3.4期雅思阅读精读304团第4讲

1、乐精读304第四讲 动物类 贸易类711 走近蝙蝠-A段preyn.食的动物，猎物物；obstaclen.making n. 构造，结构；天性daytime economy白天的营生，这里指白天出来mammalian n. 哺乳动物adj. 哺乳动物的捕猎的行为scrvt. 设法得到；刮，擦exploit vt. 开采；开发n. 业绩，功绩alternativeadj. 两者择其一的；另外的favour vt. 青睐；有利于；便于711 走近蝙蝠-A段成功追溯到make a go ofgo way back inantryn. 祖先，世系vt. & vi. 控制，支配，dominatescra

2、 living勉强够维持生活大规模mass extinctionemergeo出现/显露在Substantial adj. 大量的，可观的nocturnaladj. (动物)夜间活动的711 走近蝙蝠-B段he absence of缺乏；没有scatter vt. & vi. (使)散开，(使)分散；驱散muddy adj. 泥泞的Obstructvt. & vi. (阻)塞；遮住，阻挡711 走近蝙蝠-C段manoeuvre vt. 熟练而巧妙地操控prohibitiveadj. 过分高昂的；负担不起的；这里引申为巨大的occur to发生在，被想起/到manufacturevt. 制造n.

3、 制造品，产品lantern n. 提灯；灯笼searchlight n. 探照灯maten. 配偶vt. & vi. (使)成为配偶，(使)交配a fraction of 一小部分711 走近蝙蝠-C段immenselyilluminateadv. 非常，极大地vt. 使明亮；照亮于；探测exe todetectvt.fraction n. 一部分；一小部分bounce vi. 反跳/弹；颠簸弹起，反射weirdadj. 奇异的，离奇的apart from除之外711 走近蝙蝠-D段uncannyreferred painadj. 超人的；不寻常的莫名的疼痛，牵连痛【心】面感视觉fal vi

4、phantom limb【心】幻肢tricycle n. 三轮脚踏车rely on 依赖，依靠sensationcodenamen. 感觉，感受，知觉n. 代号，代码711 走近蝙蝠-E段natural selection自然选择，场竞天择navigationn. 航海perfect vt. 使完美；改善admirationn. 钦佩，赞赏；引人赞美的人或物feat n. 功绩，成果underlyingdetectionadj. 根本的，基础的n. 探测，coinvt. 创造；捏造Lets Go BatA段Bats have a problem: how to find their way a

5、roundhedark. Theynight, and cannot use light to helpthem find prey and avoid obstacles. You might saytthis is a problem of their own making, onet theycould avoid simply by changing their habits andtingtby day. But the daytime economy is already heavilyexploited by other creaturech as birds. Giventhe

6、re is a living to be made at night, and giventalternative daytime trades are thoroughly occupied,natural selection has favoured batst make a go of thenight-ting tradeLets Go BatA段It is probablet the nocturnal trades go way backheantry of all mammals.he time when the dinosaursdominated the daytime ec

7、onomy, our mammalianantors probably only managed to survive at all becausethey found ways of scraa living at night. Only after themysterious mass extinction of the dinosaurs about 65million years ago were our antors able to emergeothe daylight in any substantial numbers.Lets Go BatB段Bats have an eng

8、ineering problem: how to find their wayand find their preyhe absence of light. Bats are not theonly creatures to face this difficulty today. Obviously thenight-flying insectst they prey on must find their wayabout somehow. Deep-sea fish and whales have little or nolight by day or by night. Fish and

9、dolphinst live inextremely muddy water cannot see because, althoughthere is light, it is obstructed and scattered by the dirt inthe water. Plenty of other modern animals make their livingin conditions where seeing is difficult or imsible.Lets Go BatC段Given the questions of how to manoeuvrehe dark, w

10、hatsolutions might an engineer consider? Theonetmight occur to him is to manufacture light, to use a lanternor a searchlight. Firefs and some fish (usually with thehelp of bacteria) have theer to manufacture their ownlight, but the pros seems to consume a large amount ofenergy. Firefs use their ligh

11、t for attracting mates. Thisdoesnt require a prohibitive amount of energy: a malestiny pinprick of light can be seen by a female from somedistance on a dark night, since her eyes are ex directly to the light source itself.edLets Go BatC段However, using light to find ones own way around requires vastl

12、y more energy, since the eyes have to detect the tinyfraction of the lightt bounoff each part of the scene.The light source must therefore be immensely brighter if itis to be used as a headlight to illuminate the path,n if itis to be used as a signal to others. In any event, whether or not the reaso

13、n is the energy expense, it seems to be thecaset, with thesible exception of some weird deep-sea fish, no animal apart from man uses manufactured light to find its way about.Lets Go BatD段Whase might the engineer think of? well, blind humanssometimes seem to have an uncanny sense of obstaclesheirpath

14、. Is been given the name fal vi, because blindpeople have reportedt it feels a bit like the sense of touch, onthe face. One reportls of a totally blind boy who could ride histricycle at good speed round the block near his home, using falvi. Experiments showedt, in fact, fal viis nothing todo with to

