reading理解古代中美洲艺术泥土如何形成文明的出现词句

1、Understanding Ancient Mesoamerican ArtWords & Phrases1.2.the ruins of ancient Mesoamerica：古代洲的废墟unearthed civilizations increasingly remote in age：出土（越久远的）文明unearth：v. 挖掘，出土上越来3.an earr stratum of antiquity：一个更早的古代岩层Stratum: 岩层扩展：Stratification: (尤指社会的)分层，形成阶层 Stratification is thedivi layersof some

2、thing, espelly society,o different classes or4.came upon Maya citieshe jungle：偶然遇到密林里的玛雅城市Come upon ： 偶然碰到( 或发现) If you come upon someone or something, you meet them or find them by chance.workers installing sound and light equipment：安装音响和光照设备的工人stumbled upon a remarkable cave：偶然发现一个极大的 Stumble：v. 跌

3、跌撞撞走，结巴说stumble upon：偶然发现a royal burial chamber：一个皇室的埋葬密室 royal：adj. 皇室的the excavation of pyramids：金字塔的挖掘.9.outlying structures rather筑物n principal buildings结构而非主要建Outlying：adj. 偏僻的；边远的；远离城市的 Outlying pla away from the main cities of a countryare far10. initiated the excavations there:了那个地方的考

4、古挖掘initiate= start= trigger，开始excavate = unearth v.挖掘11. unravel the pre-Columbian past：解开( unravel: v. 解开绳套或谜团发现美洲大陆之前的)过去pre-Columbian：adj.发现美洲大陆之前的12. turned this pros around：将该过程反转turn around = reverse 反转13. to articulate their identity们在 21 世纪的 articulate：v. 清晰表达he twenty-century：去清晰地表达他Syntax1

5、.ItnowscarcelyseemssibletthefrontiersofearlyMesoamerican civilization although new worksuch continue to fill in details of thcanbepushedbackanyfurther, as in Oaxaca, southern Mexicowillcture.2.In 1971 workers installing sound and light equipment under the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan stumbled u

6、pon a remarkablecaves since beenreted by some scholars as a royalburial chamber.3.Archaeology has its own fashions too: the isolation of new sites may be the prime goal in one decade and the excavation of pyramidsthe focus he next.4.At one po, reconstruction of pyramids to attract tourism may bedesi

7、red; at another, archaeologists may be precluded from workingat whas alreadye a touristraction.Preclude：v. 排除在外，=prevent5.A Franciscan friar (member of the Roman Catholic religious order),Sahagn recorded for terity many aspects of pre-Hispanic life inhis encyclopedia of twelve books, including histo

8、ry, ideology, and (theories of the origin of the universe), as well asdetailed information on the materials and methods of the skilled native craft workers.Catholic：adj. 天主教的terity：n. 后代=offspring=descendantt-：后缀，意为后面，t-war：战后的Encyclopedia：n. 百科全书Ideology：;体系;方式 An ideology is a set of befs,espelly

9、the political bewhich people, parties, or countriesbase their actions：n. 宇宙的产生Craft workers: 手工艺工人6.During the past 40 years, scholars also have made great progress in deciphering and reting ancient Mesoamerican writing systems,a breakthrough pre-Columbian mind.s transformed our understanding of the

10、Decipher：v.=decode, cipher=coderet：v.解释，理解 Transform：v. 转变lelong thought to record only7.Classic Maya inscriptions, for excalendrical information and astrological incanionscan now beread, and we findt most of them glorify family and antry bydisplaying the right of individual sovereigns to rule.Calen

11、drical：历法的，日历的astrological incanions：占星的语incanion：语 An incanion is a series of wordst asays or sings as aspellglorify：赞美；颂扬；吹捧；美化 To glorify something means to praise itor make it seem good or spel, usually when it is notantry：n. 祖先； 世家，名门sovereigns：n. 君主8.Although scholars long bevedt Mesoamerican

12、artists did notsign their works, Mayanist scholar David Stuarts 1986 deciphering of the Maya glyphs (written symbols) for “scribe” and “to write” opened a window on Maya practice; now we know at least onepaer of ceramic ves was the son of a king.Mayanist：玛雅 decipher: 破译（ glyphs：象形文字）； 辨认（潦草字迹）； 解读；

13、解释（古代文学）practice: n. 通常做法；常规；惯例 You can refer to something people do regularly as a practice.tCeramic ves: 瓷器器皿Ve：n. 器皿；船只；9.Thousands more small-scale objects are known nown in thetwentieth century, although at a terrible cost to the ancient ruinsfrom which they have been pdered.At a cost = at expe

14、nse 以的代价pder：v.，窃取Abstract Concrete1.The pros of discovery often shs what we know about thehistory of Mesoamerican art.2.Archaeology has its own fashions too.3.Nor should one f erests.ett excavators are vulnerable to local4.Also, modern construction often determines which ancient sites can be excava

15、ted.5.But the study of Mesoamerican art is not based exclusively on archaeology.6.During the past 40 years, scholars also have made great progress in deciphering and reting ancient Mesoamerican writing systems,a breakthrought has transformed our understanding of thepre-Columbian mind.How Soil is For

16、medWords & Phrases1.dynamic pros：动态的过程 dynamic反义 motionless，stagnant，still2.topography (the elevations, depress, directionsandanglesofslopes, and other surface features of the landsc topography：地形，地貌=terrain elevation：海拔高度=altitude，区别于latitude：纬度， longitude：经度 angles of slopes：斜坡的角度stimulate or inhi

17、bit biogeochemical reactions刺激或抑制生物地理化学反应Stimulate：v. 刺激，激发=motivate)3.Simulate：v. 模拟，模仿=mimic=imieInhibit：v.，抑制Inhabit：v. 居住Habi：n. 居住地，栖息地Habitant=inhabitant：n. 居民4.carrier of the acids：酸的携带者 carrier of disease：疾病携带者5.Radiant energy has a pronounced effect on the moisture regime,espelly the evapor

18、ative pros and nounced effect on the moisture regime：对水分管理的明显效果 pronounced：adj. 明显的，显著的=noticeable=dramatic=remarkableregime：n. 管理制度，组织方法A regime is the wayt somethingsuch as an institution, company, or economy is run, espe it involves tough or severe actionlly whenevaporative pro evapora

19、te：v. 蒸发s：蒸发过程va. 水蒸气6.7.steep slopes：陡峭的斜坡relatively level land：相对平坦的土地 relatively：adv. 相对地=comparatively draining from slopes：从斜坡水流走 drain：v. 流走，排出drainage system：排水系统8.9.Vegeion, animals,bacteria, and fungi all contribute to theformation of soil. Bacteria：细菌 Fungi：真菌10. Theweatheringofrockmateria

20、landtheaccumulation, andmineralization oranic material requireconsiderable time.Accumulation：n. 积累=building upition：n. 分解= degradationComition：n. 组成Mineralization：n. 矿化Considerable：adj. 大量的= substantial=significant11. in equilibrium with：与处在平衡中12. soil differentiation from parent material：从物质中土壤的分化1

21、3. Soils on steep slopes often remain poorly developed regardless ofgeological age because ra it is formed.eroremoves soil nearly as fast asRegardless of：不管，不顾，不论Syntax：1.The parent material is the unconsolidated mass on which soil formation takes place.Unconsolidated：adj. 疏松的，松散的2.This material may

22、 or may not be derived from the on-site geological substrate or bedrock on which it rests.Derive from：从获得 Derive=obtainOn-site geological substrate: 处在原处的地质基底层物质On-site = in place 处在原处itionSubstrate：基底层物质，基质3.Because of the diversity of materials involved, soils derived fromtransported parent materi

23、als are commonly more fertile from parent materials derived in place.n soilsFertile: adj.肥沃的；有繁育能力的 Fertilize：v. 施肥；传粉 Fertilizer：n. 化肥Natural fertilizer = animal waste= dung=manureArtifil fertilizer = inanic fertilizer= mineral fertilizer4.Whatever the parent material, whether derived in place from

24、bedrock or from transported material, it ultimay comes fromgeologicalmaterials,suchas comigneous,sedimentary,andmetamorphic rocks, and the determines the chemical comition of the rocks largelyition of the soilUltimay：adv. 最终=eventually=finally=over timeIgneous rock：火成岩igneous rock is rock formed by

25、solidificationfrom a molten se; espelly from molten magmaSedimentary rock：沉淀岩 Sediment：沉淀物= deitMetamorphic rock：变形变质岩5.Climate is most influential in determining the nature andensity ofweathering and the type of vege formation.iont further affects soilthe nature andensity of weathering：风化的性质和强度natu

26、re：本性，性质eg. The nature of him is bad. ensity: n. 强度ense：adj. 猛烈的Weather：v. (使)风化;(使)褪色;(使)受到侵蚀 If something such as woodor rock weathers or is weathered, it changes color or sh result of the wind, sun, rain, or coldas a6.Open surfaexed tothermal radiationundergo the greatestdaily fluctuations in hea

27、ting and cooling,soils covered withvegeion the least.Exed to ：于（不好的东西）当中=subject to=vulnerableto=susceptible toThermal radiation: 热辐射 Therm-：词根，热的意思， geothermal energy：地热能量under. 经历fluctuation：n. 波动变化flutter：v. 挥动翅膀，上下飘动7.The water regimethe water flow over a given timein soil materialis sporadic, a

28、nd Water regime： Sporadic ： adj.any parts of the Earth is highly seasonal.间断发生的 ; 零星的 Sporadic occurrenofsomething happen at irregularervals8.Watert enters the soil during heavy rainfall and snowmelt movesdown through the soil.and soil creepthe9.Steep slopes are subject tosurface erodownslope movement of soil material, which accumu