现代主义时期(Modern Period )20世纪20年代的美国文学背景：一战发生，打击民众的乐观态度，但在20年代，高度繁荣。这个崭新而多变的时代同样需要创新而丰富的文学表达，文艺界的思想家们逐渐意识到旧的形式已不足以表达新 的现实生活。意象派（Imagism） ： 1 特点：O direct precise free verse2代表人物：庞德（pound）在

21、庞德眼里，到处一片喧嚣，凄凉，无序和野蛮，写作以简洁和扼要为特点，深受李白影响意象并置（juxtaposition of images ）代表作：在地铁站In a Station of the Metro（意象派的经典之作，诗歌的客体是出现在潮湿、阴暗环境下的面庞，黝黑树枝上的花瓣是独立的起主导作用的意象，对“人群中的脸庞”生动形象的 比喻）威廉卡洛斯威廉斯（W川iam Carlos Williams） 自由体诗歌之父写作特点：清晰的意象，押韵。给事物带来全新的含义。诗人不应该泛泛而 谈，应该详细、具体的写作。平凡之中见伟大 代表作：红色手推车The Red Wheelbarrow赏析 The

22、 Red Wheelbarrow平淡景象写出意想不到的效果。色彩鲜明，动静结合。本诗体现了诗人敏锐 的洞察力，节奏感，艺术构思和冷静分析的现实态度。It write about nature and New England landscape, he use symbolism to show deep meaning, he was likely to choose traditional forms but modern themes This an imagery poetry, which forms a picture with ordinary things and provide

23、s a new perspective for observing ordinary things. The whole poem is vivid and dynamic.艾略特（.Eliot）代表作：荒原The Waste Land（是现代文学中的主要经典作品之一，讲述的主题就是第一次世界大 战给人们的启示，荒原意味着西方文明的衰落，现代人在精神上和文 化上的颓废，采用讽刺性对比）华莱士 史蒂文斯（Wallace StevensAn American Modernist poet who won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his Collected

24、 Poems in 1955 代表作：风琴Harmonium;罗伯特弗罗斯特（Robert Frost） 代表作冰与火Fire and Ice雪夜林边驻脚Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 未选择的路The Road Not Taken 迷惘的一代（Lost Generation）定义：特指一群从一战结束到大萧条开始前那段时间一直在巴黎的一群美国文学知识分子。海明威（Hemingway）推动报告文学的发展，强调 moment of truth understated style He was generally regarded as spokesman

25、for the Lost Generation.代表作永别了，武器A Farewell to Arms太阳照常升起The Sun Also Rises丧钟为谁而呜For Whom the Bell Tolls老人与海The Old Man and the Sea Iceberg Theory冰山理论爵士乐时代（Jazz Age定义：20世纪20/30年代一、二战之间的时代，主要指北美地区，强调颓废和享乐主义的倾向，以及 个人主义的膨胀。司格特菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald*生平：中产家庭，参军前完成人间天堂This Side of Paradise女昏后第一本时髦女和哲学家

26、Flappers and Philosophers;,第二本美丽的和可诅咒的，菲茨杰拉彳惠一直被人们误解的是他对富人的态度。代表作：了不起的盖茨比The Great Gatsby 赏析：The Great Gatsby菲茨杰拉德的文章行文流畅，感情细腻，并且在措辞修辞方面很有创意。他的散文 朴实优美，总体上和细节上把握的恰到好处。内容丰富多彩。表现了美国人对爱情、 豪华生活和各种欲望无止境的追求。（他的伟大之处在于通过个人经历，找到了一个民族精神的体现。）盖茨比的生活模式非常清晰，起初是满怀梦想，渐渐开始失望，最后演变成失败和 绝望。他的了不起，在于他对理想的执着。绿光指的是梦想，也象征美国梦

27、；象征 daisy纯洁，天真，善良的形象；象征盖茨 比破碎的梦想，以及失去意义的美国梦。绿色象征青春和生命，黛西就是心中向往的光明。His prose is smooth, sensitive, and completely original in tis diction and metaphors. He portrayed the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American dream of love, splendor, and fuelled desires.Gatsbys life fo

28、llows a clear pattern, at first, a dream, then disappointment, finally a sense of failure and despair.,20世纪30年代的美国文学经济大萧条时期约翰斯坦贝克（John Steinbeck代表作：人鼠之间Of Mice and Men愤怒的葡萄The Grapes of Wrath明确的表达对剥削者和不幸者的同情，写实一一经济大萧条，对人性的信念南方文艺复兴概念：试图寻找自我价值，审视过去和现在。南方作家涌出，扎根于南方的生活环境 主题：反思南方的过去；怀旧代表人物威廉福克纳（W川iam Fau

29、lkner）不断创新写作手法，第一人称，善用意识流。虚构了杰弗逊镇和约克纳帕塔法县（Yoknapatawpha（D代表作：喧嚣与骚动The Sound and the Fury表达了作者对过去幸福美好生活的追忆，一个家族的兴衰成败。去吧，摩西Go Down, Moses押沙龙，押沙龙！Absalom, Absalom!人性的丧失所带来的不可避免的灭亡在我弥留之际As I Lay Dying五.美国戏剧背景：在欧洲自然主义，象征主义，批判主义戏剧的刺激以及美国诗歌、小说的强势发展势头下，美 国戏剧开始发展。代表人物：尤金奥尼尔（Eugene ONeill）写作特点：1个人家庭情感影响2技巧不断创

30、新代表作：第一时期：独幕剧 one-act东航卡迪夫Bound East for Cardiff第二时期：榆树下的欲望Desire Under the Elms第三时期：自传体进入黑夜的漫长旅途Long Day s Journey into Night赏析： Desire Under the Elms宗教隐喻，扭曲的爱情，人类的本性。榆树象征清教思想笼罩所有人In order to demonstrate universal significance, this play uses the biblical metaphor and the material of ancient Greek

31、tragedies and mythology to reflect a universal value.Through an uncontrolled desire , it calls for a modern rationality, morality, and order. It shows he humans inner needs for lifes truth and the desire for good feelings. Reflects O critic of his society and reflects his sense of tragedy on life.Th

32、e old farmer s third wife Abby in order to get a farm , she committed to adultery with his second son .Aben thought that possessing Abbyouls mtoWdhiwmother torest .The starting point of all tragedies stems from the farms inheritance rights. Using the eucalyptus as a topic symbolizes under the lush foliage of the banyan tree, as if all ugly desires and evils are concealed, and of course, the pure humanity is concealed. 田纳西,威廉斯(Tennessee Williams 写作特点：1南方佳丽主题