cn全球大气汞污染控制和监测国际经验

1、ernational experienonatmospheric mercury pollution control and monitoring全球大气污染控制和监测国际经验Thorjorn LarssenNorwegian Institute for Water Research NIVA挪威水1History of mercury useMercury has a longer history pollutants 与多数其他污染物相比，利用历史n most other历史更长History of mercury use利用历史3500 years ago: mercury mining

2、 in Peru mercury (cinnabar - HgS) used in red dye3500年前：秘鲁（朱砂 HgS)用做红色矿-History of mercury use利用历史2200 years ago: mercury used to protect the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang in China2200年前：用做材料保护陵墓History of mercury use利用历史1555: Invention of use of mercury in silver and gold mining (amalgamation)1555年

3、：首次将用于金矿银矿的开采中（齐化）Major use: silver miningHistory of mercury use1850: The gold rush in Nor利用历史merica(mercury usedining)1850年：“淘金热”（被用于金矿开采）History of mercury use利用历史World war I and II: Mercury use in ammunition两次：用于制造History of mercury use利用历史1956: Minamata disease Environmental awareness begins1956

4、年：水俣病发生，有关的环境意识开始History of mercury use1956: Minamata disease Environmental awareness begins利用历史1956年：水俣病的发生，有关的环境意识开始Photo: Eugene SmithHistory of mercury use利用历史1960s: High levels of mercury found in fish inScandinavia 20世纪60年代：斯堪的纳维亚内 含量过高的鱼类体in lakes with direct releases, soon later also in remo

5、teareas 最初仅出现在直接排放的湖泊受体，又出现在更远的区域History of mercury use利用历史1980: Restriction on use starts in EuropeGold mining boom in S-America, Africa, SE Asia(mercury usedining)1980年：欧洲开始禁用；金矿开采在南美、非洲和东南亚如火如荼（并将用于采矿）Consumption and use of Hg的消耗和利用PVC production (from coal, China) 聚氯乙烯的生产（煤，中国）Gold and silver mi

6、ning 金、银矿的开采 Chlor-alkali production氯碱生产 Batteries 电池Thermometers, manometers, etc 温度计和压力计等Dental amalgam 牙齐Electric switches 电源开关Ls灯具Pesticides, biocides, pharmaceuticals、杀生物剂、药品Pas涂料12Industrial consumption of Hg in USA的工业用From Sznopek and Goonan, 200013Global mercury emiss to air全球大气排放14Global em

7、isof mercury to air全球大气排放(approximate, schematic illustration估值；简图)Asia AfricaS-America N-America EuropeNatural emiss15Mercury emiss in Europe 欧洲排放(EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA, 2010)（欧盟27国，1990-2008年，欧盟环保署2010年数据）16Mercury emiss in Europe electricity and heating排放-电力和供暖欧洲(EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA,

8、2010)（欧盟27国，1990-2008年，欧盟环保署2010年数据）17Mercury emiss in Europe metals production排放-金属生产欧洲(EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA, 2010)（欧盟27国，1990-2008年，欧盟环保署2010年数据）18Mercury emiss in Europe chemical industry, incl. chlor-alkali排放-化工，包括氯碱欧洲(EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA, 2010)（欧盟27国，1990-2008年，欧盟环保署2010年数据）19Drive

9、rs for reductions in EuropeTechnologiesPolicies and legislationPublic awareness20Drivers for reductions in EuropeCoal firedlants and boilers:lants andMercury emiss in EuropeClose down oldboilers electricity and heating欧洲排放-电力和供暖Increasingly advanced SO2, PM and NOX controlIncreasing energy efficienc

10、y No specific mercury reducing technology!All co-benefits of other measures(EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA, 2010)（欧盟27国，1990-2008年，欧盟环保署2010年数据）21Drivers for reductions in EuropeMetals smelting:Mercury emiss in EuropeLargest reduction before 1990! Development of technologies for mercury control since 19

11、70s, eg inZn industry: metals production欧洲排放-金属生产(EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA, 2010)（欧盟27国，1990-2008年，欧盟环保署2010年数据）Norzink-Boliden prosOutokumpu/Outotec proIncreasing environmental awarenessSpecific mercury reducing technology!Very efficient reductionsCost effective!s22Drivers for reductions in Europ

12、eChemical industry:Mercury emiss in Europe Phase out Hg electrodes in chlor-alkali productionReduced Hg in products, strict regulationsBatteriesMedical equipmentIncreased recycling Increased environmental awarenesschemical industry, incl. chlor-alkali欧洲排放-化工，包括氯碱(EU-27, 1990-2008, from EEA, 2010)（欧盟

13、27国，1990-2008年，欧盟环保署2010年数据）23Drivers for reductions in EuropeTechnologiesPolicies and legislationPublic awareness24Mercury emis欧洲s in Europe排放(EU-27, 2008, from EEA, 2010)（欧盟27国，2008年，欧盟环保署2010年数据）25European strategy on mercury pollution欧洲污染防治策略Reduce emiss 减排Reduce use (supply and demand)减少使用（供、需）

14、Resolve long-term fate of mercury解决期去向问题(in products still in use or in的远storage) （仍在使用或被的含产品）Protect against exure 避免Improve understanding 提高认识Supporternational action 支际行动26Mercury monitoring in Northern Europe北欧的监测27Total gaseous mercury in air time trends总量 时间变化趋势大气中气态28Mercury in fish in Norway挪威 鱼类体内的含量29Mercury in human blood sles from the arctic北极地区血液样本中的含量s 结论control has been quiteMercury emissuc欧洲的sful in Europe排放控制非常成功China is now a ke