4.词的理解与翻译

1、Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationTechniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation词义的选择、引申和褒贬(英汉词语词义对应情况)一、词义的选择Since of polysemics both in Chinese and English, we can choose and define the meaning of words from the following two aspects:Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese

2、 Translation(A)根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义First judge the word-class of the word in English, then make sure its meaning. E.g. Like charges repel ; unlike charges attract. like : adj, “相同的”相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation He likes Chinese more than English. 他喜欢汉语胜过喜欢英语。(动词)

3、In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.在射入窗内的阳光里,细细的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮。(介词)Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。(名词)Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation再以round为例：The earth rounds the sun.地球围绕着太阳转动。（动词：绕行）The exciting news was soon carried round.激动人心的消息很

4、快就到处传遍了。（副词：到处）The round waveguide as the transmission medium presents us with an opportunity to design a communication system of enormous capacity.以圆波导作传输介质使我们有可能设计出容量极大的通信系统。 （形容词：圆形的）Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationIn the first round our football team has had three wins and on

5、e defeat.在第一轮中我们的足球队三胜一负。（名词：轮，回合）When direct current flows through a coil, a magnetic field will be built up round the coil.当直流电流通过线圈，线圈周围就形成一个磁场.(前置词:在周围) Poor:In my poor opinion, you should let her go.以鄙人浅见，你应该放她走。She took me in her cabin and told me that she was a poor sailor and always went to

6、bed immediately on getting on the boat.她把我带到她房间里并告诉我说，她有晕船的毛病，所以总是一上船就睡觉。The Department of Justice was reluctant to bring poor cases into court.司法部不愿意把没有把握大赢的官司那到法庭上去。Carter is a poor loser.卡特是一个输了会发脾气的人。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation(B) 根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义The same word

7、may have different meaning in different language situation, so we can judge its meaning according to context and the rule of collocation in English. E.g. power，n. 在日常用语中就分别具有“能力、权力、政权、国家”等词义；在科技文献中就常有“功率、电源、电力“等词义，翻译时就必须分别情况加以处理。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationI will do everythin

8、g within my power to assist you.我愿意尽我的全力来帮助你。（能力）Basically, all power is with the people.归根到底一切权力属于人民。（权力）Political power grows out of the barrel of gun.枪杆子里面出政权。（政权）China has a few nuclear weapons, but she will never join the so-called club of nuclear powers.中国有了一点核武器，但中国决不参加所谓核大国的俱乐部。（大国）Technique

9、s and Skills in English-Chinese Translation With the development of electrical engineering, power can be transmitted over a long distance.随着电气工程的发展，电力能输送到非常远的距离。（电力）The surfaces of ceramics must be checked by examining it under a 20 power binocular microscope.陶瓷表面必须用20倍的双筒显微镜加以检验。（倍） Techniques and

10、Skills in English-Chinese Translation再以severe为例（基本词义是：严格的、严重的）： severe weather 凛烈的天气 severe pain 剧痛 severe looks 严肃的神色 severe test 严峻的考验 severe winter 严冬 severe wound 重伤 Technics and Skills in English-Chinese Translation severe reasoning 严密的推理 severe problem 严重的问题 severe tolerance 严格的容限 severe style

11、 简练的文风 severe temperature 剧烈变化的温度 severe propagation 恶劣的传播条件改错：That is the bedroom that I shared with Tom.那是我和汤姆分享的卧室。那是我和汤姆的卧室。The friendship Nancy and I is one of the legacies of my government service.我和南希的友谊是我为政府服务的遗产之一。我和南希的友谊是当年我为政府服务的收获之一。Because of this explosive progress, todays machines are

12、 millions of times more powerful than their crude ancestors.有了这种爆炸性的进步，今天的机器比原始时期的机器不知强了好几百万倍。有了这种突飞猛进的进步，今天的机器比原始时期的机器强了好几百万倍。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation二、词义的引申英译汉时,有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义,如任意硬译或逐词死译,会使译文生硬晦涩,不能确切表达原意,甚至造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词的根本含义出发,进一步加以引申,选择比较恰当的汉词来表达。现举例

