复旦研究生综合英语1-Unit6

1、U6Additional lnformation for the Teachers ReferenceText The Media and the Ethics of CloningWarm-up ActivitiesFurther ReadingSpeaking SkillsAdditional WorkWarm-up ActivitiesWarm-up 11. What do you think of human cloning considering the possible medical benefits and the consequent ethical problems?2.

2、Given some peoples concerns about the use of traps to catch wild animals, the living conditions of farm animals, and the treatment of animals used in medical and pharmaceutical research, whats your stance on the cloning of animals to fulfil human goals?3. If it is possible one day that you can have

3、your genes improved or perfected to be taller, thinner or smarter, do you accept it? Leigh Turner is an Associate Professor in the Biomedical Ethics Unit and Chair of the Masters Specialization in Bioethics, who received his Ph. D. in Religion and Social Ethics from the University of Southern Califo

4、rnia. He has published many essays on such topics as agenda setting in bioethics, ethical issues in end-of-life care, ethical and social issues related to genetics and biotechnology, and bioethics and public policy.AIFTTR1Additional lnformation for the Teachers Reference1. Leigh TurnerAIFTTR2 Andy W

5、arhol is an American artist who became a central figure in the movement known as Pop art. After a successful career as a commercial illustrator, Warhol became famous worldwide for his work as a painter; an avantgarde filmmaker, a record producer, an author and a well-known public figure. He is gener

6、ally acknowledged as one of the most influential artists of the twentieth century.2. Andy WarholAIFTTR33. Ian Wilmut Ian Wilmut is an English embryologist and currently one of the leaders of the Queens Medical Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh. He is best known as the man who played

7、a supervisory role in the team that first cloned a mammal, a lamb named Dolly in 1997.AIFTTR44. Marilyn Monroe Marilyn Monroe is an American actress, singer, model, pop icon and sex symbol. She was known for her comedic skills and screen presence, going on to become one of the most popular movie sta

8、rs of the 1950s and early 1960s.AIFTTR55. Campbell Campbell is a famous American soup maker. The Campbell Soup Company (also known as Campbells) is a well-known American producer of canned soups and related products. Campbells products are sold in 120 countries around the world.AIFTTR66. Hastings Ce

9、nter Hastings Center is an independent, nonpartisan, non-profit bioethics research institute dedicated to examination of essential questions in health care, biotechnology, and the environment. It was founded in 1969 and has over 200 fellows, including many physicians, attorneys, PhDs and bioethicist

10、s.AIFTTR77. Nature Nature is a prominent scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869. Although most scientific journals are now highly specialized, Nature is one of the few journals, which still publishes original research articles across a wide range of scientific fields. In many fields

11、of scientific research, important new advances and original research are published as articles or letters in Nature.AIFTTR88. Michael Jordon Michael Jordan is a retired American professional basketball player. Widely considered one of the greatest basketball players of all time, he became one of the

12、 most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was instrumental in popularizing the NBA (National Basketball Association) around the world in the 1980s and 1990s.AIFTTR99. Hastings Center Report Hastings Center is best known as the publisher of Hastings Center Report and IRB: Ethics &Huma

13、n Research, which feature scholarship and commentary in bioethics for readers worldwide. Both are published six times per year. The Report also periodically features special reports, published as supplements, from the centers research projects.AIFTTR1010. The Journal of Medical Ethics The Journal of

14、 Medical Ethics is a leading international journal that reflects the whole field of medical ethics. The journal seeks to promote ethical reflection and conduct in scientific research and medical practice. It features original articles on ethical aspects of health care, as well as case conferences, b

15、ook reviews, editorials, correspondence, news and notes.AIFTTR1111. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics The Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics is designed to address the challenges of biology, medicine and hea1thcare and to meet the needs of professionals serving on hea1thcare ethics comm

16、ittees in hospitals, nursing homes, hospices and rehabilitation centers. The aim of the journal is to serve as the international forum for the wide range of serious and urgent issues faced by members of hea1thcare ethics committees, physicians, nurses, social workers, clergy, lawyers and community r

17、epresentatives.AIFTTR1212. The New York Times Magazine The New York Times Magazine is a supplement to the Sunday The New York Times newspaper. Its first issue was published on September 6, 1896, and contained the first photographs ever printed in the newspaper. Today, The New York Times Magazine con

18、tains many longer feature articles than are typically included in the newspaper, and continues to attract notable contributors. The magazine is also renowned for its glamorous photography, especially relating to fashion and style.AIFTTR1313. St. Paul Pioneer Press St. Paul Pioneer Press is a newspap

19、er based in St. Paul, Minnesota, primarily serving the Twin Cities metropolitan area. It has a somewhat conservative orientation and publishes a substantial amount of human-interest stones.AIFTTR1414. Leon Kass ( 1939 ) : Leon Kass is an American bioethicist, best known as a leader in the effort to

20、stop human embryonic stem cell and cloning research as former chair of the Presidents Council on Bioethics from 2002 - 2005.AIFTTR1515. genetic essentialism Genetic essentialism is an oversimplified hypothesis that genes determine and account for complex human abilities and behavior traits, and thus

21、 human beings are reduced to the mere products of their genes. Genetic essentialism is dependent upon one particular belief fundamental to western culture. This is thebelief that understanding can be gained by reducing an object of knowledge to its “essence”. A belief in the existence of a true esse

22、nce, a core of Truth, permeates all of the intellectual traditions, including the search for self-knowledge.AIFTTR1616. Scientific American Scientific American ( informally abbreviated to “SciAm”) is a popular science magazine, published ( first weekly and later monthly) since August 28, 1845, makin

23、g it one of the oldest continuously published magazines in the United States. For working scientists, especially in high-tech fields, there are only a few crucial nonjournal periodicals to pore over faithfully, and Scientific American is one of them. Scientific American emphasizes a wide variety of

24、emerging technologies, giving scientists a chance to keep up in an increasingly specialized professional world. Innovative and controversial developments such as gene patenting and the latest from the unified field gurus are front and center in every Issue.AIFTTR1717. New Scientist Founded in 1956,

25、the London-based New Scientist is a weekly international science magazine and website covering recent developments in science and technology for a general English-speaking audience. It is widely read by both scientists and non scientists as a way of keeping track of scientific andtechnological progr

26、ess. Many science articles in the general press are based on its contents, as New Scientist covers the social and cultural impacts and consequences of scientific and technological discovery, not just the underlying science. The magazine carries regular features, news and commentary onenvironmental i

27、ssues and is an acknowledged source of evidenced information from the scientific community.AIFTTR1818. Discover Discover is a science magazine that publishes articles about science for a general audience. The monthly magazine was launched in October 1980 by Time Inc. It was originally launched into

28、a burgeoning market for science magazines aimed at educated non-professionals, intended to be somewhat easier to read than Scientific American but more detailed and science-oriented than magazines like Popular Science. Discover frequently runs one fake article in its April edition as an April Fools

29、joke. The articles are often so outrageous that they are hard to miss, yet the next months issue frequently has angry letters from readers who feel misled or quote bad science.AIFTTR1919. The Sciences The Sciences was published from 1961 to 2001 by the New York Academy of Sciences. Each quarterly is

30、sue contained articles that discussed science issues with cultural relevance, illustrated with fine art and an occasional cartoon. It was a consistent award-winner for its unique presentation of science in a cultural context. Its articles, essays, and reviews presented the thinking of scientists in

31、all fields on a wide range of topics from questions of life at the outer limits of the universe to the workings of human consciousness. Moreover, the fine art used to illustrate scientific concepts brought its own illumination to the subject matter.AIFTTR20.120. National Bioethics Advisory Commissio

32、n In response to ethical concerns over human gene therapy and experimentation with human subjects, President Bill Clinton established the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (“NBAC”) in 1996. The Commission was composed of not more than eighteen members including the Chairperson who were selected

33、 by the President from knowledgeable non-Government experts and community representatives with special qualifications and competence to deal effectively with bioethical issues. It provided advice and made recommendations to the National Science and Technology Council, chaired by the President, other

34、AIFTTR20.2appropriate government entities and the public, regarding bioethical issues arising from research on human biology and behavior, and applications, including the clinical applications, of that research. The Commission produced the influential report Cloning Human Beings, which outlined the

35、ethical issues related to the emerging technology. The commissions charter expired in October 2001, leaving empty that critical nexus where specialists in medical, clinical, or research ethics could address the latest bioethical developments, from reproductive techniques and access to artificial org

36、ans to cloning, stem cell research, and genetic privacy and discrimination.Text The Media and the Ethics of CloningNotesIntroduction to the Author and the ArticlePhrases and ExpressionsExercisesMain idea of the TextMIOTT1Main idea of the Text In the text, Leigh Turner argues that scientists and ethi

37、cists need to better understand each others work in order to present a more informed view of cloning to the general public. The general public also needs to be able to examine the debate and have adequate means to access this information. While popular media should do more to encourage public debate

38、 on cloning, scientists and ethicists should also participate more in public discourse to discuss the benefits and problems of cloning.Introduction to the Author and the articleIntroduction to the Author and the Article Leigh Turner is an Associate Professor in the Biomedical Ethics Unit and Chair o

39、f the Masters Specialization in Bioethics, who received his PhD in Religion and Social Ethics from the University of Southern California. He has published many essays on such topics as agenda setting in bioethics, ethical issues in end-of-life care, ethical and social issues related to genetics and

40、biotechnology, and bioethics and public policy.Introduction to the Author and the article2 In this essay, Leigh Turner argues that scientists and ethicists need to better understand each others work in order to present a more informed view of cloning to the general public. The general public also ne

