神经科学和行为

1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 2 Neuroscienceand BehaviorNeural CommunicationBiological Psychologybranch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behaviorsome biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psyc

2、hologists, or biopsychologistsNeurona nerve cellthe basic building block of the nervous systemNeural CommunicationDendritethe bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell bodyAxonthe extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, thr

3、ough which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glandsMyelin MY-uh-lin Sheath a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neuronsenables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulsesNeural CommunicationNeural CommunicationAction Potential a neural impulse; a

4、 brief electrical charge that travels down an axongenerated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axons membraneThreshold the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulseNeural CommunicationCell body end of axonDirection of neural impulse: toward axon

5、 terminalsNeural CommunicationSynapse SIN-apsjunction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neurontiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleftNeurotransmitterschemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neuronswhen

6、released by the sending neuron, neuro-transmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulseNeural CommunicationNeural CommunicationSerotonin PathwaysDopamine PathwaysNeural CommunicationNeural Communic

7、ationAcetylcholine ah-seat-el-KO-leen a neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contractionEndorphins en-DOR-fins “morphine within” natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasureNeural CommunicationNeurotransmitter moleculeReceiving cellmembraneRecep

8、tor site onreceiving neuronAgonist mimicsneurotransmitterAntagonistblocksneurotransmitterThe Nervous SystemNervous System the bodys speedy, electrochemical communication system consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systemsCentral Nervous System (CNS) the brain and spi

9、nal cordPeripheral Nervous System (PNS) the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the bodyThe Nervous SystemCentral(brain andspinal cord)NervoussystemAutonomic (controlsself-regulated action ofinternal organs and glands)Skeletal (controlsvoluntary mov

10、ements ofskeletal muscles)Sympathetic (arousing)Parasympathetic (calming)PeripheralThe Nervous SystemNerves neural “cables” containing many axonspart of the peripheral nervous systemconnect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organsSensory Neurons neurons that carry incoming i

11、nformation from the sense receptors to the central nervous systemThe Nervous SystemInterneurons CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputsMotor Neuronscarry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glandsSomatic Nervous Systemthe divisi

12、on of the peripheral nervous system that controls the bodys skeletal musclesThe Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)Sympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic ner

13、vous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situationsParasympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energyThe Nervous SystemThe Nervous SystemThe Nervous SystemReflexa simple, automatic, inborn response to a sens

14、ory stimulusSkinreceptorsMuscleSensory neuron(incoming information)Motor neuron(outgoing information)BrainInterneuronSpinal cordThe Nervous SystemNeural Networksinterconnected neural cells with experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain resul

15、ts computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learningInputsOutputsNeurons in the brain connect with oneanother to form networksThe brain learns by modifyingcertain connections in response to feedbackThe BrainLesiontissue destruction a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused

16、 destruction of brain tissueElectroencephalogram (EEG)an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surfacethese waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalpThe BrainCT (computed tomography) Scana series of x-ray photographs taken from different angl

17、es and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called CAT scanPET (positron emission tomography) Scan a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given taskMRI (magnetic resonance i

18、maging) a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brainPET ScanMRI ScanThe BrainBrainstem the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the

19、spinal cord swells as it enters the skullresponsible for automatic survival functionsMedulla muh-DUL-uh base of the brainstemcontrols heartbeat and breathingThe BrainThe BrainReticular Formationa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousalThalamus THAL-uh-muss

20、the brains sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstemit directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medullaThe BrainCerebellum sehr-uh-BELL-um the “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstemit helps coordinate voluntary

21、 movement and balanceThe BrainLimbic Systema doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheresassociated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.Amygdala

22、 ah-MIG-dah-la two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotionThe BrainHypothalamusneural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activitieseatingdrinkingbody temperaturehelps govern the endocrine system via the pitu

23、itary glandis linked to emotionThe Limbic SystemThe Limbic SystemElectrode implanted in reward centerThe Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheresthe bodys ultimate control and information processing centerGlial Cells cell

24、s in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neuronsThe Cerebral CortexFrontal Lobes involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgmentsParietal Lobes include the sensory cortexOccipital Lobes include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the o

25、pposite visual fieldTemporal Lobes include the auditory areasThe Cerebral CortexThe Cerebral CortexMotor Cortexarea at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movementsSensory Cortexarea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensationsThe Cerebral CortexT

26、he Cerebral CortexFunctional MRI scan shows the visual cortex activated as the subject looks at facesVisual and Auditory CortexAssociation AreasMore intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of the cortexThe Cerebral CortexAphasiaimpairment of language, usually caused by

27、left hemisphere damage either to Brocas area (impairing speaking) or to Wernickes area (impairing understanding)Brocas Area an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speechWernickes Area an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expressionSpecialization and IntegrationSpecialization and IntegrationBrain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking wordsBrain ReorganizationPlasticitythe brains capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following