大学英语语法

1、Lecture 2 Subjunctive mood WritingGrammar情态动词和虚拟语气连接词的用法非谓语动词倒装和省略条件状语从句: if, even if / though, as if / though宾语从句: would rather, wish, advise, suggest, order, etc.同位语从句: advice, suggestion, request, order, demand, etc.主语从句 (It isthat)定语从句 : It is (high) time)If only与现在事实相反的假设，从句中的谓语动词用过去式，主句的谓语动词用w

2、ould/should/could/might + 动词原形。与过去事实相反的假设，从句中的谓语动词用had +过去分词，主句的谓语动词用would/should/could/might + have +过去分词。与将来事实相反的假设，从句中的谓语动词用过去式，主句的谓语动词用would/should/could/might + 动词原形，或者从句中用were to/should + 动词原形。If you should come tomorrow, we the meeting. A. would have B. would have had C. had D. will haveIf I

3、you, I would put off that party. A. am B. was C. were D. isThings might have been much worse if the mother on her right to keep the baby. A) has been insisting B) had insisted C) would insist D) insistedThe victim (本来会有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time.would have survived / could have

4、been alive at the price list, hed have known what would happen in the end.A. Had Mr. Robinson lookedB. For Mr. Robinson lookedC. Have Mr. Robinson lookedD. Before Mr. Robinson lookedShould you ask successful students around you, you would discover more tips.Advise, suggest, propose; advice, suggesti

5、on, proposalRequest, require, demand, order, command; request, requirement, demand, order, commandPersist, insist; persistence, insistenceIt is necessary / natural / strange / essential / surprising that we (should) do sth.If you know that danger is likely, I suggest that (你避开它除非你确信自己能够对付).You (shou

6、ld) avoid it unless you know that you can handle it.The doctor ordered that she (呆在床上休息几天).(should) stay in bed for a few days.Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee 1 to investigate the incident.A) were set up B) was set upC) be set up D) set upI would rather you to m

7、y party tomorrow. A. could come B. came D. will come C. come I would rather you with us now. A. stay B. could stay C. stayed D. will stayI would rather you there before. A. had not gone B. could go C. went D. should goHe talked about Florida as if he there before. A. have been B. was D. had been C.

8、wereIt feels as though it made of cotton. A. was B. is D. were C. be It is (high) time we left (should leave).If only I knew the answer!If only I hadnt lost it!If only the rain would/should/could stop!If only I were young again!Few things are impossible in themselves; and it is often for want of wil

9、l, rather than means, that man fail to succeed. 拉.罗什富科 Franois VI, duc de La Rochefoucauld（1613.9.151680.3.17）Composition(一)存在问题1.不会写即不知如何下手，不知如何提笔进行写作。原因:一是考生的确无话可说；二是心里虽然有话，但是拿捏不准该写哪句为妙。于是思前想后、犹豫不决，始终不敢提笔进行写作。2.写不好拿过作文题，没有明确的写作思路，不按套路出牌；简单汉语逻辑思维写作，不符合英语写作标准，进而没有文采。原因：一、平时没有养成良好的写作习惯；二、对于英语写作的句式特点以

10、及整体文章结构框架不了解。写作思路一、熟悉英语写作的几个重要概念。英语文章段落结构特点:一般有三部分构成:主题句+扩展句+结尾句(1)主题句：主题句，就是英语文章段落的中心思想句。它是英语文章段落的灵魂，在英语文章段落中居于主导地位。我们都知道英语文章一般喜欢开门见山，所以主题句一般位于英语文章段落的句首。其他句子都要围绕它而展开。(2)扩展句：扩展句就是为主题句起解释说明或论证的句子。通常我们写扩展句所采用的方法是举例子(for example, for instance, such as, a case in point is that-)、列数据(according to the rec

11、ent study/survey,-)等。(3)结尾句：结尾句就是总结句。英语写作也类似于汉语写作，最后再把自己本段落的写作目的陈述一下。但是在英语写作中结尾句毕竟还是少数。因此我们通常看到英语的文章段落结构 60%-70%都是由主题句+扩展句构成。Topic 1Directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic studying abroad. you should write at least 120 words following the outline giv