41、eds to be able to examine the debate and have adequate means to access this information. While popular media should do more to encourage public debate on cloning, scientists and ethicists should also participate more III public discourse to discuss the benefits and problems of cloning.Part2_T1 If th

42、e contemporary debate on cloning has a patron saint, surely it is Andy Warhol. Not only did Warhol assert that everyone would have 15 minutes of fame witness the lawyers, philosophers, theologians, and bioethicists who found their expertise in hot demand on the nightly morality plays of network tele

43、vision following Ian Wilmuts cloning of the sheep Dolly butLeigh. TurnerThe Media and the Ethics of CloningTextPart2_T2he also placed “clones,” multiple copies of the same phenomenon, at the heart of popular culture. Instead of multiple images of Marilyn Monroe and Campbells soup cans, we now have c

44、loned sheep. Regrettably, it is Warhols capacity for hyperbole rather than his intelligence and ironic vision that permeates the current debate on cloning. It would be unfair to judge hastily written op-ed pieces, popular talk shows, and late-night radio programs by the m same standards that one wou

45、ld apply to a sustained piece of philosophical or legal analysis. But the popular media could do more to foster thoughtful public debate on the legal, moral, political, medical, and scientific dimensions of the cloning of humans and non-human animals.Part2_T3 As did many of my colleagues at the Hast

46、ings Center, I participated in several interviews with the media following Ian Wilmuts announcement in Nature that he had succeeded in cloning Dolly from a mammary cell of an adult sheep. After clearly stating to one Los Angeles radio broadcaster before our interview that I was not a theologian and

47、did not represent a religious organization, I was rather breathlessly asked during the taping what Gods view on cloning is and whether cloning is “against creation.” Predictably, the broadcaster didnt want to discuss how religious ethicists are contributing to the nascent public discourse about the

48、ethics of cloning. Instead, he wanted me to provide a dramatic response that would get the radio stations phones ringing with calls from atheists, agnostics, and religious believers of all stripes.Part2_T4 In addition to inundating the public with hyperbolic sound bites and their print equivalents,

49、the media have overwhelmingly emphasized the issues involved in cloning humans, paying almost no attention to the moral implications of cloning non-humans animals. While the ethics of cloning humans clearly need to be debated, the cloning of non-human animals has already taken place and deserves to

50、be treated as a meaningful moral concern. Although I suspect that a compelling argument for the cloning of animals can be made, we should not ignore the difference between actually formulating such arguments and merely presuming that non-human cloning is altogetherPart2_T5unproblematic. Admittedly,

51、humans already consider nonhuman animals as commodities in many ways, including as a source of food. Yet perhaps cloning animals with the intent of using them as “pharmaceutical factories,” to produceinsulin and other substances to treat human illnesses, should raise questions about how far such att

52、itude ought to extend. What moral obligations should extend to humans use of other species? Do the potential medical benefits for humans outweigh the dangers of encouraging people to think of nonhuman animals as machines to be manipulated to fulfill human goals? These kinds of questions deserve to b

53、e part of the public discussions about cloning. Given some peoplesPart2_T6concerns about the use of traps to catch wild animals, the living conditions of farm animals, and the treatment of animals used in medical and pharmaceutical research, I find this gap in public discourse perplexing. But perhap

54、s the most significant problem with the media hyperbole concerning cloning is the easy assumption that humans simply are a product of their genes a view usually called “genetic essentialism.” Television hosts and radio personalities have asked whether it would be possible to stock an entire basketba

55、ll team with clones of Michael Jordan. In response, philosophers, theologians, and other experts have reiterated wearily that, although human behaviorPart2_T7undeniably has a genetic component, a host of other factors including uterine environment, family dynamics, social settings, diet, and other p

56、ersonal history play important roles in an individuals development. Consequently, a clone produced from the DNA of an outstanding athlete might not even be interested in sports. While this more-sophisticated message has received some media attention, we continue to see stories emphasizing that the w

57、ealthy might someday be able to produce copies of themselves, or that couples with a dying infant might create an identical copy of the child. The popular media seem to remain transfixed by what Dorothy Nelkin, the New York University sociologist of science, refers to as “DNA as destiny.”Part2_T8 Wh

58、ats more, the cloning issue reveals the way in which the mass media foster attitudes of technological and scientific determinism by implying that scientific “progress” cannot be halted. Of course, many scientists share these attitudes, and, too often, they refuse to accept moral responsibility for t

59、heir participation in research that may contribute to human suffering. But scientists should not merely ply their craft, leaving moral reasoning to others. They should participate in public debates about whether certain scientific projects are harmful and should not be allowed to continue because th

60、ey have unjustifiable, dehumanizing implications. A good model is the outspoken criticism of nuclear weapons by many nuclear physicists, who have helped limit research intended to produce more effective nuclear devices. Scientists are not riding a juggernaut capable of crushing everything in its pat