15、uch or the front of the face, although the sensation maybe referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain in aphantom limb. The sensation ol vi, it turns out, reallygoeshrough the ears.Lets Go BatD段Blind people, without even being aware of the fact, are actually using echoes of their own

16、footsteps and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles. Before this was discovered, engineershad already built instruments to exploit the principle, for exleto measure the depth of the sea under a ship. After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons de

17、signers adapted it for the detection of submarines. Both sides in the Second world war red heavily on these devi, under such codenames as Asdic (British) and Sonar (American), as well as Radar (American) or RDF (British), which uses radio echoes rathern sound echoesLets Go BatE段The Sonar and Radar p

18、ioneers didnt know it then, but all theworld now knowst bats, or rather natural selection workingon bats, herfected the system tens of millions of years earr,and their radar achieves feats of detection and navigationtwould strike an engineer dumb widmiration. It is technicallyincorrect to talk about

19、 bat radar, since they do not use radiowaves. It is sonar. But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very similar, and much of our scientificunderstanding of the details of what bats areng has comefrom applying radar theory to them. The American zoologistDonald Griffin, who was

20、 largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term echolocation to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.题目M段summary完成句子Which paragraph contains the following information?NBYou may use any letter moren once.1exles of wildlife othern bats wh

21、ich donot rely on vitonavigate by234how early mammals avoided dying outwhy batsthe darkhow a particular discovery has helped our understanding of batsearly military uses of echolocation5Fal ViBlind people reportt so-called fal vi iscomparable to the sensation of touch on the face.In fact, the sensat

22、ion is more similar to the way in which pain from a 6. arm or leg might be felt. The ability actually comes from perceiving 7. through the ears. However, even before this was understood, the principle had beenappdhe design of instruments whichcalculated the 8. of the seabed. This wasfollowed by a wa

23、rtime application in devi finding 9. .forComplete the sentenbelowLong before the invention of radar, had resulted in a sophisticated radar-like system in bats.Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to batsbecause are not used system.heir navigation12 Radar and sonar are based on similar. .13 The

24、 word echolocation wasworking as a. .used by someone长难句分析Givent there is a living to be made at night, and givent alternative daytime trades are thoroughly occupied,natural selection has favoured batst make a go of thenight-ting trade.givenaccountt： 鉴于；考虑到；如果=taking somethingo长难句分析The Sonar and Rada

25、r pioneers didnt know it then, but allthe world now knows working on bats, ht bats, or rather natural selectionerfected the system tens ofmillions of years earr, and their “radar” achieves featsof detection and navigationt would strike an engineerdumb widmiration.strike sb. dumb(或strike sb. speechle

26、ss)使目瞪口呆哑口无言；使(suddenly be unable to talk, usually because you are very surprised or shocked )612 DELIVERING THE GOODS -A段oweto把归功于pacefreightn.速度，步调n.船货，货运；运费compoundadj.复合的startling adj.令人吃惊的 temptv.吸引612 DELIVERING THE GOODS -B段exploboomn.原意为爆发，此处意为突增n.繁荣decline v.降低，减少theoreticallyadv.理论上地barrie

27、r n.屏障，shipcost费用customs duty关税amev.假定，设想612 DELIVERING THE GOODS -B段import n./v.进口friction n.摩擦；quota delay minortie upn.v.延迟，推迟adj.次要的，较小的，二流的占用(等)export n./v.出口capital n.，资产612 DELIVERING THE GOODS -C段sectorn.部门iron ore铁矿石account for(在数量方面)占，占据prosv.加工，处理v.支配；占优势dominatecommodityn.商品rawadj.生的；未加工

28、的bulkyadj.庞大的612 DELIVERING THE GOODS -D段disproportionay adv.不成比例地，不相Lightweight adj.轻的(重量轻的，标准重以下的)shiftv.改变，移转unrelated tocomponent无关的，不相关的n.成分flown.流程612 DELIVERING THE GOODS -E段disk drivedomestic磁盘驱动器adj.国内的concentratev.集中，专心于etopurchase给制造(问题，v.等)globalizationn.全球化612 DELIVERING THE GOODS段trans

29、mitbased onv.传输，转送基于，作为的基础cargo handling货物装卸considerationinsignificantn.需要考虑的adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的availability n.可用性，有效性612 DELIVERING THE GOODS -G段deregulationn.撤消规定stagen.发展的进程，阶段behind the scenes 在幕后risk v.冒的innovation n.，创新cranen.起重机broadlyCapsizeadv.广泛地v.(特指船)倾覆containerisationn.集装箱化612 DELIVERING THE

30、 GOODS -G段adoptionn.采用ermodal adj.联合的重任务dual purtranspore两ion n.loose swiftdeckadj.散装的adj.迅速的，快的n.甲板productivityn.生产力，生产率ven.船612 DELIVERING THE GOODS -H段enselyadv.激烈地hauldockv.拖运n.码头，船坞Dramatically by and large trackageotiveadv.引人注目地，显著地总的来说(从各方面来看，大体上，基本上，全面地)n.铁路轨道线路n.火车头，机关车tariffalbeitn.关税conj.

31、虽然(即使)restrictionn.限制，约束612 DELIVERING THE GOODS -I段seadj.国家的monopolytolerationn.n.，容许deterv.petitive practice反竞争行为DELIVERING THE GOODSThe vast expanrevolutioninernational trade owes much to ahe business of moving freight.DELIVERING THE GOODSAernational trade is growing at a startling pace. While th

32、e global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at acompound annual rate of about twicet. Foreignproducts, from meat to machinery, play a more importantrole in almost every economyhe world, and foreignmarkets now tempt businessest never much worriedab

33、out salestheir nations borders.DELIVERING THE GOODSBWhies behind this exploinernational commerce? Thegeneral worldwide declinerade barriers, such as customsduties and import quotas, irely one explanation. Theeconomic opening of countriesve traditionally beenminor players is another. But one force be

34、hind the import-export boom has passed all but unnoticed: the raly falling cost ofgetting goods to market. Theoretically,he world of trade,shipcosts do not matter. Goods, once they have been made,are amed to move instantly and at no cost from place toplace. The real world, however, is full of fricti

35、ons. Cheap labourmay make Chiclothing competitive in America, but if delaysin shipment tie up working capital and cause wer coats to arrive in spring, trade may lose its advantages.DELIVERING THE GOODSCAt the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and manufacturing were the two most important sectors

36、 almost everywhere, accounting for about 70% of total output in Germany, Italy and France, and 40-50% inAmerica, Britain and Japan.ernational commerce wastherefore dominated by raw materials, such as wheat,wood and iron ore, or prosed commodities, such asmeat and steel. But these sorts of products a

37、re heavy and bulky and the cost of transporting them relatively high.DELIVERING THE GOODSDCountries still trade disproportionay with theirgeographic neighbours. Over time, however, world outputhas shiftedo goods whose worth is unrelated to theirsize and weight. Today, it is finished manufacturedprod

38、uctst dominate the flow of trade, and,nks totechnological advansuch as lightweight components,manufactured goods themselves have tended toelighter and less bulky. As a result, less transporion is required for every dollars worth of imports or exports.DELIVERING THE GOODSETo see how this influentrade

39、, consider the business ofmaking disk drives for computers. Most of the worlds disk- drive manufacturing is concentrated in South-east Asia.This issible only because disk drives, while valuable, aresmall and light and so cost little to ship. Computermanufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face huge

40、ly bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rathern purchasing them on the domestic market. Distancethereforees no obstacle to the globalisation of thedisk-drive industry.DELIVERING THE GOODSFThis is even more true of the fast-growing informationindustries. Fiand compact discs cost

41、little to transport,even by aeroplane. Computer software can be exportedwithout ever loading it onto a ship, simply by transmittingit overephone lines fromto another, sofreight rates and cargo-handling scheduleseinsignificant factors in deciding where to make the product. Businesses can locate based

42、 on other considerations, such as the availability of labour, while worrying less about the cost of delivering their output.DELIVERING THE GOODSGany countries deregulation has helped to drive thepros along. But, behind the scenes, a series oftechnological innovations known broadly as containerizatio

43、nandermodal transporion has led to swift productivityimprovements in cargo-handling. Forty years ago, thepros of exporting or importing involved a great manystages of handling, which risked portions of the shipment being damaged or stolen along the way.DELIVERING THE GOODSGThe invention of the conta

44、iner crane made itsible to loadand unload containers withoapsizing the ship and theadoption of standard container sizes allowed almost any boxto be transported on any ship. By 1967, dual-pure ships,carrying loose cargohe hold* and containers on the deck,were giving way to all-container vest movedtho

45、usands of boxes aime.DELIVERING THE GOODSHThe shipcontainer transformed ocean shipo ahighly efficient,ensely competitive business. But gettingthe cargo to and from the dock was a different story.Nationalernments, by and large, kept a much firmerhand on truck and railroad tariffsn on charges for ocea

46、nfreight. This started changing, however,he mid-1970s,when America began to deregulate its transporion industry.DELIVERING THE GOODSHairlines, then road haurs and railways, were freed fromrestrictions on what they could carry, where they could haul it and what price they could charge. Big productivi

47、ty gainsresulted. Betn 1985 and 1996, for exle, Americasfreight railways dramatically reduced their employment,trackage, and their fleets ofotives - while increasingthe amount of cargo they hauled. Europes railways have also shown marked, albeit smaller, productivity improvements.DELIVERING THE GOOD

48、SIIn America the period of huge productivity gains intransporion may be almost over, butost countries thepros still has far to go. Se ownership of railways andairlines, regulation of freight rates and toleration of-petitive practi, such as cargo-handling monopos,all keep the cost of shipunnesarily h

49、igh and deterernational trade. Bringing these barriers down would helpthe worlds economies grow even closer.题目M段S 带词库YNNGWhich paragraph contains the following information?14 a suggestion for improving tradehe future15 the effects of the deliveryroduction of electronic16 the similar cost involved from abroad or from a localransporting a product r17 the weakening relationship betgoods and the cost of their deliveryn the value ofYNNG18ernational trade is increasing at a greater raten the world economy.Cheap labour guarantees effectiv