12、en below:1、目前很多中国学生出国留学，2、出国留学的好处，3、我的看法。Studying abroadNowadays, going abroad for studies is enjoying a striking popularity among adolescents. Importance should be attached to studying abroad.There are a great many advantages of studying overseas. First and foremost, living and studying abroad offe

13、rs students a different perspective of the world. On a university campus, international students are likely to encounter their counterparts from various countries and areas, and are exposed to diverse ideas and values. What is more, overseas experience is the best opportunity for the real-life use o

14、f foreign languages. There is no better opportunity to improve second-language skills than living in the country in which it is spoken.Generally speaking, it is my view that although going abroad is expensive and perhaps painful, the payoff is worthwhile. In the first place, in addition to knowledge

15、, overseas students can gain precious experiences that those who stay at home will never have. Furthermore, overseas experience, frustrating and painful as it may be, is conducive to the growth of adolescents. Topic 2Directions: for this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the

16、topic jobs for graduates. you should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:1、大学生难找工作，2、原因很多，3、解决的办法。Jobs for graduatesJob hunting has always been a headache for college students. Though many graduates are employed right after graduation, some are not. Most serious o

17、f all, some still have no idea where to go working even a long time after graduation.The reasons for this phenomenon are various. On the one hand, a few years ago colleges and universities enrolled so many students in popular majors, such as economy, finance and so on that the number of graduates wa

18、s greater than the need in the market. On the other hand, most graduates would rather stay in large cities without suitable job to do than go to the country.I reckon this problem can be solved if both colleges and students take measures. First， they should research the market and develop special ski

19、lls to suit its need. Second， students attitude towards employment should be changed. They should go to small cities and country. There they can also give full play to their professional knowledge. In a word， if we pay much attention， the situation can be improved.进一步的阐述、解释In addition.此外，再者What is a

20、lso worth noticing is that.值得一提的是_。There is another factor that deserves some words here.还有另外一个很重要的原因。A more essential factor why. Is that_的更为重要的原因是_。A further reason why, is that. _的更深层次的原因是_。Moving on to wider themes,_展开来说，_。Finally, moreover, last but not least, furthermore. The second thing that

21、 must be taken into consideration is that.第二个原因也很重要(值得考虑)，亦即_。Likewise(同样), common sense tells us that.同样，_，这是众所周知的。The third but very important reason is that.第三个(尽管不是很重要)原因是_。The third, not the last is that,第三个原因是_。The last factor to be taken seriously is.第三个重要原因是_。Topic 3Directions: For this part

22、, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic ofCredit Cards. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 越来越多的人使用信用卡， 信用卡有哪些好处2. 信用卡的弊端3. 你自己的观点Credit CardsPersonal credit cards are becoming more common in China. Banks and other financial i

23、nstitutions are encouraging their customers to change the way they buy things. Credit cards, otherwise known as “plastic money”, are being offered on very good terms to encourage the change. Consumers will be able to “buy now, pay later”, and many see this as an advantage.But people need to be caref

24、ul. There are dangers associated with credit cards. Some people find it very easy to exceed their budget. They are tempted to purchase goods that they do not really need, and can become quickly overburdened by debt. The credit cards often charge a high rate of interest, which exacerbates the problem

25、s for these people.However, using credit cards wisely can improve the quality of peoples lives. They can give people access to money to meet sudden unplanned expenses. Properly handled, they can let people control their expenditure and the monthly statements provide a record of where their money has

26、 gone.点评：这是一篇议论文， 关于信用卡的利弊。可以分成三部分： 第一部分，信用卡的好处，比如说应急等；第二部分，信用卡的一些弊端，比如说鼓励一些无用的消费;第三部分：你自己的观点，理性使用。 图表作文1Direction: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Cell Phones. You should write no less than 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:1. 描述上

27、图所示的手机用户数的变化情况2. 出现这种情况的原因3. 对此现象作出评价Cell PhonesAs is shown in the chart, cell phones are becoming increasingly popular within China. In 1999, the number of cell phones in use was only 2 million, but in 2002, the number reaches 5 million. And in the year 2005, the number has suddenly soared to 9 mil

28、lion.There are many factors contributing to this development. Firstly, a cell phone has no wires and can be carried everywhere easily. Secondly, a cell phone is something wonderful that we can have fun with news, games, music and chat through sending short messages. Thirdly, the drop in price and th