13、说明如下:(A) 将词义作抽象化的引申英语中,特别在现代英语中,常常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时,一般可将其词义作抽象化的引申,译文才能流畅、自然。 Techniques and Sillks in English-Chinese TranslationThere is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴,又狡猾。See - sawing between partly good and faintly ominous（u

14、nlucky） ,the news for the next four weeks was never distinct . 在那以后的四个星期内,消息时而部分地有所好转,时而又有点不妙,两种情况不断地交替出现,一直没有明朗化。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationWhen I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assume a Quaker-Oats look.我应邀外出演讲时，他们都指望我摆出一付毫无表情、一本正经的面孔。（ Quaker-Oat

15、s 是欧美一种有名的麦片的商标，商标中的老头模样毫无表情。）Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationMan for the field and woman for the hearth;Man for the sword and for needle she;Man with the head and woman with the heart;Man to command and woman to obey. Tennyson.男人适于农耕, 女人适于家务;男人宜于征战, 女人宜于缝纫;男人善于深思, 女人富于感情;男人发号施令,

16、 女人惟有服从。 坦尼森Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation(B) 将词义作具体化的引申英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物,译成汉语时一般可作具体化引申。例如: The stars twinkled in transparent clarity.星星在清澈的晴空中闪烁。 Vietnam was his entre to the new Administration. 越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。There is more to their life than political and social a

17、nd economic problems; more than transient everydayness.他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation2.英语中有些词在特定的上下文中,其含义是清楚的,但译成汉语时还必须作具体化的引申,否则就不够清楚。例如:Wait a minute. Let me put on my things. 等等。让我把衣服穿上。The car in front of me stalled and I missed the gree

18、n. 我前头的那辆车停住了, 我错过了绿灯。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation三、词义的褒贬(一) 英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义,汉译时就应相应地表达出来。He was a man of high renown (fame) . 他是位有名望的人。(褒)His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开的。(贬)An aggressive country is always ready to start a war.好侵略的国家总是准备挑

19、起战争。 (贬) An aggressive young man can go far in this firm.富有进取心的年轻人在这家公司前途无量。 (褒)Technics and Sillks in English-Chinese Translation（二） 英语有些词是中立的,本身不表示褒义或贬义,但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味,汉译时就应该用具有褒贬意味的相应的词来表达。1.需要用褒义词来表达: NEXT Edison turned his inventive genius to another ambitious project _the invention of a mea

20、ns of lighting streets and buildings by electricity instead of by gas: the invention of an electric-light bulb.然后，爱迪生把其创作天才转向另一项宏大的计划发明用电来代替煤以照明街道和建筑物的方法 ，即要设法制造电灯泡。Technics and Sillks in English-Chinese TranslationThe two politicians talked of no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in t

21、heir careers.两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟。这次谈话是在他们一生事业的重大时刻进行的。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation2.需要用贬义的词来表达: He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.他是一个正直诚实的人,但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信这个坏名声是不该有的。Those who do not remember the past

22、are condemned to relive it.凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationEXERCISES:Computer science is developing rapidly these years. 这些年来计算机科学正迅速发展。 The color TV sets developed by that factory are of high quality.那个工厂研制的彩色电视机质量高。The aim of this course is to develop the studen

23、ts reading skills.这门功课的目的是培养学生的阅读技能。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationThey have developed an interest in gardening. 他们对园艺学产生了兴趣。I want to have this film developed and printed. 我想找人把这胶卷冲印出来。The inquiry did not develop any new facts.调查并未揭示出新的事实。Techniques and Skills in English-Chines

24、e TranslationAccomplishment is often deceptive because we dont see the pain and perseverance that produced it. So we may credit the achiever with brains, brawn or luck and break ourselves off the hook because we fall short in all three. 成就常常会使人产生错觉，使人只看到功成名就，看不到成功来之不易，以为成功者之所以成功是因为身体好，脑子灵，运气佳，从而为自己找借口，说自己没有获得成功是因为身体不好，脑子不灵，运气不佳。Techniques and Skills in English-