自主神经系统与情绪

1、自主神经系统与情绪杜思雨2014.8.15自主神经系统自主神经系统（autonomic nervous system）是脊椎动物的末梢神经系统，由躯体神经分化、发展，形成机能上独立的神经系统。单一地或主要地由传出神经组成，受大脑的支配，但有较多的独立性，特别是具有不受意志支配的自主活动，因此，兰列（JNLangley1905）命名为自主神经系统，另外也称不随意神经系统或植物性神经系统。自主神经系统的组成自主神经系统由交感神经与副交感神经两个分支系统所构成。交感系统与副交感系统共同控制与调节内脏器官心脏、血管、胃、肠等，外部腺体唾液腺、泪腺、汗腺等以及内分泌腺肾上腺、甲状腺等的活动。 交感系统与

2、副交感系统的机能作用是对立的，二者互相起拮抗作用。这种作用使交感系统激活的有机体恢复平以限制和保存机体的能量消耗。交感神经系统与副交感神经系统机能活动比较自主神经系统与情绪自主神经系统的活动并非情绪产生的中枢机制，它的活动对情绪起着支持和延续的作用。在情绪刺激作用下，通过自主系统的活动，广泛激活有机体各器官和组织，产生明显的、超出常态生理节律的生理反应。自主神经系统与情绪焦虑引起消化道蠕动减弱，消化液分泌被抑制愤怒引起肾上腺激素分泌增加，心血管活动加速，血压、血糖升高，皮温升高恐惧则导致外周血管收缩，面色苍白，咽、口发干，皮温下降，出冷汗等。情绪的生理测量Cardiovascular Meas

3、urements(心血管系统测量)Respiration Measurement(呼吸系统测量)Electrodermal Measurement(皮电活动测量)情绪的生理测量情绪的生理测量情绪的生理测量情绪的生理测量基本情绪快乐：个人目的达到，紧张解除后的情绪体验。程度分为满意、愉快、异常的快乐、狂喜。愤怒：个人目的不能达到或一再受到妨碍从而逐渐积累起紧张而产生的情绪。程度分为不满、生气、愠、怒、大怒。恐惧：恐惧是个人企图摆脱、逃避某种情景而又无能为力时所产生的情绪。悲哀：个人在失去所盼望的、所追求的东西或有价值的东西时所引起的情绪。程度分为遗憾、失望、难过、悲伤、悲痛。消极情绪Anger

4、(approach-oriented anger, withdrawal-oriented anger, anger in defense of other, anger in self-defense, indignation);愤怒Anxiety (dental anxiety, performance anxiety, agitation); 焦虑Disgust (disease-related disgust, food-related disgust);厌恶Embarrassment (social anxiety, shame, social rejection);尴尬Fear (

5、threat);害怕Sadness (achievement failure, dejection, depression).悲伤积极情绪Affection (love, tenderness, sympathy)喜爱Amusement (humor, mirth, happiness in response to slapstick comedy);欢愉Contentment (pleasure, serenity, calmness, peacefulness, relaxation);满足Happiness (except happiness in response to slapsti

6、ck comedy); 高兴Joy (elation);喜悦Anticipatory pleasure (appetite, sexual arousal);预期性快感Pride;自豪Relief (safety).宽慰Cardiovascular MeasurementsCardiovascular Measurements心率增快：negative emotions(anger, anxiety, contamination-related disgust, embarrassment, fear, crying, sadness)Positive emotions(imagined an

7、ticipatory pleasure, happiness, joy)Surprise周围神经系统的活动作用于积极与消极情绪Cardiovascular Measurements Because the heart is dually innervated(双重支配) by the SNS and PNS that speed or slow HR either in coupled (reciprocal, coactivated, or coinhibited) or uncoupled modes, HR is not informative of the respective bra

8、nchs influence upon cardiac functioning (Berntson et al., 1991, 1993).Measures such as PEP（排血前期） and RSA(呼吸性窦性心律不齐) that have been shown to be indicative of -adrenergic sympathetic（交感肾上腺素能系统） and vagal influence（迷走神经系统） on the heart, respectively, are more informative and should thus be preferred. M

9、ultiple measures as HRV, LF, HF, and LF/HF.Respiratory Activity呼吸减慢：contentment, visual anticipatory pleasure, and relief.呼吸变快：anger, fear, and surprise快速深呼吸：non-crying sadness慢速深呼吸：relief浅呼吸：anxiety, disgust, certain types of sadness, and anticipatory pleasureRespiratory Activity由污染物造成的厌恶：呼吸加快，呼气时间

10、增加，吸入时间减少 原因：尽可能少吸入、多排出恶气高兴：吸入时间减少 原因：哈哈大笑时多处入呼气状态悲伤（non-crying）:快速深呼吸 原因：一种镇压流泪的方式Electrodermal ActivityElectrodermal Activity人体由于交感神经兴奋，导致汗腺活动加强，分泌汗液较多。由于汗内盐成分较多使皮肤导电能力增高，形成大的皮肤电反应。皮肤电反应只能作为交感神经系统功能的直接指标，也可以作为脑唤醒、警觉水平的间接指标，但无法辨明情绪反应的性质和内容Electrodermal ActivitySadness is typically experienced under

11、 conditions when a loss has occurred that cannot be undone Relief is experienced after a threat has passedContentment is experienced when one has attained a satisfactory e The e has already occurred and there is nothing more to be done about it 情绪与生理系统的关联Amusement, Joy, HappinenessAll three emotions

12、 are characterized by increased electrodermal activity and faster breathing, which is deeper in amusement, but shallower in happiness. Whereas in amusement and joy HRV increases, it decreases in happiness.Amusement and happiness share a lengthening of PEP that is less clear in joy.SadnessSadness-ind

13、ucing contexts: decreased FPA, increased pulse transit time, and decreased electrodermal activity. Exception, anticipatory sadness(worry or anticipation of loss ) showed a reversed response pattern that was remarkably similar to that of anxiety in a number of measures. A shared dimension of anticipa

14、tion of harm or loss. Differential association of sadness or grief with either predominant SNS or PNS activation might have been the result of having such different types of sadness as crying versus noncrying sadness or anticipatory versus acute sadness in mind. LimitationsFeeling changes without it

15、ant autonomic changes ：Mood-unlike emotions that are associated with specific motivational functions, e.g., motivating to remove the object of anger or to escape from the object of fear, moods do not have specific and stable motivational functions, but only informational function.(心情主体所处在的感情状态，比“情绪”延续时间长，感情波动不如“情绪”强烈) When addressing affective effects on ANS activity, it is therefore of utmost importance to distinguish mood from emotion i