研究生学术英语课后习题答案

1、Unit 1英译汉：15Outlines are essential to effective speeches.By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches-the detailed preparation

2、 outline and the brief speaking outline.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的想法是 关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的，通常准备演讲 你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub-points using a consistent pattern. The speaking out

3、line should consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain ke y words or phrases to bolster your memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline a s brief as possible and be s

4、ure it is plainly legible在准备提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要 观点和次要观点。发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给 你一些帮助。发言提纲还应包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲 时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清 晰、易于辨认。汉译英：当你发表学术演讲时，首先要做好充分的准备；其次，你演讲的主要观点要明确， 层次要清楚。演讲时，语速不要过快，语言要清晰。不要总是在读你准备好的稿 子。最后，你应该经常看一下你的听众。这样，一方面你对你的听众表示尊重， 另一方面，你可以更顺利地

5、进行你的演讲。Before you deliver an academic speech, firstly you should get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be explicit. Dont always read the

6、notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.Unit2英译汉：48Energy has a dual relationship with human well-being.For most of hum

7、an history,man has been concerned mainly about the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation thank to the low costs involved in energy use.However, with the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of u nprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growt

8、h in per capita demand of industrial energy forms,energy entails increasingly hig her costs,both external and internalized.On the one hand,energy resources are reducing at an accelerating speed and energy supply requires higher input.On the other hand,the external costs seem more worrisome because e

9、nergy us e poses serious threats to public health and safety,keeps disrupting the global ecosystem,and may trigger large-scale military conflict.能源和人类利益有着双重关系，人类历史发展长河中，由于利用能源成本低， 人们主要关注能源和人类安康关系中有利的一面，然而，过去一百年来人口以空前速度增长，引起了能源需求的激增，同时，人均工业能源需求亦急剧增长，因 此，能源利用所需成本越来越高，无论是外延成本还是内涵成本。一方面，能源 资源加速减少，能源供应所需

10、投入越来越高；另一方面，相比之下，外延成本呢 更加令人忧虑，原因是能源利用严重威胁大众健康和安全，不断破坏全球生态系统，并可能引发大规模军事冲突。汉译英：以上各种因素究竟如何影响能源供应的资金成本难以量化，部分原因是许多非环境因素实际上同环境因素相互交织在一起。比如，造成工程施工延误的原因，不但有管理上的限制，而且有工程、管理以及质量监控等方面的问题。 然而在美 国，过去20年中由于环境影响，石油产品供应的资金成本至少上升了25%,而火电和核电生产的资金成本则上升了 40%,甚至更多。It is difficult to quantify the total contribution of a

11、ll these factors to the monetary costs of energy supply, in part because factors not related to the environment are often entwined with environmental ones. For example, cons truction delays have been caused not just by regulatory constraints but also by problems of engineering, management and qualit

12、y control. Nevertheless, in the US, environmental impacts have increased the monetary costs of supplyi ng petroleum products by at least 25 percent during the past 20 years, and the costs of generating electricity from coal and nuclear power by 40 percent or more.Unit 3英译汉82Two fatal wrecks in less

13、than a 24-hour period over the Thanksgiving weekend kolled three people, bringing to six the numbei of death in the p ast two weeks on Springfield city streets.With one month left in the year, at least 17 people have been kill ed in fatality accidents in Springfield, including the three members of a

14、 Chic ago family who died the weekend before on interstate 44.On Sunday, springfield husband and wife Jon Bauer, 58, and Jua nita Bauer, 59, died in the 2400 block of South Glenstone Avenue.According to police ,Jon Bauer southbound 2001 Hyundai Santa Fe sideswiped a 1995 Chrysler Cirrus ,also headin

15、g southbound , driven by ChaddRohde,27 ,of Mountain Home , Ark, at around 10:30a.m .Jon Bauer vehicle continued south and struck a brick wall and utility pole at Springfield Nationgal Cemetry.The Springfield Fire Department extracted the couple from the vehicle .J uanita Bauer was pronounced dead at

16、 the scene. Jon Bauer,who wan uncon scious, was transported to St.John Rsegional Medical Center, where he was later pronounced dead.Traffic was shut down for four hours as police investigated the crash.在感恩节的周末，24小时内发生了 2起车祸，撞死了 3个人，使得过去两周 里斯普林菲尔德城市道路上死亡人数上升到6人。本年度还剩下最后一个月，在斯普林菲尔德至少有17人死于车祸，其中包括 上周在4

17、4号洲际公路上撞死的来自芝加哥的一家三口。周日，斯普林菲尔德的一对夫妇，58岁的乔恩鲍尔和59岁的詹尼特。鲍尔 在南格林斯顿大道的2400街区被车撞死。据警察讲述，上午十点左右，乔恩鲍尔南行的2001现代圣达菲擦边撞上了一 辆同样往南开的1995年生产的克莱斯勒斯柔斯，司机是27岁的查德。罗德，来自阿肯色州的山居。乔恩。鲍尔的车继续南行，撞在斯普林菲尔德国家公墓的砖墙上，有撞上了 一根公用电线杆。斯普林菲尔德消防队把这对夫妻从车里拉出来，詹特妮。鲍尔被当场宣布死 亡，乔恩。鲍尔不省人事，被送到圣约翰地区医疗中心，之后也被宣布死亡。警察在调查现场时交通被关闭了四小时。汉译英美国的研究人员使用了一

18、种模拟驾驶器，观察 40名志愿者分别在手持手机 通话驾驶、酒后驾驶以及专心驾驶的过程。结果显示：共有三名志愿者发生追尾 事故，司机当时均在打手机状态下。研究发现：无论手机是否处于免提状态，司 机在通话状态下会放慢车速。止匕外，采取刹车措施的反应速度也会减慢9%,二刹车后加速的速度又会减慢19%。Using a driving simulator, some US researchers studied the driving of 40 people. Some of them drove while talking on a cell phone, others navigated whil

19、e drunk, and others drove with no such distractions or impairments. The results showed that there were three accidents in which the drivers were tal king on cell phones-all of them involving a rear-ending. The research has fou nd that those talking on the phone while driving are more sluggish. In ad

20、diti on, talking on the cell phone can reduce reaction time by 9 percent in term s of braking and 19 percent in terms of picking up speed after brakingUnit 4英译汉118Perhaps it is our social concept of what is feminine and what is masculin e that reinforces the stereotype that women talk more than men,

21、 and even causes these different patterns of communication. Maybe a woman is labeled talkative or is criticized for interrupting if she does it at all, because our cul ture-as well as many other cultures-teaches that women should be quiet if they want to be “feminine. Perhaps masculine culture encou

22、rages boys and men to dominate talk and to interrupt more often, and males who talk a lotand interrupt often are not criticized for doing so. These differences in the patterns of communication and styles of communicating are studied by expert s who study the effects of gender on communication. They

23、study these effec ts in order to understand why misunderstandings occur between men and w omen in conversation. Often, it because their styles and patterns of conersa tion are so different. It is important that we learn to recognize these differe nces so that we can learn to communicate better with

24、people of the other gender.或许正是我们的男女社会观念加深了女人比男人话多这一模式化印象，甚至导致这些不同沟通方式的出现。如果一个女人真的在别人说话时插嘴，她或许会 被认为是话多，或许会为此受到批评，因为我们的文化一一还有其他许多文化一如此教导女性；她们如果想要有女人味就必须文静，或许男性文化鼓励男孩和男人支配谈话并更经常打断谈话，而且健谈和频繁打断话头的男性不会为此受到 批评。研究性别对交流所产生的作用的专家们针对沟通模式和沟通风格方面的这 些差异进行研究，以便了解在男女对话中为什么会产生误解。误解的产生常常是因为他们的对话风格和方式存在极大的差异。为了能学会更好地

25、和异性交流，我们有必要认识这些差异。中译英Deborah Tannen在她的畅销书你就是不明白中指出：虽然美国男孩和女 孩经常在一起玩，但大多数时间他们都是在各自的同性别小组里玩耍。她还指出：虽然男孩和女孩确实在一起玩某些游戏，但他们最喜欢的游戏常常是不一样的。 Tanen和其他这方面的研究人员发现，男孩（比如 8至12岁的男孩）喜欢在室 外而不是室内玩耍，而且他们是在有等级结构的大组中玩耍。 这帮男孩中通常会 有一个孩子头，他告诉别的男孩做什么、怎么做。正是通过发号施令和让其他男 孩按规则游戏，男孩子们在他们的玩伴那里获得更高度更重要的地位。In her best-selling book

26、You Just Don tUnderstand,Deborah Tannen points out that, although American boys and girls often play together, they spend most of their time playing in same-sex groups. She also points out that boys and girls do play some games together, but their favorite games are very o ften quite different. Tann

27、en and other researchers on this topic have found t hat young boys, say ages 8 through 12, tend to play outside the house rath er than in the house, and they play in large groups that are hiererchically sr tuctured. A group of boys generally has a leader who tells the other boys w hat to do and how

28、to do it. It is by giving orders and making the other boy s play by the rules that boys achieve higher or more dominant status in thei r play group.Unit1 A. Choose one word or phrase from the given list to SlK fill in the blanks in the following sentences.I Change the form where necessary*assertionc

29、ontrary tolook upimplicitat handin the course ofadaptsustainunbiasedrhythmcluttermetaphorContrary to what they predicted, the disease broke out and killed thousands of people.Without receiving her reply as scheduled, he regarded it as imulicit acceptance.He repeated hi$ assertion that he was not gui

30、lty tn front of the jury in court.Using the Internet, he was able to lflOk_UQ information on a tcrnble disease torturing his wife,The young man adapted well to the city life and his new environment.There is not enough oxygen in the Moons atmosphere to sustain plant life.When you prepare for your spe

31、ech, be sure to cite Unbiased qualified sources.In th包 cciLiTgR of children language acquisition, adults should pay attention to grammar.It is known to all Arabic children that ship of the desert“ is a rnetaphor for the camel.Qlyfler is one of the things you should try to eliminate when you make a s

32、peech.Unit2A. Choose one word or phrase from the given list to fill in the blanks in the following sentences. Change the form where necessary.contribute tocenter onplausibleentailconsensusliabilitymenacetripleintractablemassivedevastatingposeI cant remember exactly what triggered the explosion but i

33、t was pretty devastating .Of course, that posed a new set of problems for Mum and Dad who were constantly running around trying to contain my wanderlust.The industry has pumped massive amounts of money into political campaigns, making it less and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue

34、 sensibly.I was asked to contribute to a newspaper article making predictions for the New Year.If it were as cheap and easy to get online here as in America, the British might triple their time at the computer.After 1989, the external menace vanished, but the danger to American civilization remained.As the surgeons health worsened, he became a liability to the hospital.Today, that consensus has given way to a myriad of family styles as a result of people living longer, marrying later, divorcing mor