29、e simultaneous improvement in the functions have made it possible for an average person to make use of cell phone.Undoubtedly, the wide use of cell phones has make them more and more indispensable in peoples daily life. The many functions of the cell phone have made certain people reluctant to separ

30、ate themselves from their cell phone.点评：随着我国经济的快速发展，人民的生活水平不断改善，通讯业的日新月异的发展，使得手机使用普及化，成为人们日常生活的必需品，对此的利弊人们看法各异。本预测题为热点话题，同样是年轻人较熟悉和经常讨论的话题，值得关注。Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Blog. You should write at least 120 words based on the chart and outli

31、ne given below: BlogThis histogram shows the number of people using blog services from January to October in 2007. From it we can see that the number of users increased monthly from January to August, except February. After two peak months, July and August, the number dropped slightly in September,

32、while in October it picked up again.Possible reasons for these changes are as follows. First, in February Chinese people celebrated the most important festivalChinese New Year. This means more people spent more time with their families and friends, and therefore they didnt have as much time for surf

33、ing online. Secondly, college students are the main users of blog services. While in July and August，they had summer holidays, which enabled them to have more spare time reading and writing blogs.Thirdly, with improvements of blog services and the influence of some “star bloggers”, most of whom are

34、celebrities, blogs are becoming an important way for people to express themselves and communicate with others. So more and more people are starting to use these services, which help explain the overall increase shown here.点评：这是一篇图表题。 可以看出，整体呈增长趋势。但是，二月和九月有所下降。所以，分析的时候要照顾各个方面。Directions: Suppose you

35、were Li Ming. You want to apply for a job as a personal secretary to the General Manager of a trading company. Write a letter to the Human Resources Department of the company . You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.1. 简要介绍自己并说明应征该职位2. 告知公司为什么对此感兴趣3. 简述你为何是合适人选 An App

36、lication LetterDear Sir or Madam, I am Li Ming, a would-be graduate from Nanjing University. My major is English. Through the job advertisement, I have learned that you are hunting a qualified individual for a personal secretary to the General Manager of your esteemed company. I am fully convinced t

37、hat I am the right person for the job.I realize that my future boss is extremely busy. However, it is exactly the challenge of my prospective position that attracts me. I am sure that my honesty, carefulness, patience, expertise, commitment and extensive knowledge will produce an excellent job perfo

38、rmance.Next month, I am going to graduate from the English Department of Nanjing University, and I have over two years of secretarial experience. I have enclosed the details of my academic record, skills, and language abilities. Thank you for your time in considering my application.Yours Sincerely,L

39、i Ming点评：本文属于书信体应用文，要求写一封求职信。找工作是四级命题作文关注的话题之一， 1995年6月和2001年1月都考查了求职面试的话题，本预测题要求写一封求职信，既与求职话题相关，又是书信体作文，符合四级作文命题思路和考查重点。 展现问题篇question, problem, issue, phenomenon，后接介词, on, over等 Recently, the issue of . has been brought into public focus.近来，_的问题引起了社会的广泛关注。Now we are entering a brand new era full o

40、f opportunities and innovations, and great changes have taken place in peoples attitude towards some traditional practice.现在我们进入了一个充满机遇和创新的崭新时代，很多人对某些传统的看法也发生了很大改变。Recently the issue of whether or not . has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public.近来，是否_的问题已经非常明确而且引起了社会的广泛关注。

41、The issue whether it is good or not to . has aroused a heated discussion all over the country._的利与弊已在全国范围内引起热烈的讨论。At present, some people think .while others claim .Both sides have their merits.目前，一些人认为_而另一些人则认为_。其实，两种观点都其可取之处。People rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue.对

42、于这种极具争议的话题，我们很难作出绝对的回答。People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不

43、尽相同。When asked ., some people think. while some prefer.说到_，有人认为_，而另一些人则认为_。Just as the saying goes: so many people, so many minds. It is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.俗话说，。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。As the proverb goes: every coin has its two sides, .is no exceptio

44、n.俗语有云：万事万物都有两面性。 _也不例外。Every thing has a good side and a bad side, and .is no exception.万事万物有其两面性，而_也是如此。The discussion as to whether the . is a blessing or a curse arouses most peoples interests._是好坏利弊问题引起了很多人的兴趣。plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the present world._尤为重要而引起当今社会的关注。There comes a question: